惰性颗粒流化床中低浓度煤层气燃烧特性实验

采用实验的方法,在鼓泡流化床燃烧装置中研究了低浓度煤层气在床内的流动和燃烧特性,考察了床层温度、气体浓度、流化风速及床料颗粒特性等操作条件变化对甲烷转化率和燃烧产物的影响。研究表明:床层温度升高,甲烷转化率显著增加;增加流化风速及进气甲烷浓度,甲烷转化率减小;颗粒粒径增加,甲烷转化率增加;CO排放浓度随床层温度的升高先增加后降低,并在床层温度约850℃时达到其最大峰值,沿流化床轴向高度CO的排放浓度先增加后降低,呈钟型分布。     

生物质流态化燃烧床料流化特性研究

利用5 kW鼓泡流化床实验装置,以小麦秸秆为燃料,以石英砂为床料,进行燃烧实验,在27~800℃温度范围内,对实验前后床料的最小流化速度进行研究。结果表明:生物质流态化燃烧后,床料表面粘附熔融物;常温条件下,熔融物对床料最小流化速度影响不明显,随着温度升高,石英砂床料最小流化速度降低,在温度大于500℃条件下,实验后床料的最小流化速度明显增大;床料表面粘附物高温条件下熔融是引起流化特性改变的根本原因。     

流化床燃烧超低浓度煤层气的轴向气体分布

超低浓度煤层气由于甲烷含量低、浓度变化大而较难加以利用。采用实验和数值模拟的方法,研究了超低浓度煤层气在流化床中燃烧特性,得到燃烧产物的轴向分布规律,分析了进气浓度、床层温度、流化风速等因素对甲烷浓度轴向分布的影响。研究结果表明:随着床层高度的增加,无量纲甲烷浓度逐渐减小,在床层表面达到最小值,然后突然增加,随后达到稳定。实验范围内,CO浓度均小于20mL/m~3减小进气浓度、增加床层温度、降低流化风速部会使相同床层高度处的无量纲甲烷浓度减小。燃烧反应主要发生在密相区,随着进气浓度的减小、床层温度的增加、流化风速的降低,反应区域逐渐向床层下部移动。     

超低浓度煤层气在流化床中燃烧的实验和数值研究

超低浓度煤层气由于甲烷含量低、浓度变化大而较难加以利用。采用实验和数值模拟的方法,研究了超低浓度煤层气在流化床中的燃烧,分析了床层温度、甲烷体积浓度,流化风速对甲烷燃烧效率的影响,并用数学模型预测了甲烷沿床层高度方向的分布。研究表明,数学模型和实验数据吻合较好。床层温度是煤层气燃烧反应的关键因素,甲烷的转化率随着床层温...     

湿颗粒流化床流动特性的实验研究

基于可视化湿颗粒流化床实验系统,研究了多种Geldart-D类颗粒在不同含液量时的流动特性变化规律,包含流型、床层压降、最小流化速度。实验结果表明:1)在湿流化床内,颗粒出现聚团结块行为,气泡呈现不规则形状;湿颗粒流化过程的稳定性较干颗粒床明显下降,床内近壁面区域易出现局部沟流。2)固定床阶段,由于空隙率的增加,相同气速条件下,湿颗粒床层压降低于干颗粒;基于厄贡公式,得出了湿颗粒固定床床层压降的计算方法。3)湿颗粒的最小流化速度U_(mf)高于干颗粒,且随粒径d_p的增加而增加;导出了预测D类湿颗粒最小流化速度的半经验公式,Re_(mf)=0.279.Ar~(0.5),该式计算结果与实验测量结果偏差小于15%。     

不同床料流化床生物质燃烧粘结机理研究

在流化床实验装置上,以河砂、白云石、粘土和石煤灰作为床料,进行了900℃下玉米秸秆成型燃料燃烧粘结机理实验研究.实验表明本文所采用的4种床料均能够有效地控制生物质流化床燃烧粘结现象的发生.四种床料形成结团的难易程度,由易到难的顺序依次为:河砂>白云石>安化石煤灰分>粘土.对实验后的床料和结团分别进行SEM/EDX分析表明,床料中含有的Al、Fe、Mg以及ca元素能够与含碱金属元素的化合物反应形成絮状的高熔点物质,覆盖在结团的表面,阻止结团颗粒进一步增大,从而控制床料粘结和结团.     

刚玉床料对高钠煤循环流化床气化中钠迁移转化的影响

选择刚玉作为床料,利用循环流化床对天池木垒煤进行了气化实验研究,研究了刚玉对失流的抑制作用、矿物元素在不同粒径颗粒中分布以及煤中Na经过气化反应后的迁移转化规律。研究结果表明,以刚玉作为床料会降低底渣表面包覆层黏性,避免颗粒聚团导致失流;在刚玉诱导下,煤中Al、Si、Ca、Fe、Na和Mg等绝大多数矿物质元素在底渣和循环灰中富集,并导致物料粒径不断增大;935℃床温下(以刚玉为床料),天池木垒煤中Na在底渣、飞灰和煤气中的分布率分别为39.6%、45.4%和15%,相对于以石英砂为床料的情形,刚玉有效抑制了Na的挥发,降低了尾部沾污发生的机率;在刚玉作用下,固留在底渣中的Na主要以NaAl_(11)17、NaAlSi_2O_6和NaAlSi_3O_8等形式存在,并且刚玉与煤中矿物质元素反应生成的物质具有较高的熔点,避免低温共熔现象发生。     

材料性质和燃料特性对浸没在多孔介质中的液体燃料燃烧特性影响

本文研究了浸没在沙、钢珠和氟石等不同材料的多孔介质床中的液体燃料的燃烧特性.探讨了燃料性质对火焰特性、床层温度分布、离表面最近测点处蒸气区的下边界到达时间以及燃料消耗的影响.实验结果揭示了浸没在多孔床中的液体燃料燃烧的特殊规律.     

大锥角锥形床内颗粒横向混合的实验研究

在900 mm×200 mm×800 mm的冷模试验台上,试验研究了带气体入口直段的大锥角锥形床内示踪颗粒的横向扩散过程,系统考察了床料粒径dp、过余速度u—u_(mff)、静止床层高度h和气体入口直段宽度δ对床内示踪颗粒横向扩散系数D_(sr)的影响。结果表明:在大锥角锥形床中,横向混合试验持续时间间隔对示踪颗粒横向扩散系数的计算结果影响较大;示踪颗粒的横向扩散系数D_(sr),随着床料粒径dp的增大而减小,随着过余速度u—u_(mff)静止床层高度h和气体入口段宽度δ的增大而增大。     

外界辐射对浸没在多孔介质中的液体燃料燃烧特性的影响

本文研究了不同辐射通量下浸没在沙床中的液体燃料的燃烧特性.探讨了辐射通量对液体燃料浸没在多孔沙床中的燃烧特性的影响,获得了不同辐射通量下的火焰特性、床层温度分布、离表面最近测点处蒸气区的下边界到达时间、燃烧持续时间及燃料消耗规律.实验结果揭示了浸没在多孔床中的液体燃料在不同辐射通量下燃烧时的特殊规律.     

In situ AFM,XRD and Resistivity Studies of the Agglomeration of Sputtered Silver Nanolayers

In situ atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and resistivity studies have been made for RF cathode-sputtered silver nanolayers on different oxide surfaces during heating between room temperature and 400°C. Our earlier AFM and resistivity measurements revealed the agglomeration of layers during heating. The present in situ AFM, XRD and resistivity measurements show a sudden rapid agglomeration of the sputtered ultra-thin silver nanolayers during heating at specific temperatures, which depend on the layer thickness. When the AFM picturing was initiated from a layer surface at a temperature slightly below the specific agglomeration temperature of the layer, the AFM tip excited the surface starting the agglomeration in the area under picturing. This tip-assisted agglomeration phenomenon made it possible to restrict the area of agglomeration and to produce sub-micron structures in the silver nanolayer by AFM.     

Experimental investigation on the flame front resistance of gas channel growth with melt formation in iron ore sinter beds

The resistance of the flame front within the solid bed constitutes a fundamental and crucial area in porous bed combustion as the flame front propagation is highly related to the productivity and product quality. This paper focuses on the iron ore sintering, a thermal agglomeration process in steel mills. The results from a detailed experimental study of the pilot-scale pot tests under the conditions of a wide range of fuel rate are presented. The primary objective is to provide better understanding of the growth of gas channels relating to melt formation in the flame front and its resistance to flow. The sintering bed was divided into several zones based on the temperature profile and component distribution. Even though there is a continuous one-to-one replacement of humidified zone with porous sintered zone, a constant air flow rate during sintering could be obtained, indicating the ～100?mm high-temperature zone has a controlling effect on sintering bed permeability. The specific pressure drop value in high-temperature zone increases from ～3?kPa in upper bed to ～7?kPa in bottom bed, which varies with the bed temperature and structure properties. Both the green bed and sintered bed were scanned by X-ray computed tomography, the reconstruction and image analysis showed that the sintered bed has large gas channels and many more closed pores due to solid-melt-gas coalescence. More melt is generated when the heat is accumulated along the bed or input higher coke content, showing a propensity to suppress the gas channel growth and amplify the mismatch of gas transportation along the bed. Higher coke rate leads to a higher resistance in flame front, resulting in a slower flame front speed. These results are aimed to provide quantitative validation for improvements of a numerical sintering model in a future work.     

BaTiO_3纳米粉体的制备及结构的光谱表征

采用钛酸丁脂和八水氢氧化钡为原料的溶胶-凝胶法制备了纳米BaTiO3粉体。经不同温度烧结,并利用X射线衍射和Raman光谱分析进行结构表征。实验表明,经1073K烧结后粉体粒径为26 2nm,颗粒分布均匀,还有少量BaCO3存在。在这个温度下得到的晶粒主要是立方相,并含有少量的四方相。经1273K烧结后,BaTiO3完全是四方相,粉体粒径为80 0nm,此时BaCO3已完全分解。另外探讨了溶胶-凝胶制备纳米BaTiO3粉体的反应机理,解释了BaTiO3物相的形成。     

Evolution of pore and surface characteristics of silica xerogels during calcining

This paper has investigated the effect of calcining temperature (600-1000°C) on the mesopore structure and surface fractal dimension of silica xerogels derived from two-step acid-base-catalyzed TEOS (tetraethyl orthosilicate) systems. Two base contents were adopted in the base step. FE-SEM (field emission gun-scanning electron microscopy) observation and XRD (X-ray diffraction) analysis indicate that gel coarsening, agglomeration and sintering occurred successively with increasing temperature, and those prepared with higher base content exhibit easier agglomeration, lower sintering temperature and weaker crystallizability. Percent mesoporosity and surface fractal dimensions evaluation via image analysis methods shows that the mesoporosity of those prepared with lower base content increases below 700°C and decline at higher temperatures, while the surface fractal dimension appears to decrease above 800°C.     

Ultrathin amorphous Ni-Ti film as diffusion barrier for Cu interconnection

5-nm-thick amorphous Ni-Ti films deposited on Si by magnetron sputtering, annealed at various temperatures in high vacuum, have been studied as diffusion barriers for Cu interconnection using X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy and four-probe methods. Although no Cu silicide peaks are found from X-ray diffraction patterns of the samples annealed up to 750 °C, it is found that the sheet resistance of Cu/Ni-Ti/Si decreases with the increase of annealing temperature and then slightly increases when the annealing temperature is higher than 700 °C. Root mean square roughness of Cu/Ni-Ti/Si increases with the increase of annealing temperature and many island-like grains present on the surface of the 750 °C annealed sample, which is ascribed to dewetting and agglomeration.     

循环流化床收集器内颗粒团聚流动特性的研究

基于气固两相流理论和气溶胶动力学原理,建立流化床收集器(CFBA)内气体细颗粒聚团气固两相双流体模型。对不同入口气体速度、初始颗粒尺寸分布和不同颗粒团聚形成机理下收集器内颗粒聚团流动的流体动力特性进行数值模拟。研究结果表明湍流运动和剪切作用对颗粒聚团的形成起主要作用,布朗运动对颗粒团聚形成的影响可忽略不计。吸收颗粒可有效提高捕获细颗粒和颗粒聚团形成的能力。     

Effect of tin-doped indium oxide film as capping layer on the agglomeration of copper film and the appearance of copper silicide

In this work, the effect of tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) film as capping layer on the agglomeration of copper film and the appearance of copper silicide was studied. Both samples of Cu 100 nm/ITO 10 nm/Si and ITO 20 nm/Cu 100 nm/ITO 10 nm/Si were prepared by sputtering deposition. After annealing in a rapid thermal annealing (RTA) furnace at various temperatures for 5 min in vacuum, the samples were characterized by four probe measurement for sheet resistance, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis for phase identification, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for surface morphology and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for microstructure.The results show that the sample with ITO capping layer is a good diffusion barrier between copper and silicon at least up to 750 °C, which is 100 °C higher than that of the sample without ITO capping layer. The failure temperature of the sample with ITO capping layer is about 800 °C, which is 100 °C higher than that of the sample without ITO capping layer. The ITO capping layer on Cu/ITO/Si can obstacle the agglomeration of copper film and the appearance of Cu₃Si phase.     

Structural stability of heat-treated Co/C soft X-ray multilayers fabricated by dual-facing-target sputtering

Thermal stability of Co/C multilayers prepared by a dual-facing-target sputtering system was studied. A picture of the thermally induced changes in the microstructure was obtained using complementary measurement techniques including low-angle and high-angle X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It was found that the period expansion, reflectivity change and compound formation, that were observed after annealing are caused by structural changes both in the sublayers and at the interfaces. Below 400°C, the period expansion is mainly caused by the graphitization of the amorphous carbon layers, and a significant increase in the reflectivity at grazing incidence was observed. By 500°C, the crystallization and agglomeration of Co layers induce an enormous period expansion and a serious decrease in reflectivity. A small amount of carbide is found to form at this temperature. Our results imply that new multilayer structures, e.g., compound multilayers will have to be developed for use at high temperatures or under high X-ray incident flux.     

Magnetic behavior and physicochemical properties of Ni and NiO nano-particles

A series of nano-crystalline Ni/NiO particles was synthesized by a combustion route depending upon the glycine-nitrate process. The as prepared samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron micrograph (SEM), transmission electron micrograph (TEM), nitrogen adsorption isothems at 77 K and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) techniques.The XRD results revealed that the Ni powder crystallizes was formed with the cubic phase when the molar ratio of glycine to nitrate is 1.5. Above or below that molar ratio, NiO phase coexists as an impurity along with the Ni phase. The SEM and TEM measurements of the as synthesized powders showed that the particles are irregular in shapes and have porous morphology. Increasing the ratio between glycine and Ni-nitrate resulted in slightly agglomeration and grain growth of nano-particles with subsequent decrease in the value of surface area depending upon high combustion heat. The magnetization value of Ni measured at room temperature is very close to the value observed for commercial Ni powder.     

In situ SAXS study on size changes of platinum nanoparticles with temperature

Poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP)-coated platinum (Pt) nanoparticles were prepared in methanol-water reduction method. In situ small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques were used to probe the size change of particles and crystallites with temperature. Tangent-by-tangent (TBT) method of SAXS data analysis was improved and used to get the particle size distribution (PSD) from SAXS intensity. Scherrer’s equation was used to derive the crystallite size from XRD pattern. Combining SAXS and XRD results, a step-like characteristic of the Pt nanoparticle growth has been found. Three stages (diffusion, aggregation, and agglomeration) can be used to describe the growth of the Pt nanoparticles and nanocrystallites. Aggregation was found to be the main growth mode of the Pt nanoparticles during heating. The maximum growth rates of Pt nanoparticles and Pt nanocrystallites, as well as the maximum aggregation degree of Pt nanocrystallites were found, respectively, at 250 °C, 350 °C and 300 °C. These results are helpful to understanding the growth mode of nanoparticles, as well as controlling the nanoparticle size.