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以多壁碳纳米管(CNTs)和聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)为原料, 通过相转化法形成均匀共混的胶体, 利用真空冷冻干燥(冻干)技术使胶体固化, 并在真空状态下使部分溶剂挥发, 制备了具有多孔结构的CNTs/PVDF复合膜. 实验结果表明, 冻干CNTs/PVDF复合膜具有优异的光吸收能力、 极佳的表面亲水性能. 在1 kW/m2光照强度下, 其水蒸发速率可达1.95 kg·m-2·h-1、 光热转化效率为92.9%. 搭载了冻干CNTs/PVDF复合膜的蒸发器在处理模拟海水和染料废水时, 均表现出良好的抗盐污染性、 显著的稳定性和优异的太阳能蒸发性能.  相似文献   

3.
利用光热材料的太阳能水蒸发技术是一种绿色、 环保地解决淡水资源短缺的重要技术, 但光热材料的制备成本、 蒸发效率和热损失等因素限制了其推广应用. 本文采用一锅法制备了聚乙烯醇载银海绵(AgNPs/PVA)太阳能界面蒸发器, 并研究了AgNPs含量对AgNPs/PVA在太阳能驱动水蒸发过程中光热性能的影响. 研究结果表明, 当AgNPs的质量为PVA的10%时, 制备的AgNPs/PVA在1 kW/m 2的太阳光强度下具有最优的蒸发速率, 水蒸发速率可达1.62 kg?m ?2?h ?1, 为纯水(0.42 kg?m ?2?h ?1)的3.9倍. 本文制备的AgNPs/PVA具有制备工艺简单、 亲水性能优良和蒸发性能良好的特点, 在太阳能驱动水蒸发领域具有较大的应用前景.  相似文献   

4.
水资源短缺是世界长期面临的问题,当前全球80多个国家的约15亿人口面临淡水不足,其中26个国家的3亿人口完全生活在缺水状态。近年来,人们开发了新型太阳能界面水蒸发材料和技术,能够利用高效光热材料吸收太阳能转化为热能,实现大量的、快速的水蒸发,冷凝后收集便得到洁净水,是一种高效、绿色、低成本水处理和解决水资源短缺的方法。石墨烯三维组装体材料的物理和化学性质优异,光热转化效率高,同时其太阳光吸收率高,内部微纳孔道丰富,具有良好的水传输通道,表面水蒸发面积大,在太阳光照射下能够实现超高的水蒸发速率,在光热水处理方面展现了巨大的科学研究意义和实用价值。本文将综述石墨烯三维组装体的制备及光热水处理方面的研究进展,包括石墨烯三维结构组装体制备方法,其光热水蒸发性能,总结了石墨烯三维结构组装体在光热水蒸发及水处理方面的应用,最后分析了石墨烯三维结构组装体光热水处理面临的问题及展望。  相似文献   

5.
能源与环境问题是当前时代面临的一大课题,有效利用并储存能源,缓解一系列严峻的环境污染问题也是当前研究的热点,电化学储能、光催化、光热界面蒸发和水汽收集这些能源利用措施已经作为环保手段深入人类的生活.大自然作为一位天然的设计师为我们能够提供诸多灵感,自然界诸多生物、生命体系中特性、机制和结构均暗含着十分巧妙的奥秘.本文重...  相似文献   

6.
采用化学刻蚀-溶剂热法合成了Ti3C2-MXene/CuS复合材料, 再通过真空抽滤将该复合材料负载到聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)膜上; 构筑了Ti3C2-MXene/CuS/PVDF复合光热膜, 并研究了其界面水蒸发性能. X射线衍 射(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)表征结果显示, CuS纳米颗粒将Ti3C2-MXene包裹并填满片层间隙. 界面水蒸发性能测试结果表明, 在180 ℃反应9 h所得材料的性能最佳, 在1 kW/m2光照强度下, 其界面水蒸发速率和蒸发效率分别为1.92 kg·m‒2·h‒1和110.4%. 此外, 复合光热膜具有较好的海水脱盐效果及良好的循环稳定性. 紫外-可见漫反射光谱(DRS)与光热转换实验结果表明, Ti3C2-MXene与CuS的复合提高了其光吸收能力与光热转换效率, 二者的协同效应显著提升了材料的光热转换和界面水蒸发性能. 本工作可为低成本、 高性能光热转换材料的开发提供借鉴.  相似文献   

7.
采用化学刻蚀-溶剂热法合成了Ti3C2-MXene/CuS复合材料, 再通过真空抽滤将该复合材料负载到聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)膜上; 构筑了Ti3C2-MXene/CuS/PVDF复合光热膜, 并研究了其界面水蒸发性能. X射线衍 射(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)表征结果显示, CuS纳米颗粒将Ti3C2-MXene包裹并填满片层间隙. 界面水蒸发性能测试结果表明, 在180 ℃反应9 h所得材料的性能最佳, 在1 kW/m2光照强度下, 其界面水蒸发速率和蒸发效率分别为1.92 kg·m‒2·h‒1和110.4%. 此外, 复合光热膜具有较好的海水脱盐效果及良好的循环稳定性. 紫外-可见漫反射光谱(DRS)与光热转换实验结果表明, Ti3C2-MXene与CuS的复合提高了其光吸收能力与光热转换效率, 二者的协同效应显著提升了材料的光热转换和界面水蒸发性能. 本工作可为低成本、 高性能光热转换材料的开发提供借鉴.  相似文献   

8.
张凯  管星  黄飞  曹镛 《化学学报》2012,70(24):2489-2495
系统研究了系列不同共轭与非共轭水/醇溶聚合物作为界面修饰材料在聚合物发光二极管和聚合物太阳电池中的应用及结构性能关系. 研究了界面层厚度, 器件金属电极功函对材料界面修饰性能的影响. 在此基础上, 系统对比研究了共轭与非共轭水/醇溶聚合物界面材料在不同聚合物光电器件中界面修饰性能的差别. 内建电势测试与器件研究结果表明, 在聚合物发光二极管中, 共轭材料表现出明显优于非共轭材料的性能, 特别是在超高功函数的金属金电极器件中, 共轭的水/醇溶聚合物材料依然表现出很好的电子注入/传输性能; 在聚合物太阳电池中, 共轭材料的界面修饰性能也优于非共轭类界面修饰材料.  相似文献   

9.
张凯  黄飞  曹镛 《高分子学报》2017,(9):1400-1414
相对于传统的无机半导体器件,以有机半导体(特别是聚合物半导体)材料为基础的有机光电器件,可采用与传统印刷技术(例如喷墨打印、卷对卷印刷等)相结合的溶液加工方式制备低成本、大面积、柔性光电器件,因而成为广泛关注的焦点,并得到了快速发展.实现溶液加工的高效有机光电器件的一个关键问题是界面问题——如何避免溶液加工时有机层间的互溶以及如何实现可印刷稳定金属电极的高效电子注入等.水/醇溶性共轭聚合物的迅速发展为解决溶液加工多层有机光电器件所面临的界面问题提供了有效手段.研究发现,水/醇溶共轭聚合物不但可以有效避免溶液加工多层器件中的界面互溶,而且还可与高功函数的稳定金属发生界面偶极相互作用而增强其电子注入,从而解决了高功函数稳定金属电子注入的难题,为实现全溶液加工的高效印刷有机光电器件提供了可行的方案.本文介绍了近年来本课题组在水/醇溶共轭聚合物阴极界面材料及器件应用方面的研究进展,并对水/醇溶共轭聚合物阴极界面材料在聚合物发光二极管和聚合物太阳电池中的工作机理进行了探讨.  相似文献   

10.
以四(三苯基膦)钯为催化剂,N,N-二甲基甲酰胺为溶剂,通过三(4-硼酸频呢醇酯苯基)胺与3,6-二溴咔唑的Suzuki偶联反应合成了一种超疏水多孔有机聚合物LNU-40.该聚合物的比表面积为32 m2/g,具有良好的热稳定性且在常见有机溶剂中不溶解或分解.LNU-40具有较低的表面能和152.4°的水接触角,表现出较好的酸碱环境抵御能力,能够制备具有优异自清洁性能的超疏水表面.使用LNU-40制成的超疏水柔性织物对有机溶剂的分离效率可达90%以上,对油的吸附能力可达其自身质量的3~8倍,吸附分离性能优越,可用于石油化工、食品及制药等行业含油等有机溶剂废水的油-水分离处理.  相似文献   

11.
    
《中国化学快报》2021,32(10):3090-3094
The Co@NCNTs/Si pillars with channels is assemble to a suitable pure water gathering device, which is applied in seawater desalination and sewage purification to produce pure water by utilizing solar energy. High-efficiency utilization of solar energy to generate water vapor is popular, recyclable, and environmentally friendly for seawater desalination and sewage purification, helping to alleviate the global water shortage crisis. Here, we report an efficient and simple method to prepare a three-dimensional (3D) evaporator for steam generation by harnessing the power of the sun. This evaporation is composed of one-dimensional (1D) cobalt embedded and nitrogen doped carbon nanotubes (Co@NCNTs) and 3D silicon pillars array structure (Si pillars). The Co@NCNTs/Si pillars shows a wide light absorption range provided by carbon nanotubes and a long light absorption path because of the silicon pillars. The surface temperature of the sample rises rapidly in 1.5 min and exceed 80 °C under solar illumination of one sun. The water evaporation can be high as 1.21 kg m−2 h−1 under one sun irradiation (1 kW/m2) with the energy efficiency up to 82.4%. This scalable Co@NCNTs/Si pillars can prepare pure water from seawater and sewage, where the removal rate of ions in seawater and pollutants in sewage is similar to 100%. Based on our research, this multistage three-dimensional structure is a simple and efficient novel photothermal material for extensive seawater desalination and sewage purification.  相似文献   

12.
碳纳米管/聚合物纳米复合材料研究进展   总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12  
碳纳米管/聚合物纳米复合材料是近几年发展起来的一个新的研究方向。本文从增强和功能性两个方面评述了碳纳米管/聚合物纳米复合材料的发展过程以及最新进展,详细讨论了碳纳米管在聚合物中的分散、取向和界面相互作用对复合材料力学性能的影响,介绍了碳纳米管的加入赋予聚合物的一些新的光电性能,并对今后的研究方向进行了展望。  相似文献   

13.
In this work, high storage modulus and high water stability of chitosan was prepared by incorporating chitosan-grafted carbon nanotubes (CNTs-g-CS). This dramatically improved mechanical property and water stability of chitosan would broaden its biochemical and electrochemical applications. The methodology adopted here by incorporating the CNTs-g-CS allowed a high amount of CNTs incorporation in chitosan without phase separations and enabled the preparations of a durable chitosan/CNTs nanocomposite-modified electrode for biosensor uses. The CNTs-g-CS was synthesized by grafting chitosan onto the carboxylated CNTs in acetic acid-added aqueous solution at 98 °C for 24 h. Thermal gravimetric analysis showed that the content of the chitosan grafts on the CNTs was about 25 wt% of the synthesized CNTs-g-CS. As compared with the ungrafted CNTs, the CNTs-g-CS exhibited a significantly improved dispersion in the chitosan matrix, as examined by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, resulting in significantly improved storage modulus and water stability of the chitosan nanocomposites as revealed by dynamic mechanical analysis and water treatments data, respectively. The storage modulus was significantly up by 134% from 6.4 GPa for the pure chitosan to 15 GPa for the chitosan nanocomposite containing 40 wt% CNTs-g-CS. The water stability of the chitosan nanocomposite films was significantly up from less than 12 h for the chitosan containing various amounts of ungrafted CNTs to at least 48 h for the chitosan containing 20, 30, and 40 wt% CNTs-g-CS.  相似文献   

14.
The localization of unpurified and unfunctionalized multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) in an immiscible polymer blend has been studied. The sea-island morphology of ternary blends of a copolyamide 6/12 (PA6/12), a copolymer of ethylene and methyl acrylate (EMA) and MWNTs was studied by SEM and TEM. Depending on the mixing sequence, the MWNTs are localized either in the PA phase or at the interface. The localization of the MWNTs is determined both by the thermodynamics of the minimization of the interfacial energies and by a partial (irreversible) adsorption of the macromolecules of the first copolymer in contact with the MWNTs during the mixing step. The adsorption phenomenon is proved by TGA, EELS, modification of the MWNTs and decantation tests. It is attributed to non-covalent and non-specific interactions occurring between the CH groups of the polymers and the MWNTs.  相似文献   

15.
碳纳米管(Carbon nanotubes,CNTs)因其独特的一维纳米结构和优异的物理、化学性质,将其掺杂于聚合物基体中制备防腐涂料,可显著提升涂层的防腐性能。本文综述碳纳米管掺杂于不同聚合物基体制备防腐涂料的最新研究进展,主要概述了聚苯胺复合型、聚吡咯复合型、聚氨酯复合型和环氧树脂复合型四大类,总结了碳纳米管掺杂不同聚合物制备防腐涂料的特点,分析了碳纳米管复合制备防腐涂料当前所面临的问题与挑战,并展望其今后在防腐涂料工业化生产的应用前景。  相似文献   

16.
采用原子力显微镜观测了由四氢呋喃和2-丁酮分别作为共溶剂制备得到的聚苯乙烯/聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PS/PMMA)共混物薄膜的表面形貌.研究发现,溶剂效应对共混物薄膜的表面形貌有较大影响,表面形貌中凸起与凹坑的组分分布是由溶剂效应决定的,与组分比无关.溶剂对不同组分的溶解能力不同还可以导致薄膜表面相逆转点的偏移.  相似文献   

17.
制备高分子水基微粒体系的相反转技术   总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10  
杨振忠  许元泽 《高分子通报》1998,11(3):78-82,F3
高分子树脂的微粒化水基化体系具有广阔的应用前途,正引起人们极大关注。相反转技术能把几乎所有的高分子树脂乳化为微粒化水基化体系,具有很宽的应用范围。本文简要地从相反转技术的发展、相反转模式、相反转类型、相反转的理论处理等4方面作以介绍。  相似文献   

18.
Abstract

Co-continuous structures can be regarded as the coexistence of at least two continuous structures within the same volume. Blends with co-continuous structures may combine the properties of both components in a favorable way, for example, mechanical moduli. This review article deals with the identification, characterization, and properties of co-continuous structures as well as with the development of co-continuous structures during the melt blending process. Co-continuous structures usually can be formed within a composition region about the phase inversion composition, which mainly depends on the viscosity ratio. On the other hand, co-continuous structures can be found independent of composition as intermediate stages during the initial state of morphology development and during phase inversion process in blends in which the component finally forming the dispersed phase forms the matrix in early mixing states. In addition, even at low volume fractions of one component, stable co-continuous morphologies can be created using suitable processing conditions, forming long elongated interconnected structures that do not break up because of the flow. The interfacial tension plays an important role for the stability; a lower interfacial tension leads to broader composition ranges of co-continuous structures. Another factor enhancing the formation and stability of co-continuous structure is melt yield stress of one or both components of blends. In addition, this article reviews the stability of co-continuous structures during further processing and the influence of compatibilization on the structure formation and stability. Subsequently, two models describing the co-continuous composition range are discussed.  相似文献   

19.
    
Using a unidirectional heat transfer apparatus, the roles of nanoparticle geometry, loading, dispersion and temperature on the thermal conductivity of polymer nanocomposites are investigated. The polymer nanocomposites (PNC) consist of epoxy matrices filled with silica nanopowder and carbon nanotubes, respectively, as well as poly (2-vinylpyridine) (P2VP) matrices loaded with silica nanoparticles. First, it is shown that thermal conductivity generally increases with nanofiller loading. These results are also reasonably described by the three phase Lewis-Nielsen or Halpin-Tsai analytical models. More importantly, it has been also demonstrated that the thermal conductivity of the polymer nanocomposites greatly depends on the dispersion state of the nanofillers. Furthermore, the effect of temperature on the thermal behavior of PNCs is briefly discussed. These results emphasize the important role of nanoparticles content and dispersion state on the thermal characteristics of polymer nanocomposites, which can be used to design composite materials with tunable thermal behavior.  相似文献   

20.
高分子水基微粒形态与界面膜性质的关系   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
高分子水基微粒形态与界面膜性质的关系杨振忠赵得禄许元泽徐懋(中国科学院化学研究所高分子物理开放实验室北京100080)关键词高分子树脂,相反转,水基微粒,界面膜相反转技术是制备高分子树脂微粒化水基化体系的新方法[1],正成为高分子技术的一个热门方向...  相似文献   

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