多孔碳基复合膜的真空冷冻干燥制备及高效太阳能水蒸发性能

以多壁碳纳米管(CNTs)和聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)为原料, 通过相转化法形成均匀共混的胶体, 利用真空冷冻干燥(冻干)技术使胶体固化, 并在真空状态下使部分溶剂挥发, 制备了具有多孔结构的CNTs/PVDF复合膜. 实验结果表明, 冻干CNTs/PVDF复合膜具有优异的光吸收能力、 极佳的表面亲水性能. 在1 kW/m²光照强度下, 其水蒸发速率可达1.95 kg·m^-2·h^-1、 光热转化效率为92.9%. 搭载了冻干CNTs/PVDF复合膜的蒸发器在处理模拟海水和染料废水时, 均表现出良好的抗盐污染性、 显著的稳定性和优异的太阳能蒸发性能.     

聚乙烯醇载银海绵的制备及界面光热驱动水蒸发性能

利用光热材料的太阳能水蒸发技术是一种绿色、 环保地解决淡水资源短缺的重要技术, 但光热材料的制备成本、 蒸发效率和热损失等因素限制了其推广应用. 本文采用一锅法制备了聚乙烯醇载银海绵(AgNPs/PVA)太阳能界面蒸发器, 并研究了AgNPs含量对AgNPs/PVA在太阳能驱动水蒸发过程中光热性能的影响. 研究结果表明, 当AgNPs的质量为PVA的10%时, 制备的AgNPs/PVA在1 kW/m ²的太阳光强度下具有最优的蒸发速率, 水蒸发速率可达1.62 kg?m ^?2?h ^?1, 为纯水(0.42 kg?m ^?2?h ^?1)的3.9倍. 本文制备的AgNPs/PVA具有制备工艺简单、 亲水性能优良和蒸发性能良好的特点, 在太阳能驱动水蒸发领域具有较大的应用前景.     

石墨烯三维结构组装体制备及光热水蒸发和水处理研究进展

水资源短缺是世界长期面临的问题,当前全球80多个国家的约15亿人口面临淡水不足,其中26个国家的3亿人口完全生活在缺水状态。近年来,人们开发了新型太阳能界面水蒸发材料和技术,能够利用高效光热材料吸收太阳能转化为热能,实现大量的、快速的水蒸发,冷凝后收集便得到洁净水,是一种高效、绿色、低成本水处理和解决水资源短缺的方法。石墨烯三维组装体材料的物理和化学性质优异,光热转化效率高,同时其太阳光吸收率高,内部微纳孔道丰富,具有良好的水传输通道,表面水蒸发面积大,在太阳光照射下能够实现超高的水蒸发速率,在光热水处理方面展现了巨大的科学研究意义和实用价值。本文将综述石墨烯三维组装体的制备及光热水处理方面的研究进展,包括石墨烯三维结构组装体制备方法,其光热水蒸发性能,总结了石墨烯三维结构组装体在光热水蒸发及水处理方面的应用,最后分析了石墨烯三维结构组装体光热水处理面临的问题及展望。     

水凝胶的制备及仿生设计在能源领域应用的研究进展

能源与环境问题是当前时代面临的一大课题,有效利用并储存能源,缓解一系列严峻的环境污染问题也是当前研究的热点,电化学储能、光催化、光热界面蒸发和水汽收集这些能源利用措施已经作为环保手段深入人类的生活.大自然作为一位天然的设计师为我们能够提供诸多灵感,自然界诸多生物、生命体系中特性、机制和结构均暗含着十分巧妙的奥秘.本文重...     

水/醇溶聚合物界面材料在聚合物光电器件中的应用及性能研究

系统研究了系列不同共轭与非共轭水/醇溶聚合物作为界面修饰材料在聚合物发光二极管和聚合物太阳电池中的应用及结构性能关系. 研究了界面层厚度, 器件金属电极功函对材料界面修饰性能的影响. 在此基础上, 系统对比研究了共轭与非共轭水/醇溶聚合物界面材料在不同聚合物光电器件中界面修饰性能的差别. 内建电势测试与器件研究结果表明, 在聚合物发光二极管中, 共轭材料表现出明显优于非共轭材料的性能, 特别是在超高功函数的金属金电极器件中, 共轭的水/醇溶聚合物材料依然表现出很好的电子注入/传输性能; 在聚合物太阳电池中, 共轭材料的界面修饰性能也优于非共轭类界面修饰材料.     

水/醇溶共轭聚合物界面材料及其在光电器件中的应用

相对于传统的无机半导体器件,以有机半导体(特别是聚合物半导体)材料为基础的有机光电器件,可采用与传统印刷技术(例如喷墨打印、卷对卷印刷等)相结合的溶液加工方式制备低成本、大面积、柔性光电器件,因而成为广泛关注的焦点,并得到了快速发展.实现溶液加工的高效有机光电器件的一个关键问题是界面问题——如何避免溶液加工时有机层间的互溶以及如何实现可印刷稳定金属电极的高效电子注入等.水/醇溶性共轭聚合物的迅速发展为解决溶液加工多层有机光电器件所面临的界面问题提供了有效手段.研究发现,水/醇溶共轭聚合物不但可以有效避免溶液加工多层器件中的界面互溶,而且还可与高功函数的稳定金属发生界面偶极相互作用而增强其电子注入,从而解决了高功函数稳定金属电子注入的难题,为实现全溶液加工的高效印刷有机光电器件提供了可行的方案.本文介绍了近年来本课题组在水/醇溶共轭聚合物阴极界面材料及器件应用方面的研究进展,并对水/醇溶共轭聚合物阴极界面材料在聚合物发光二极管和聚合物太阳电池中的工作机理进行了探讨.     

对硫磷分子印迹聚合物制备及其在水质检测中的应用

为了有效的分离富集水样中有机磷农药,以对硫磷为模板、三羟甲基丙烷三丙烯酸酯为交联剂,采用紫外聚合方法制备了对硫磷分子印迹聚合物(MIP)。利用紫外光谱、红外光谱研究了对硫磷与不同功能单体间作用力及印迹聚合物的结合位点。利用该MIP,建立MIP-固相萃取-气相色谱法测定水中痕量对硫磷,方法的检出限(3S/N)为0.48μg/L,加标回收率为86.2%～115.7%,相对标准偏差(n=6)为3.0%～6.6%。     

多孔硅纳米材料的制备及在高能锂电池中的应用

多孔硅纳米材料具有巨大的比表面积,可调控的物理化学性质,在药物治疗、传感、能源储存与转化等领域拥有巨大的应用前景。尤其在高能量密度锂离子电池领域,多孔硅由于其丰富的孔道结构能有效释放充放电过程中硅体积变化带来的巨大应力以及大大地缩短锂离子传输距离,而引起了人们的广泛研究兴趣。但是,开发简便快速的方法来合成结构可调变的多孔硅纳米材料仍是当前研究的挑战。近年来,一些用来合成多孔硅纳米材料的方法已有报道。我们基于本课题组最近的研究进展和近年来相关文献,比较详细综述了近年来多孔硅纳米材料的制备方法以及重点关注其在高能锂电池领域的应用。最后,对多孔硅纳米材料的未来发展方向做了进一步的展望。     

分子印迹聚合物膜修饰电极的制备及在香草醛测量中的应用

以香草醛为模板分子,采用光引发聚合法和电化学聚合法分别在电极表面合成了香草醛印迹聚合物,探讨了两种方法的印迹、洗脱及电极再生机理。研究了香草醛在两种电极上的吸附行为,结果表明两种电极均可对香草醛进行吸附富集并进行线性扫描伏安法测定。两种电极均有很好的选择性、稳定性,且各有特点。     

小分子基温敏聚合物纳米粒子的制备及在近红外二区荧光成像与光热治疗中的应用

以有机小分子4,9-二(5-9H-芴-2-基-噻吩-2-基)-6',7-联苯[1,2,5]噻二唑并[3,4-g]喹喔啉(TQF)为前驱体, 通过化学方法将其修饰为可引发可逆加成-断裂链转移聚合(RAFT)反应的小分子链转移剂TQF-苯基硫代链 转移剂（CTA）. 以TQF-CTA为链转移剂, 以偶氮二异丁腈为引发剂, 引发N-异丙基丙烯酰胺(NIPAAm)和 甲基丙烯酸寡聚乙二醇酯(OEGMA)发生RAFT聚合反应, 合成了具有良好水溶性和较低临界溶解温度(LCST)的小分子基共聚物[TQF-P(NIPAAm-co-OEGMA), TPNO]. 将其直接溶于水中可制备成温敏的球形纳米粒子 TPNO NPs. 研究结果表明, TPNO NPs在温度大于LCST(35 ℃)时表现出一个明显的粒径变化和显著的荧光 增强行为(2.2倍), 并成功实现了对活体小鼠血管与肿瘤的明亮近红外二区(NIR-Ⅱ)荧光成像(FI). 同时, TPNO NPs有着良好的光热转换效率(PCE=29.8%), 通过体外细胞实验证明了其对细胞具有较好的光热治疗(PTT)效果.     

Flower-Shaped Carbon Nanomaterials for Highly Efficient Solar-Driven Water Evaporation

Solar-driven interface water evaporation is an energy-saving, environmentally friendly, and efficient seawater desalination and wastewater treatment technology. However, some challenges still restrict its further industrial development, such as its complex preparation, heavy metal pollution, and insufficient energy utilization. In this study, a photothermal layer based on flower-shaped carbon nanoparticles is presented for highly efficient solar-driven interface evaporation for water treatment applications. The results show that the surface of the prepared carbon nanomaterials presents a flower-shaped structure with an excellent light absorption capacity and a large specific surface area. Moreover, the C-5.4 (Carbon-5.4) sample has an evaporation rate of 1.87 kg/m²/h and an evaporation efficiency of 87%—far higher than most photothermal materials. In addition, carbon nanomaterials have an excellent ion scavenging capacity, dye purification capacity, and outdoor practical performance. This study provides a new solution for the application of carbon nanomaterials in the field of water purification.     

Laser-assisted synthesis of cobalt@N-doped carbon nanotubes decorated channels and pillars of wafer-sized silicon as highly efficient three-dimensional solar evaporator

The Co@NCNTs/Si pillars with channels is assemble to a suitable pure water gathering device, which is applied in seawater desalination and sewage purification to produce pure water by utilizing solar energy. High-efficiency utilization of solar energy to generate water vapor is popular, recyclable, and environmentally friendly for seawater desalination and sewage purification, helping to alleviate the global water shortage crisis. Here, we report an efficient and simple method to prepare a three-dimensional (3D) evaporator for steam generation by harnessing the power of the sun. This evaporation is composed of one-dimensional (1D) cobalt embedded and nitrogen doped carbon nanotubes (Co@NCNTs) and 3D silicon pillars array structure (Si pillars). The Co@NCNTs/Si pillars shows a wide light absorption range provided by carbon nanotubes and a long light absorption path because of the silicon pillars. The surface temperature of the sample rises rapidly in 1.5 min and exceed 80 °C under solar illumination of one sun. The water evaporation can be high as 1.21 kg m⁻² h⁻¹ under one sun irradiation (1 kW/m²) with the energy efficiency up to 82.4%. This scalable Co@NCNTs/Si pillars can prepare pure water from seawater and sewage, where the removal rate of ions in seawater and pollutants in sewage is similar to 100%. Based on our research, this multistage three-dimensional structure is a simple and efficient novel photothermal material for extensive seawater desalination and sewage purification.     

Enhanced Electrocatalytic Water Oxidation by Interfacial Phase Transition and Photothermal Effect in Multiply Heterostructured Co9S8/Co3S4/Cu2S Nanohybrids

The rational design of advanced nanohybrids (NHs) with optimized interface electronic environment and rapid reaction kinetics is pivotal to electrocatalytic schedule. Herein, we developed a multiple heterogeneous Co₉S₈/Co₃S₄/Cu₂S nanoparticle in which Co₃S₄ germinates between Co₉S₈ and Cu₂S. Using high-angle annular-dark-field imaging and theoretical calculation, it was found that the integration of Co₉S₈ and Cu₂S tends to trigger the interface phase transition of Co₉S₈, leading to Co₃S₄ interlayer due to the low formation energy of Co₃S₄/Cu₂S (−7.61 eV) than Co₉S₈/Cu₂S (−5.86 eV). Such phase transition not only lowers the energy barrier of oxygen evolution reaction (OER, from 0.335 eV to 0.297 eV), but also increases charge carrier density (from 7.76×10¹⁴ to 2.09×10¹⁵ cm⁻³), and creates more active sites. Compared to Co₉S₈ and Cu₂S, the Co₉S₈/Co₃S₄/Cu₂S NHs also demonstrate notable photothermal effect that can heat the catalyst locally, offset the endothermic enthalpy change of OER, and promote carrier migrate, reaction intermediates adsorption/deprotonation to improve reaction kinetics. Profiting from these favorable factors, the Co₉S₈/Co₃S₄/Cu₂S catalyst only requires an OER overpotential of 181 mV and overall water splitting cell voltage of 1.43 V to driven 10 mA cm⁻² under the irradiation of near-infrared light, outperforming those without light irradiation and many reported Co-based catalysts.     

Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes as a Cosurfactant for Highly Concentrated Emulsions

The role of multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) as a solid surfactant in highly concentrated water-in-oil emulsions was investigated. MWCNT were dispersed in the oil phase. These suspensions are viscoplastic fluids with the yield stress increasing by more than 1000 times with addition of 2% MWCNT, which demonstrates intensive “structurizing” ability. After emulsion preparation, MWCNT were concentrated at the interface, stabilizing emulsions. The dependence of the inversion point on MWCNT concentration was found. Emulsions containing up to 94 wt% of the aqueous phase can be prepared only when MWCNT is combined with conventional surfactant. Rheological properties of such compositions were measured. It was established that emulsions stabilized by a combined surfactant were more stable in comparison to conventional surfactant stabilized emulsion.     

Platinum‐Decorated Au Porous Nanotubes as Highly Efficient Catalysts for Formic Acid Electro‐Oxidation

Au porous nanotubes (PNTs) were synthesized by a templating technique that involves the chemical synthesis of Ag nanowire precursors, electroless surface modification with Au, and selective etching. A subsequent galvanic replacement reaction between [PtCl₆]^2? and residual Ag generates Pt‐decorated Au porous nanotubes (Pt/Au PNTs), which represents a new type of self‐sustained high surface area electrocatalysts with ultra‐low Pt loading. Structural characterizations with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD) reveal a novel nanoarchitecture with multimodal open porosity and excellent structural continuity and integrity. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) demonstrates that these Pt/Au PNTs possess very high electrocatalytic activity toward formic acid oxidation with enhanced tolerance to CO poisoning.     

水蒸汽浴FeS2高效Fenton降解甲草胺(英文)

由于硫化铁在自然环境中的丰富性,其生成活性氧和降解各种有机污染物的类Fenton活性已被广泛研究。然而,由于表面含铁活性位点的暴露有限,它们的类Fenton活性通常不高。在本研究中,以黄铁矿(FeS₂)为例,基于水蒸汽对FeS₂的热处理,开发了一种提高硫化铁矿物Fenton活性的新策略,研究发现经水蒸汽热处理后的FeS₂ (Heat-FeS₂)对甲草胺(ACL)的非均相Fenton活性比由水热反应制备的母体FeS₂ (Fresh-FeS₂)更高。在初始pH为6.3时,Heat-FeS₂-Fenton体系对ACL的降解速率为0.48 min^-1,约为Fresh-FeS₂-Fentton体系的23倍。电子自旋共振分析和苯甲酸探针实验证实,与Fresh-FeS₂-Fenton体系相比,在Heat-FeS₂-Fenton体系中产生更多的羟基自由基(·OH)...     

Highly Active Hydrogen-rich Photothermal Reverse Water Gas Shift Reaction on Ni/LaInO3 Perovskite Catalysts with Near-unity Selectivity

Photo-assisted reverse water gas shift (RWGS) reaction is regarded green and promising in controlling the reaction gas ratio in Fischer Tropsch synthesis. But it is inclined to produce more byproducts in high H₂ concentration condition. Herein, LaInO₃ loaded with Ni-nanoparticles (Ni NPs) was designed to obtain an efficient photothermal RWGS reaction rate, where LaInO₃ was enriched with oxygen vacancies to roundly adsorbing CO₂ and the strong interaction with Ni NPs endowed the catalysts with powerful H₂ activity. The optimized catalyst performed a large CO yield rate (1314 mmol g_Ni⁻¹ h⁻¹) and ≈100 % selectivity. In situ characterizations demonstrated a COOH* pathway of the reaction and photoinduced charge transfer process for reducing the RWGS reaction active energy. Our work provides valuable insights on the construction of catalysts concerning products selectivity and photoelectronic activating mechanism on CO₂ hydrogenation.     

Porous membrane structures as stationary phase for capillary electrochromatography

This work presents the application of membrane technology for the fabrication of stationary phase for CEC columns using the technique based on phase inversion of polymer solution. A blend of polyimide P84 and sulphonated poly(ether ether ketone was processed via immersion precipitation dry‐wet spinning into small‐bore porous fiber. The morphology, zeta potential, and performance of the porous structure in the CEC separation were investigated. Noncharged molecules (as markers of the electroosmotic flow) and small organic compounds were injected into the column, driven under the application of voltage, and detected on the electropherogram. The proof of concept of applying porous membrane structure as stationary phase for CEC was shown and possible optimization to improve efficiency and selectivity was suggested.