电极电势在平衡体系中的妙用

电极电势是电化学的基本概念,然而很多学生对此概念的理解较为肤浅以至于不能灵活应用。以平衡态电极电势在几类物理化学平衡体系的应用为例,详证如何巧妙地应用该原理化难为易,解决问题,帮助学生提升对概念的理解及应用能力。     

深入原电池原理本质促进学生观念和能力的发展

在调查分析高三学生对原电池原理的理解及应用状况的基础上,论述了从电极电势及平衡移动的角度理解原电池中产生持续电流的原因,有助于学生能量观的建构及学生能力的发展。以高三原电池复习教学为例,阐述了促进学生理解学科知识本质的探究活动的设计。     

数轴在电化学教学中的妙用

电池符号、电极电势和电极极化是物理化学电化学教学中三个非常重要的知识点。本文以极易记忆的“数轴”为模型,阐述了数轴在这三个方面教学中的妙用。基于实例详细说明了如何以数轴模型理解记忆电池符号的规定、电极电势的大小及应用和电极极化的概念及应用。     

无机化学中的一题多解

无机化学计算中采取一题多解可开拓学生的思维,加深对化学基本原理的理解和掌握,有利于巩固和提高所学知识,并加以灵活运用,做到触类旁通。文章以无机化学教学中化学平衡、电极电势2类问题的计算给予说明。     

揭示内在规律 培养学生能力——对元素化学教学的探索

本文在归纳周期系中元素氧化态递变规律及运用电极电势、电势图阐明无机反应规律等方面作了一些探索,以在无机化学教学中使学生在学习元素化学性质的同时培养理解、分析归纳的能力。     

AgCl/Ag标准电极电势的教学难点突破

对于有难溶物参与的电极反应,其标准电极电势的计算是教学中的一个难点。根据大一学生认知特点,通过转换视角,复习前期知识点,顺利实现计算AgCl/Ag电对标准电极电势的难点突破。     

关于标准氢电极

在电化学教学、生产和科学研究中,电极电势是一个基本的和重要的概念。电极电势的测定在电极过程动力学、腐蚀和电势—pH图等方面都有着广泛的应用。因此,早已有文章就电极电势的有关问题进行过讨论。对于电极电势,一些物理化学教科书中大都是采用国际纯粹与应用化学联合会(IU-     

电极电势和氧化还原反应

以实验为例讨论电极电势和氧化还原反应的关系,总结出如何通过电极电势差判断反应倾向;电极电势与氧化还原反应的速率无关;氧化还原反应和酸碱性的关系以及运用电极电势应关注的问题。     

锂标准电极电势反常现象的热力学讨论

在IA族中,锂的标准电极电势是最负的,但锂的还原性却是同族元素中最弱的,这与利用标准电极电势来判断碱金属的还原性是相互矛盾的.本文利用玻恩-哈伯循环,从热力学角度探讨了锂标准电极电势出现反常现象的原因.     

Cu-Zn原电池标准电动势测定实验的计算化学设计

基于量子化学计算软件Gaussian 16,对“电动势的测定”这一经典物理化学实验进行了计算化学设计。用密度泛函方法计算了Cu²⁺和Zn²⁺的溶剂化自由能,通过热力学循环计算得到电池反应的标准摩尔吉布斯自由能变,进而求出Cu-Zn原电池的标准电动势。该实验旨在帮助学生加深对标准摩尔吉布斯自由能、电极电势和能斯特方程等物理化学基本概念的理解,发挥学生的主观能动性,培养学生设计实验能力、动手实践能力以及科学思维。     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.     

Selective syntheses of 2H-1,3-oxazines and 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-ones via temperature-dependent Rh(II)-carbenoid-mediated 2H-azirine-ring expansion

The Rh(II)-catalyzed reaction of 2-carbonyl-substituted 2H-azirines with ethyl 2-cyano-2-diazoacetate or 2-diazo-3,3,3-trifluoropropionate provides an easy access to 2H-1,3-oxazines and 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-ones. These compounds can be selectively prepared from the same starting material using temperature as the only varied parameter. The 2-azabuta-1,3-diene intermediate, a common precursor for both heterocyclic products, isomerizes into 2H-1,3-oxazine under kinetic control, while 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-one is the sole product of the reaction at elevated temperatures. According to DFT-calculations a one-atom oxazine ring contraction involving ring-opening to a 2-azabuta-1,3-diene intermediate, followed by a 1,5- and 1,2-prototropic shift leads to the consecutive formation of imidoylketene and azomethine ylide, which then further undergo cyclization to the pyrrole derivative.     

Copper catalyzed/mediated synthetic methodology for ebselen and related isoselenazolones

Scope of the copper catalyzed/mediated selenium-nitrogen coupling reaction has been studied for the synthesis of isoselenazolones. It is noticed that the 2-chloro, 2-bromo-, and 2-iodo-aryl amides substrates can be exploited in the selenium-nitrogen coupling reaction by employing 25-100 mol % of CuI/1,10-phenanthroline (L) and potassium carbonate as a base in DMF. Furthermore, electron rich 2-chloro-arylamides also underwent selenium-nitrogen coupling reaction to give biologically important selenium-nitrogen heterocycles. Also, copper-catalyzed selenium-nitrogen coupling reaction has been meticulously applied for the synthesis of diaryl diselenides having methoxy, amine, and amide functionality from respective aryl iodides in the presence of stoichiometric amount of succinimide as an external Se-N coupling partner.     

Knoevenagel condensation catalyzed by novel Nmm-based ionic liquids in water

A series of novel N-methyl morpholine (Nmm) based ionic liquids with 1,2-propanediol group were synthesized and used as catalysts for Knoevenagel condensation at room temperature in water. Under the effect of the catalyst, various aldehydes or aliphatic ketones could react with a wide range of activated methylene compounds well, including malononitrile, alkyl cyanoacetate, cyanoacetamide, β-diketone, barbituric acid, 2-arylacetonitrile and thiazolidinedione. Furthermore, most of the products could be separated just by filtrating and washing with water. Additionally, the catalyst is recyclable and applicable for the large-scale synthesis.     

Construction of polyheterocyclic spirotetrahydrothiophene derivatives via sulfa-Michael/aldol cascade reaction

A series of polyheterocyclic spirotetrahydrothiophene derivatives were obtained in moderate to excellent yields via a catalyst-free sulfa-Michael/aldol cascade reaction of chalcones 1 and commercially available 1,4-dithiane-2,5-diol 2 under mild conditions. We also present the first asymmetric sulfa-Michael/aldol cascade reaction of chalcones 1 and commercially available 1,4-dithiane-2,5-diol 2 with moderate to good enantioselectivities catalyzed by readily available chiral phase-transfer catalysts (PTCs).     

Suzuki-Miyaura reactions of the soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor NS2028: a non-product specific route to C-8 substituted analogues

Both soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) inhibitors ODQ 1 and NS2028 2 are synthesized via improved protocols. In the former case treating 3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-one oxime 8, which can be prepared in two steps from 1,2-benzenediamine, with 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) gives the dihydro-ODQ 10 that in the presence of KMnO₄ oxidises to give ODQ 1 in an overall yield of 46% starting from 1,2-benzenediamine. In the latter case, the synthesis affords NS2028 2 from 2-amino-4-bromophenol 3 in three steps with an overall yield of 85% and avoids the need for chromatography. Furthermore, Suzuki-Miyaura reaction conditions are described that enable the preparation of 8-aryl and 8-heteroaryl derivatives of NS2028 directly from NS2028 2. Finally, demethylation of the 8-(methoxyphenyl) substituted analogues afforded the 8-(hydroxyphenyl) derivatives 40-42. All new products are fully characterised.