Analysis of the nucleation and growth of amorphous CaCO3 by means of time-resolved static light scattering

The formation of amorphous calcium carbonate particles from supersaturated aqueous solution is relevant to many processes in nature and industry. The present work introduces time-resolved static light scattering as a new tool to investigate the initial stage of this process. The process is initiated by mixing a solution of Na(2)CO(3) with a CaCl(2) solution or, alternatively, by mixing solutions of the dimethyl ester of carbonic acid and CaCl(2) with solutions of NaOH. Particle formation was analyzed by recording scattering curves as a function of time. Scattering data indicate the formation of compact spheres with diameters close to 360 nm. In the case of particle formation induced by ester hydrolysis, nucleation sets in after a certain lag time. Particle size is homogeneous, and the growth mechanism corresponds to an addition of ions or small constituent particles to a constant number of growing spheres. An increase of the NaOH concentration, which triggers ester hydrolysis, decreases the lag period prior to the onset of particle formation. An increase of the solution temperature also decreases this lag period. The temperature and NaOH dependent duration of the lag time could successfully be interpreted in terms of the kinetics of the ester hydrolysis. The work establishes time-resolved static light scattering as an efficient tool to investigate the particle formation process of amorphous calcium carbonate.     

非还原脲变性蛋白溶菌酶稀释复性过程中集聚现象的研究

用十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳、阴极聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和高效凝胶排阻色谱法, 研究了非还原脲变性蛋白溶菌酶在稀释复性过程中的集聚现象. 实验发现, 在整个稀释复性过程中, 没有蛋白溶菌酶集聚体沉淀产生. 当最终复性液中蛋白溶菌酶浓度小于4.0 mg/mL时, 复性过程中不会形成蛋白溶菌酶分子集聚体; 当最终复性液中蛋白溶菌酶浓度介于4.0～8.0 mg/mL时, 复性过程中会形成由非共价相互作用所引起的蛋白溶菌酶二分子和三分子集聚体; 而当最终复性液中蛋白溶菌酶浓度大于8.0 mg/mL时, 复性过程中除了会形成二分子和三分子蛋白溶菌酶集聚体外, 还会形成四分子蛋白溶菌酶集聚体. 在此基础上, 结合文献, 对非还原脲变性蛋白溶菌酶的稀释复性过程进行了描述.     

Microscale isolation of native forms of lysozyme from chicken egg white by gel isoelectric focusing

To separate and extract the native states of lysozyme from chicken egg white, a hybrid method for the mobilization of proteins after non‐denaturing gel isoelectric focusing (IEF) combined with detection of lysozyme activity was developed. When the proteins in the chicken egg white were first separated using non‐denaturing gel IEF, a lysozyme was obtained at the top of the gel column at the cathode end of the IEF. And, when the IEF‐separated proteins of the egg white were mobilized by replacing the cathodic sodium hydroxide solution with phosphoric acid solution, an additional active state of the lysozyme that could be bound to proteins, such as ovotransferrin, was extracted from the solution. Furthermore, it was shown that the addition of lysozyme, obtained via IEF, to pure ovotransferrin generated a complex manifesting lysozyme activity, clearly indicating a successful reconstruction of the lysozyme‐ovotransferrin complex in vitro. Therefore, the obtained results demonstrated that the native states of lysozymes, such as lysozyme and the lysozyme‐ovotransferrin complex, can be effectively separated and extracted using non‐denaturing gel IEF. Thus, this method can be applied to separate and extract different charge states of native proteins that retain their biological activities.     

Regulation of Microstructure of Calcium Carbonate Crystals by Egg White Protein

Crystal growth of calcium carbonate in biological simulation was investigated via egg white protein with different volume fractions,during which calcium carbonate was synthesized by calcium chloride an...     

溶液中变性剂浓度对蛋白溶菌酶复性的影响

Based on three-state renaturation process of denatured proteins, an equation describing the effect of denaturant concentration on renaturation yield of denatured proteins was presented. By this equation, two parameters n（m1 -m2） and Ka can be obtained. The former indicates the difference in the number of denaturant molecules between the renaturation process of n number of refolding intermediates from refolding intermediate state to native state and their aggregate process from refolding intermediate state to aggregate state, the latter denotes the apparent aggregate equilibrium constant for protein molecules aggregated from native state to aggregate state, and from them, the characteristics of the renaturation process of denatured proteins in denaturant solution can be identified. This equation was tested by the renaturation processes of denatured egg white lysozyme in guanidine hydrochloride and urea solutions, with the results to show that when guanidine hydrochloride and urea concentrations were separately higher than 1.25 and 3.00 mol/L or separately lower than 1.00 and 3.00 mol/L, the refolding intermediates of egg white lysozymes were more easily aggregated to aggregate state or more easily renatured to native state, respectively. Under different initial total egg white lysozyme concentrations in urea solution, the refolding egg white lysozyme intermediates could be deduced to have a tendency to form a bimolecular intermediate aggregate, and this inference was further confirmed by their nonreducing SDS-PAGE and size exclusion chromatography.     

Thermodynamic analysis of lysozyme adsorbed to silica

The structural stability of hen egg white lysozyme in solution and adsorbed to small colloidal silica particles at various surface concentrations was investigated using hydrogen-deuterium (H/D) exchange in combination with mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The combination of HDX-MS and DSC allows a full thermodynamic analysis of the lysozyme structure as both the enthalpy and the Gibbs free energy can be derived from the various measurements. Moreover, both HDX-MS and DSC provide information on the relative structural heterogeneity of lysozyme in the adsorbed state compared to that in solution. Results demonstrated that at high surface coverage, the structural stability of lysozyme was only marginally affected by adsorption to silica particles whereas the unfolding enthalpy decreased by more than 10%, meaning that the entropy of lysozyme increased with a similar value upon adsorption. Furthermore, the structural heterogeneity increased considerably. At lower surface concentrations, the structural heterogeneity increased further whereas the enthalpy of unfolding decreased. Further analyses of the HDX-MS experiments clearly indicated that folding/unfolding of lysozyme occurs through a two-domain process. These two domains had a similar amount of structural elements and a difference in stabilization energy of 8 kJ/mol, regardless if lysozyme was in solution or adsorbed to silica.     

A carbonate controlled-addition method for amorphous calcium carbonate spheres stabilized by poly(acrylic acid)s

Stable amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) composite particle with a size-controlled monodispersed sphere was obtained by a new simple carbonate controlled-addition method by using poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) (Mw = 5000), in which an aqueous ammonium carbonate solution was added into an aqueous solution of PAA and CaCl2 with a different time period. The obtained ACC composite products consist of about 50 wt % of ACC, 30 wt % of PAA, and H2O. Average particle sizes of the ACC spheres increased from (1.8 +/- 0.4) x 102 to (5.5 +/- 1.2) x 102 nm with an increase of the complexation time of the PAA-CaCl2 solution from 3 min to 24 h, respectively. The ACC formed from the complexation time for 3 min was stable for 10 days with gentle stirring as well as 3 months under a quiescent condition in the aqueous solution. Moreover, the ACC was also stable at 400 degrees C. Stability of the amorphous phase decreased with an increase of the complexation time of the PAA-CaCl2 solution. No ACC was obtained when the lower molar mass PAAs (Mw = 1200 and 2100) were used. In the higher molar mass case (Mw = 25 000), a mixture of the amorphous phase and vaterite and calcite crystalline product was produced. The present results demonstrate that the interaction and the reaction kinetics of the PAA-Ca2+-H2O complex play an important role in the mineralization of CaCO3.     

Theory of hopping conductivity of proteins

Quantum chemical calculations for two different kinds of native proteins (pig insulin and hen egg white lysozyme) were done by the extended negative factor counting method in which the matrix elements have been calculated at the ab initio level with the help of a minimal basis and the simulation of the aqueous solution environment. The hopping conductivities were worked out by the formulas of the random walk theory of Lax and co-workers. The electronic density of states of these native proteins confirmed the conclusions obtained previously from aperiodic model peptides chains. The results show that the ac conductivity vs. frequency curve of these native proteins lies in the range of some typical good inorganic amorphous conductors and thus confirm that proteins, if doped, are amorphous conductors. The behavior of the ac conductivities of the proteins in different ranges of frequencies are discussed. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

阴离子氨基酸表面活性剂调控碳酸钙的仿生合成

室温下, 在乙醇或乙醇-水混合体系中, 利用氨基酸表面活性剂N-酰基十二烷基肌氨酸钠(Sar)调控合成碳酸钙, 采用SEM, XRD和FTIR等技术表征了反应产物. 在乙醇体系中, 首先形成多面体形状的文石, 然后逐渐转变为圆球状的无定形碳酸钙. 在乙醇-水混合体系中, 合成了花簇状多级结构碳酸钙晶体. 增加N-酰基十二烷基肌氨酸钠的用量有助于形成球霰石结构, 当n(Ca2+)∶n(Sar)=1∶1 时, 得到的花状碳酸钙为球霰石和方解石的混合物, 当n(Ca2+)∶n(Sar)=1∶2 时, 得到纯净的球霰石, 其形貌为大小较均一的单分散的球, 直径约为7 μm; 另外, 当n(Ca2+)∶n(Sar)=1∶1时, 混合溶剂中水和乙醇的体积比由1.5∶1依次增加为7∶3和3∶1时, 碳酸钙晶体的形貌由花状逐渐向球形过渡, 晶体中球霰石和方解石的含量也随之变化, 其中, 当水和醇的体积比为7∶3时, 产物主要为球霰石型晶体.     

An integrated process for purification of lysozyme, ovalbumin, and ovomucoid from hen egg white

This article describes an integrated process for simultaneous purification of lysozyme, ovalbumin, and ovomucoid from hen egg white. The crude egg white extract was passed through a cation exchanger Streamline trade mark SP and the bound lysozyme was eluted with 5% ammonium carbonate, pH 9.0, containing 1 M NaCl after elution of avidin. This partially purified lysozyme was further purified 639-fold on dye-linked cellulose beads. Ovalbumin and ovomucoid did not bind to Streamline SP. Ovalbumin could be precipitated from this unbound fraction by 5% trichloroacetic acid, and ovomucoid was removed from the supernatant by precipitation with ethanol. The yields of lysozyme, ovomucoid, and ovalbumin were 77, 94, and 98%, respectively. All the purified proteins showed single bands on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. All the steps are easily scalable, and the process described here can be used for large-scale simultaneous purification of these proteins in the pure form.     

Synthesis of Monodisperse Poly（glycidylmethacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate） Beads and Their Application in Separation of Biopolymers

Introduction Since 19541 the polymeric separation media has attracted much attention due to their chemical stability over the entire pH range. The rigid, highly cross-linked styrene copolymers were first used for chromatography by Moore.2 The macroporous copolymers currently available are not only chemically stable but also more resistant to mechanical forces prevailing in a column and therefore are comparable to the traditional packings based on silica gel. Most polymer separation media are …     

高效阳离子交换法分离纯化蛋清中的溶菌酶

 建立了用高效阳离子交换分离纯化蛋清中溶菌酶的新方法 ,讨论了纯化的工艺条件。蛋清样品匀浆后 ,用氯化钠初步纯化 ,然后用弱阳离子交换柱XIDACE WCX分离。结果表明 ,被纯化的溶菌酶和杂蛋白得到很好分离。经活性检测 ,溶菌酶过柱后的活性回收率为 10 7% ,蛋白的比活为 15 4 6 7U/mg ,纯化倍数提高了 5 6倍。用尺寸排阻 (SEC)鉴定 ,得到的溶菌酶呈均一性。该法较传统软基质低压离子交换分离速度快 ,纯化效率高。     

甲醇和碳酸丙烯酯合成碳酸二甲酯的研究

采用浸渍法以ZrO2为载体，以碱金属氢氧化物和碳酸盐为前驱体制备了不同的固体碱催化剂，在温和反应条件下考察了催化剂的酯交换扳应性能，并通过BET、XRD和CO2－TPD等方法对催化剂进行了表征，结果表明：Na2CO3负载到不同载体上，其催化性能明显不同，Na2CO3/ZrO2催化剂获得了较高的酯交换活性。载体的比表面和孔结构与催化剂的反应活性无一定的依存关系。而催化剂表面的酸碱性是影响酯交换活性的重要因素。     

Flame synthesis of calcium carbonate nanoparticles

Calcium carbonate nanoparticles of 20-50 nm size were obtained from a flame spray process where combustion of specific calcium-containing precursors results in amorphous or crystalline calcium carbonate particles depending on the spray flow conditions.     

Nature identification and morphology characterization of cation-exchange membrane fouling during conventional electrodialysis

The aim of this work was to study the effect of a concentrate solution pH value and of the composition in calcium, carbonate, and protein of a diluate solution to be treated by conventional electrodialysis on the fouling of cation-exchange membranes (CEM). It appeared that after demineralization of solutions containing CaCl(2) and CaCl(2)+Na(2)CO(3) using a concentrate solution maintained at a pH of 12, mineral fouling appeared on both sides of the CEM. The nature of the deposits was identified as calcium hydroxide and/or carbonate on both surfaces. The mineral fouling presented an aggregation-like crystal following a carnation-like pattern of aggregates of small rhombohedral crystals with CaCl(2) added alone, while CaCl(2)+Na(2)CO(3) yielded a smoother spherical crystal. Protein fouling was detected only on the CEM surface in contact with the diluate after demineralization of a solution containing CaCl(2)+Na(2)CO(3) using a concentrate pH value of 2.     

用蛋白电泳和高效凝胶排阻色谱法分析还原脲变性蛋白溶菌酶稀释复性过程的集聚体

本文利用蛋白电泳和高效凝胶排阻层析法分析了还原脲变性蛋白溶菌酶稀释复性过程中的集聚体。当用复性液稀释复性还原脲变性蛋白溶菌酶时,会迅速产生可观量的沉淀。沉淀和上清液的不连续十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)和高效凝胶排阻层析分析结果表明,还原脲变性蛋白溶菌酶在稀释复性过程中除了能够复性成天然态蛋白溶菌酶分子外,还会形成可溶的蛋白溶菌酶分子二聚体和三聚体,二聚体和三聚体主要是靠分子间二硫键的错配连接而成的;可溶的蛋白溶菌酶分子二聚体之间通过非共价键相互作用而形成集聚体沉淀,而可溶的三聚体溶菌酶分子则仍处于复性液上清液中。     

表面活性剂对TiO_2/CNT苯酚与碳酸二甲酯酯交换活性的影响

以表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵（CTAB）和十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS）改性的碳纳米管为载体,制备了TiO2/CNT催化剂,用于苯酚与碳酸二甲酯酯交换合成碳酸二苯酯的反应.采用X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电镜（SEM）和透射电镜（TEM）对改性前后催化剂的结构和形貌进行了表征,显示出负载后的催化剂中活性组分二氧化钛以无定形...     

Thermosensitive copolymers of N-vinylimidazole as displacers of proteins in immobilised metal affinity chromatography

Synthetic copolymers of N-vinylcaprolactam (VCL) and N-vinylimidazole (VI) were studied as thermosensitive, reusable displacers for immobilised metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) of proteins. The copolymer with weight-average molecular mass of 11700 g/mol prepared by free radical polymerisation at a 9:1 monomer molar ratio was separated into several fractions by IMAC and thermal precipitation. The fraction with an average VI content of 8.5% was most efficient as a reusable displacer for IMAC of ovalbumin, lysozyme and other proteins of egg white on Cu2+-IDA-Sepharose. The displacer exhibited a sharp breakthrough curve and binding capacity of 16-20 mg/ml gel, depending on the flow-rate. The recovery of egg white proteins in the course of displacement chromatography was >95%. The displacer could be removed quantitatively from the protein fractions by thermal precipitation at 48 degrees C. Co-precipitation of lysozyme with the displacer was minimal in the presence of 3% (v/v) acetonitrile, while the lysozyme enzymatic activity in the supernatant was completely retained. Addition of free imidazole to the mobile phase increased the rate of protein desorption and allowed better separation of egg white proteins and the displacer in the course of chromatography. The displacement profile of the egg white extract consisted of three zones with different distributions of individual proteins characterised by SDS-PAGE. Regeneration of the column was easily performed with 0.02 M EDTA in 0.15 M sodium chloride, pH 8.0, followed by washing with distilled water and reloading with Cu2+. The displacer could also be regenerated by thermal precipitation at 48 degrees C and subsequent dialysis against dilute hydrochloric acid (pH 2.5).     

无孔单分散亲水性中强阳离子交换树脂的制备及其在蛋白质快速分离中的应用研究

以3.0μm无孔单分散亲水性交联聚甲基丙烯酸环氧丙酯树脂为基质,将其表面经新的化学方法改性后制备了一种新型的无孔中强阳离子交换色谱填料。详细考察了该无孔填料对标准蛋白分离性能,有机溶剂、pH、流动相盐种类和流速等对蛋白质保留的影响。实验结果表明,在流速为4 mL/min时,线性梯度时间在2.0 min内可快速分离4种标准蛋白,蛋白质的保留符合阳离子交换色谱规律。将其应用于快速纯化鸡蛋清中的溶菌酶,取得较好效果。