Strain field and extrusion load in ECAE process of bi-metal circular cross section

In this paper the previous velocity field proposed by the authors for the prediction of strain field and deformation load of circular cross section billet in ECAE process has been extended to take into account the deformation behavior of bimetal circular billet in the same process. Accordingly, using Bezier method, as a robust method for determining the geometry of the streamlines, the strain field developed in the circular bimetal billet is calculated. Then, based on the kinematically admissible velocity and strain fields and using the upper bound theorem the ECAE load is predicted. It was found that at constant inner corner angle of ECAE die, with decreasing of outer curve corner the inhemogenity of strain distribution is decreased and the ECAE force is increased. Also, at a constant outer curve corner, by decreasing the inner corner angle, the extrusion load is increased. A good agreement was found between the predicted and experimental results.     

外卷边槽钢辊弯成型过程数值模拟

拓展了结构分析有限条法,基于固体力学有限形变理论的更新拉格朗日法(U.L.法),建立了弹塑性大变形样条有限条法,并将其用于模拟外卷边槽钢辊弯成型过程,分析了带材的变形特点,获得了变形带材的三维位移场、应变场和应力场。算例表明,变形带材的角部出现横向压应变峰值,外卷边轧辊前部位出现纵向拉应变峰值。另外,带材的横向变形是主要的,纵向变形较小。     

Stress softening, strain localization and permanent set in the circumferential shear of an incompressible elastomeric cylinder

Corresponding author, email huntley{at}umich.edu A constitutive theory for elastomeric materials has recentlybeen developed according to which stress is generated by differentmicromechanisms at different levels of deformation. When thedeformation is small, the stress is given by the usual theoryof rubber elasticity. As the deformation increases, some junctionsof the macromolecular microstructure rupture. Junctions thenre-form to generate a new microstructure. The constitutive equationallows for continuous scission of the original junctions andformation of new ones as deformation increases. The macromolecularscission causes stress reduction. The formation of new microstructuresresults in permanent set on release of external load. The present work considers a hollow circular cylinder composedof such a material, also assumed to be incompressible and isotropic.The cylinder is fixed rigidly at its inner surface and undergoesaxisymmetric deformation due to a uniform axial moment appliedat the outer surface. There develops an outer zone of materialwith the original microstructure and an inner zone of materialhaving undergone macromolecular scission, separated by a cylindricalinterface, the radius of which increases with the rotation ofthe outer surface. The shear deformation distribution, moment-rotationresponse and permanent set on release of moment are determined.It is found that microstructural scission can lead to higherlevels of shear deformation near the inner surface of the cylinderthan in the case of purely elastic response. It is also seenthat a residual state of high shear deformation can arise ina thin layer of material at the inner boundary of the cylinder.     

Mathematical model of the solid-phase extrusion of polymeric composite materials

A mathematical model of the deformation of a structurally inhomogeneous material in a conical die is developed. The model accounts for the possibility of the material's compaction and loosening during extrusion. It is demonstrated that both a monotonic decrease, and extremal variation in microporosity are possible with increasing degree of drawing, depending on the character of the composite and deforming tool. Computed results are compared with experimental data obtained for superhigh-molecular polyethylene-based composites filled by polymerization. Good correspondence is established between theory and experiment.Translated from Mekhanika Kompozitnyk Materialov. Vol. 31. No. 6. pp. 834–839. November–December, 1995.     

Thermal effects on buckling of shear deformable nanocolumns with von Kármán nonlinearity based on nonlocal stress theory

Thermal buckling of nanocolumns considering nonlocal effect and shear deformation is investigated based on the nonlocal elasticity theory and the Timoshenko beam theory. By expressing the nonlocal stress as nonlinear strain gradients and based on the variational principle and von Kármán nonlinearity, new higher-order differential governing equations with corresponding higher-order nonlocal boundary conditions both in transverse and axial directions for instability of nanocolumns are derived. New analytical solutions for some practical examples on instability of nanocolumns are presented and analyzed in detail. The paper concluded that the critical buckling load is significantly increased in the presence of nonlocal stress and the results confirm that nanocolumn stiffness is enhanced by nanoscale size effect and reduced by shear deformation. The critical temperature change is increased with larger diameter to length ratio and higher nonlocal nanoscale. It is also concluded that at low and room temperatures the buckling load of nanocolumns increases with increasing temperature change, while at high temperature the buckling load decreases with increasing temperature change.     

Influence of Multiple Micro Cracks on the Damage Behavior of a Macro-Crack Tip北大核心CSCD

The solution of an infinite plane containing a macro crack and a cluster of micro cracks under uniaxial tensile load was presented based on Muskhelishvili’s complex function method and the stepwise recursive method. The stress field and stress intensity factor K were obtained. Combined with the damage mechanics, damage parameter D of the macro-crack tip and the micro-crack tip under uniaxial tension was redefined, and the influence of different damage zone forms on the damage of the crack tip was analyzed. The results show that, both the chain-distribution and the reverse-chain-distribution micro cracks have an amplifying effect on the macro crack growth, and the damage parameter increases with the decrease of the inclination angle of the micro crack and the reduction of the distance between the macro crack and the micro cracks. For a relatively small inclination angle of the micro crack, the damage parameters of the macro crack and the micro crack heightens, and the damage parameter of the macro crack increases with the micro-crack length. For evenly distributed micro cracks in the continuous damage zone, the micro cracks have an amplifying effect on the macro-crack growth, and the damage parameter of the macro crack increases with the micro-crack number. © 2022 Editorial Office of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics. All rights reserved.     

Zur elastisch-plastischen Deformation drehsymmetrisch erhitzter Kreisscheiben

Zusammenfassung Es wird gezeigt, daß bei Zugrundelegung der Trescaschen Fließbedingung die plastische Deformation einer erhitzten Scheibe nicht am isolierten Rand einsetzt. Beginnt das Fließen in der Nähe des Randes, dann ist die Differenz von Umfangs- und Radialspannung maßgebend. Die vom Verfestigungsgesetz unabhängigen Grenzen der plastischen Ringzone können direkt aus dem Temperaturfeld berechnet werden. Die Spannungen im elastischen Außenbereich stimmen mit den bei unbeschränkt elastischem Verhalten auftretenden Spannungen überein.

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It is shown that, based on Tresca's yield criterion, plastic deformation of a heated disk does not set in at the insulated edge. For plastic flow near the edge, the difference of circumferential and radial stress is essential. The borders of the plastic annular zone prove independent of the hardening law and can be determined directly from the temperature field. The stress distribution in the outer elastic region agrees with the one occurring for unrestricted elastic behaviour.

     

界面弧形裂纹对混凝土开裂强度的影响研究

混凝土由于水分蒸发、干缩、泌水以及骨料与砂浆变形不一致等原因会导致骨料与砂浆的界面层中产生弧形裂纹,从而对混凝土开裂强度产生很大影响.从细观角度将混凝土视作由粗骨料和水泥砂浆组成的两相复合材料,并将界面层视为粗骨料与水泥砂浆的接触层进行分析.首先基于相互作用直推估计(interaction direct derivative, IDD)法,考虑混凝土中骨料颗粒的相互作用,将施加在混凝土表征体积元的远场外荷载等效为无限大基体中含单一骨料的等效外荷载.然后,将等效外荷载转化为最大和最小主应力,基于断裂力学理论得到界面层中弧形裂纹的应力强度因子,并根据复合型裂纹幂准则判断弧形裂纹是否发生开裂,进而来研究混凝土开裂强度的变化规律.通过与数值模拟结果的比较,验证了界面弧形裂纹应力强度因子解析解的有效性,参数分析结果表明,当裂纹与最大主应力垂直或与最小主应力呈45°夹角时,骨料周围弧形裂纹最易发生开裂破坏.随着裂纹长度增加,混凝土受拉和受压开裂强度先减小后增大,且均存在最不利的裂纹长度.混凝土开裂强度随着骨料体积分数的增加而增大,随着骨料粒径的增大而减小.在裂纹长度较小时,增大骨料的弹性模量有利于提高混凝土开裂强度.骨料周围承受同号应力可以提高混凝土的开裂强度,反之,异号应力会降低开裂强度.     

Elastic-plastic stress distribution in a rotating solid shaft

Based on Tresca's yield condition and the associated flow rule, the stress distribution in a rotating solid cylinder of elastic-perfectly plastic material under plane strain is discussed. It is shown that the plastic core consists of two parts with different regimes of the yield condition. With increasing angular velocity, a second plastic zone forms at the boundary and spreads inwards.

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Zusammenfassung Untersucht wird die Spannungsverteilung in einem rotierenden Zylinder aus elastisch-ideal-plastischem Material unter der Voraussetzung des ebenen Verzerrungszustandes. Zugrundegelegt ist die Trescasche Fließbedingung und die zugeordnete Fließregel. Der plastische Kern besteht aus zwei Teilen mit unterschiedlichen Regimes der Fließbedingung. Bei Steigerung der Winkelgeschwindigkeit bildet sich am Rand eine zweite Fließzone aus, die nach innen wandert.

     

塑料封装集成电路结构热应力分布的解析解

由于集成电路的硅芯片与其周围的塑料封装材料热膨胀系数的不协调,产生的热残余力会直接导致封装结构的破坏及集成电路的失效.将硅芯片的角点结构模化成半无限大楔体,求得了热应力分布的解析解.在此基础上,应用应变能密度因子准则评价电子封装结构角点处的开裂强度及开裂方向.     

基于曲梁弹性理论的弯曲覆岩变形及应力分析

引入适用于极坐标下曲梁的位移函数,通过理论分析得出用位移函数表示的曲梁控制方程和位移分量、应力分量.在此基础上,采用差分原理给出曲梁控制方程、位移分量和应力分量的差分代数方程.最后,采用数值计算方法,分析了煤层开采后弯曲覆岩的位移和应力分布特征,结果表明:1)煤层开采后弯曲覆岩产生下沉变形;弯曲岩层环向位移既有拉伸也有压缩.2)离开切眼不远处径向应力将达到峰值,径向应力由内边界向外逐渐增大;工作面后方不远处环向应力将达到峰值,环向应力较容易引起压缩破断;离开切眼不远处剪应力将达到峰值,对于小角度截面上的剪应力由内边界向外逐渐增大.研究结果为煤矿工程提供了科学依据与参考.     

初封载荷下封隔器胶筒表面自由变形特性分析

研究了封隔器胶筒在自由变形阶段受初封载荷作用下内、外表面发生位移变形的特性.依据连续介质力学理论，建立自由变形阶段的有限变形数学模型，给出了胶筒在初封轴向载荷下内、外表面径向变形的过程，得到胶筒非线性变形解析解.通过数值计算，在求解出胶筒外表面自由变形解析式的基础上，进一步分析了容易被忽略的胶筒内表面非线性变形规律和相关参数变化对其密封性能的影响.该变形特性分析可适用于不同型号的封隔器胶筒，为胶筒的密封和可靠性设计提供重要理论依据.     

圆形杂质对裂纹扩展的影响

在单轴拉伸载荷作用下，运用分布位错方法对无限大平面内含有一个裂纹和一个任意方向的杂质问题进行求解，得到了裂纹尖端的应力强度因子、应力场以及应变能密度.利用最小应变能密度因子准则来判断裂纹扩展方向.结果显示:软杂质对裂纹尖端应力强度因子、应变能密度和应力场有增强作用，而硬杂质则具有屏蔽作用.在 -30°<θ<30°范围内，杂质对裂纹扩展方向的影响较小，而在 -90°<θ<-30°或30°<θ<90°范围内，杂质对裂纹扩展方向的影响较大.软杂质对裂纹扩展有吸引作用，而硬杂质具有排斥作用.     

点简支正交各向异性矩形薄板弯曲的精确解

本文利用迭加原理,给出了点简支正交各向异性短形薄板弯曲问题的封闭的级数式解答.简支点的位置和横向载荷的分布均可任意.用本文的级数解给出的算例与以往的数值解是十分一致的.     

Estimation of temperature in rubber-like materials using non-linear finite element analysis based on strain history

A finite element procedure for hyper-elastic materials such as rubber has been developed to estimate the temperature rise during cyclic loading. The irreversible mechanical work developed in rubber has been used to determine the heat generation rate for carrying out thermal analysis. The evaluation of the heat energy is dependent on the strains. The finite element analysis assumes Green–Lagrangian strain displacement relations, Mooney–Rivlin strain energy density function for constitutive relationship, incremental equilibrium equations, and Total Lagrangian approach and the stress and strain of the rubber-like materials are evaluated using a degenerated shell element with assumed strain field technique, considering both material and geometric non-linearities. A transient heat conduction analysis has been carried out to estimate the temperature rise for different time steps in rubber-like materials using Galerkin's formulations. A numerical example is presented and the computed temperature values for various load steps agree closely with the experimental results reported in the literature.     

Specimen design for high precision tension-compression tests

In this contribution a new specimen, which enables high precision tension-compression testing, is presented. Due to a special mounting geometry, tests from a compression strain of −45 % up to a tension strain of 400 % can be performed with a nearly homogeneous deformation field within the measuring zone. Consequently, the mechanical behavior of rubber, which exhibits phenomena like Mullins effect, Payne effect, recovery and relaxation behavior, can be characterized within experimental investigations. (© 2016 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Effects of pulsatile flow and straight length on low-density lipoprotein transport in a curved arterial wall

Abnormal accumulation of macromolecules such as low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) in the arterial wall causes narrowing and blockage of vessels, which leads to atherosclerosis. Effects of pulsatile nature of blood flows as well as the initial length on transport of the LDL species in the arterial boundary layer region are analyzed numerically in the present work. The set of governing equations consisting of continuity, Navier-Stokes, and species transport is solved using a projection method based on the second-order central difference discretization. The obtained results are in excellent agreement with the pertinent data. The computational results imply that the flow field and concentration distribution are time dependent but the variation of the filtration velocity can be ignored. The LDL concentration boundary layer thickness decreases in the outer part and increases in the inner part for both with or without straight length. Presence of initial straight length generates about 26% growth in the boundary layer thickness, although its effect on the LDL surface concentration (LSC) is negligible. The maximum LSC is related to the regions with minimum wall shear stress in the inner part of the curved artery, which have more potential for formation of atherosclerosis. A new numerical correlation between the LSC and boundary layer thickness is proposed and examined.     

Theoretical and experimental study of the elastoplastic state of cylindrical shells with rigid inclusions

A study is made of the stress distribution around a rigid circular inclusion on the lateral surface of a cylindrical shell subjected to a uniformly distributed load. The stress distribution present during the elastoplastic stage of deformation of the shell material is studied. Calculated results are obtained on the basis of the numerical solution of inelastic problems in accordance with the theory of thin shells and the strain theory of plasticity for the case of active loading. Experimental data for shells loaded by internal pressure are obtained with the use of pneumatic gauges. The data are in the form of values of the strains and changes in curvature in characteristic sections of the shell. The theoretical and experimental results are compared and analyzed.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Prikladnaya Mekhanika, No. 18, pp. 72–76, 1987.     

重力载荷作用下柔性梁的结构变形与承载力分析

柔性体在承受外载荷作用时,会通过自身变形,降低所承受的外载荷.为了研究重力载荷作用下柔性梁的结构变形与承载力之间的定量关系,首先建立模拟实验分析重力载荷在梁上的分布形式;基于Timoshenko梁的大变形本构方程,建立承受重力载荷作用下大变形梁的控制方程;通过量纲分析,确定研究两个无量纲变量,结构变形数与Cauchy数...     

平面变形正向挤压、反向挤压的参变量积分解法(减缩率R=0.5)

对断面收缩率为R=0.5的平面变形正向、反向挤压滑移线场之刚性区边界滑移线引进参变量t进行换元积分,求得垫片或凹模上的挤压力.对反向挤压,应力影响系数p/2k=1.29,凸模压力为5.14k;对正向挤压,垫片平均压力为p=2.57k,p/2k=1.29.参量积分求得的上述结果与目前惯用解法之结果完全相同.