Gemini表面活性剂(12-6-12)和DNA的相互作用

应用紫外光谱、荧光探针、zeta 电位、动态光散射和凝胶电泳等方法探讨了阳离子gemini 表面活性剂C₁₂H₂₅N⁺(CH₃)₂―(CH₂)₆―(CH₃)₂N⁺C₁₂H₂₅·2Br^-(12-6-12)与DNA之间的相互作用. 研究结果表明, 与传统表面活性剂相比, 偶联表面活性剂特殊的分子结构使其与DNA的作用更强烈. DNA引导表面活性剂在其链周围形成类胶束结构, 开始形成类胶束时对应的表面活性剂临界聚集浓度(CAC)比纯表面活性剂临界胶束浓度(CMC)低两个数量级. CAC与DNA的浓度无关, 而与表面活性剂之间的疏水作用以及表面活性剂与DNA之间的静电吸引作用密切相关. Zeta 电位和凝胶电泳结果显示了DNA链所带负电荷逐渐被阳离子表面活性剂中和的过程. 借助原子力显微镜(AFM)成功观察到了松散的线团状DNA, 球状体随机地分散在DNA链上形成类似于串珠的结构、尺寸较大的球形复合物以及其由于吸附多余的表面活性剂重新带正电而被溶解得到的较小DNA/12-6-12聚集体. 圆二色(CD)光谱结果显示, 12-6-12可以诱导DNA的构象发生改变.     

酰胺基团对Gemini表面活性剂表面活性和聚集行为的影响

本文合成了含酰胺基团和不含酰胺基团的两类Gemini阳离子表面活性剂,测定了其表面活性参数,研究了酰胺基团对表面活性剂的表面活性和聚集行为的影响。结果表明,酰胺基团提高了Gemini阳离子表面活性剂的临界胶团浓度,降低了胶团聚集数,增强了胶团微极性,增大了表面活性剂的饱和吸附量。     

阳离子Gemini表面活性剂12-3-12与DNA在模拟体液中的相互作用研究

采用紫外透射光谱、透射电镜、原子力显微镜、圆二色谱(CD)等方法探讨了阳离子Gemini表面活性剂C12H25N+(CH3)2-(CH2)3-(CH3)2N+C12H25·2Br-(12-3-12)与DNA在模拟体液(SBF)中的相互作用。结果表明,SBF中较高反离子浓度不但屏蔽了DNA和12-3-12之间的静电吸引作用,而且促进了12-3-12聚集体的产生和生长,导致低盐条件下体系中出现的沉淀溶解现象的消失。SBF中DNA与12-3-12之间存在强烈的相互作用;随着12-3-12的加入,表面活性剂分子在DNA链周围聚集,类网络结构的DNA逐渐变为类似于串珠的复合物,随后出现尺寸较大的类球形复合物以及较大复合物与较小表面活性剂聚集体共存的现象。CD谱结果显示,SBF中12-3-12可以诱导DNA的构象发生改变,由自然的B构型变成高度致密的ψ相。分子动力学模拟的离子液体中表面活性剂与带相反电荷聚电解质的相互作用过程及模式与实验结果吻合良好。模拟结果也表明,SBF中较高的反离子浓度提高了聚电解质的可压缩程度,导致相同条件下SBF中聚电解质的均方回旋半径远小于稀盐水溶液(10mmol/L Na Br)体系中的聚电解质均方回旋半径。较强的离子强度不但导致体系中聚电解质和带相反电荷表面活性剂之间的相互作用存在"假饱和"现象,而且也造成体系中表面活性剂在聚电解质周围聚集数显著提高。     

含Gemini表面活性剂结构单元的新型两亲聚电解质的合成及聚集行为

分别将Gemini型单体1,3-双(二甲基十四烷基溴化铵)-2-丙烯酰氧基丙烷(14G)或1,3-双(二甲基十六烷基溴化铵)-2-丙烯酰氧基丙烷(16G)与丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵(DAC, D)共聚合反应, 合成了新型含Gemini表面活性剂结构单元的两亲性阳离子聚电解质(D14G和D16G). 采用稳态荧光、电导、动态光散射及透射电镜等手段研究了这些聚电解质在水溶液中的聚集行为. 结果表明, 临界聚集浓度(CAC)随着Gemini型表面活性剂单元含量的增加而减小, 同时随着Gemini型表面活性剂单元中疏水碳链长度的增加而降低. 这些聚电解质在水溶液中同时存在分子内和分子间两种类型的聚集体, 而且碳链越长, 形成分子内聚集体的倾向越强. 随着Gemini表面活性剂单元含量的增加, D14G溶液中聚集体的流体动力学半径(Rh)也有所增大, 而D16G溶液中的聚集体的流体动力学半径(Rh) 却略有减小.     

Brij类表面活性剂与Laponite纳米颗粒的相互作用及其稳定乳液的研究

通过表面张力、Zeta电位和流变学参数的测定, 研究了聚氧乙烯烷基醚类非离子型表面活性剂(Brij 30和Brij 35)在合成锂皂石(Laponite)纳米颗粒表面的吸附及对Laponite水分散体系中颗粒间相互作用和体系粘度的影响. 结果表明, 这类表面活性剂能显著地吸附在Laponite颗粒表面上, 且吸附量随其分子中POE链长短而不同. 这种吸附没有改变Laponite粒子的带电性质, 但一定程度地降低了Laponite颗粒Zeta电位; 吸附也会减弱颗粒间的相互作用, 降低体系的粘度. 实验以Laponite和Brij为乳化剂, 制备了O/W型乳状液. 乳液稳定性变化和乳液粒径分布结果表明, 体系中Brij的浓度较低时, 乳液的性质主要是由Laponite颗粒决定的; 而Brij浓度较高时, 则主要取决于Brij表面活性剂. 高速剪切含Brij的Laponite水分散体系, 剪切后表面张力随时间的变化表明, 剪切作用会使得吸附在Laponite颗粒表面的Brij分子不同程度地解吸下来. 这也意味着乳液制备时, 高速剪切作用也会造成Brij分子自Laponite颗粒表面的脱附, 这可能是非离子表面活性剂与阳离子表面活性剂对负电固体颗粒稳定乳液影响不同的原因.     

乙醇/水混合溶剂中Gemini表面活性剂的表面性质

通过对Gemini表面活性剂12-s-12 (Et)(s=4, 6, 8, 10, 12)体系在乙醇/水混合溶剂中的表面张力曲线的测定, 对该体系的表面性质进行了研究. 发现随乙醇/水比例变化, Gemini各种表面化学性质, 如临界胶束浓度(cmc)、表面张力(γcmc)、饱和吸附量(Γmax)和最小分子占有面积(Amin)等的变化规律. 拓展了Gemini表面活性剂在混合溶剂中表面吸附的研究.     

阴离子Gemini表面活性剂在油/水界面行为的分子动力学模拟

采用分子动力学方法研究了磺酸盐型阴离子Gemini表面活性剂在油/水界面的吸附行为, 考察了不同长度的连接基(Spacer)对表面活性剂在界面的聚集形态及界面性质的影响. 密度分布和微观结构信息显示, Gemini表面活性剂能在油/水界面形成单层膜结构. Gemini表面活性剂能使油/水界面的厚度显著增大, 并使界面形成能降低. 当连接基为6个碳时, 此类磺酸盐型Gemini表面活性剂的界面厚度最大, 形成的界面最稳定. 连接基长度对Gemini表面活性剂单层膜周围的水分子和Na⁺的吸附结构影响不大, 但是能影响水分子的扩散行为.     

m-6-m型Gemini双季铵盐表面活性剂与DNA的相互作用

合成了5种m-6-m型Gemini双季铵盐表面活性剂,在对产物结构和表面活性进行分析的基础上,分别采用紫外分光光度法和荧光分光光度法考察了m-6-m型Gemini双季铵盐表面活性剂与DNA的相互作用.结果表明,m-6-m型Gemini表面活性剂的CMC随烷基疏水链的增长呈逐渐下降趋势.几种表面活性剂均没有使DNA的紫外吸收峰发生红移或蓝移现象,说明复合物无嵌插作用或氢键形成,表面活性剂与DNA作用后的吸光度随表面活性剂浓度的增大而增强,当表面活性剂的浓度相同时,吸光度随疏水链的增大而逐渐减弱.Gemini表面活性剂浓度增大导致荧光强度降低,表面活性剂与DNA作用时的猝灭为静态猝灭,随着疏水链长度的增长,荧光猝灭常数降低,表面活性剂与DNA之间的作用力减弱.     

表面活性剂与高分子链混合体系的模拟

计算机模拟了高分子链对表面活性剂胶束形成过程的影响，以及高分子链构象性质随胶束化过程的变化.结果表明,当高分子链与表面活性剂之间的相互作用强度超过临界值后，高分子链的存在有利于表面活性剂胶束的形成.临界聚集浓度（CAC）与临界胶束浓度（CMC）的比值CAC/CMC随高分子链长的增大和相互吸引作用的增强而减小.在CAC之前，高分子链与表面活性剂分子只有动态的聚集；但在CAC之后，表面活性剂胶束随表面活性剂浓度X的增加而增大，并静态地吸附在高分子链上，形成表面活性剂/高分子聚集体.随着表面活性剂分子的加入，高分子链的均方末端距和平均非球形因子先保持恒定；从X略小于CAC开始， 和快速减小，至极小值后又逐渐增大.模拟结果支持高分子链包裹在胶束表面的实验模型.     

含酰胺基Gemini阳离子表面活性剂的合成及性能

以棕榈酸、N,N-二甲基丙二胺、环氧氯丙烷和脂肪胺为原料合成了一系列Gemini阳离子表面活性剂.用红外光谱、质谱对产品进行了结构分析,并对产品性能进行了测定.结果表明:所合成的Gemini阳离子表面活性剂的临界胶束浓度低于传统阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)1-2个数量级;当浓度为1×10-3mol/...     

Salt effect on the interactions between gemini surfactant and oppositely charged polyelectrolyte in aqueous solution

The effect of alkali halides (NaBr, NaCl, KCl) on the interactions between the cationic gemini surfactant hexylene-1,6-bis(dodecyldimethylammonium bromide) (12-6-12) and the anionic polyelectrolyte sodium polyacrylate (NaPAA) in aqueous solution has been investigated by fluorescence emission spectroscopy, UV transmittance, zeta potential, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). With increased addition of NaBr, a counterbalancing salt effect on the critical aggregation concentration (CAC) is observed. At low concentrations, NaBr facilitates the formation of micelle-like structures between surfactant and polyelectrolyte and results in a smaller CAC. At high concentrations, NaBr screens the electrostatic attraction between surfactant and polyelectrolyte and leads to a larger CAC. Upon the formation of micelle-like structures at high surfactant concentrations, the addition of NaBr is favorable for larger aggregates. The microstructure detected by TEM show that a global structure is generally formed in the presence of NaBr. The interactions also depend on ion species. Compared to NaBr, the addition of NaCl or KCl yields a smaller CAC.     

Complexation of DNA with cationic gemini surfactant in aqueous solution

Interactions between DNA and the cationic gemini surfactant trimethylene-1,3-bis(dodecyldimethylammonium bromide) (12-3-12) in aqueous solution have been investigated by UV-vis transmittance, zeta potential, and fluorescence emission spectrum. Complexes of DNA and gemini surfactant are observed in which the negative charges of DNA are neutralized by cationic surfactants effectively. The DNA-induced micelle-like structure of the surfactant due to the electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions is determined by the fluorescence spectrum of pyrene. It is found that the critical aggregation concentration (CAC) for DNA/12-3-12 complexes depends little on the addition of sodium bromide (NaBr) because of the counterbalance salt effect. However, at high surfactant concentration, NaBr facilitates the formation of larger DNA/surfactant aggregates. Displacement of ethidium bromide (EB) by surfactant evidently illustrates the strong cooperative binding between surfactant and DNA. In contrast to that in the absence of surfactant, the added NaBr at high surfactant concentration influences not only the binding of surfactant with DNA, but also the stability of DNA/EB complex.     

Electrochemical, microscopic, and spectroscopic characterization of prevesicle nanostructures and vesicles on mixed cationic surfactant systems

Several experimental techniques (conductivity, zeta potential, transmission electronic microscopy, and steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy) have been used to study the formation of mixed colloidal aggregates consisting of a cationic double-chain surfactant, di-dodecyldimethylammonium bromide (di-C12DMAB), and a single-chain alkyltrimethylammonium bromide with 10 and/or 14 carbon atoms (decyltrimethylammonium bromide, C10TAB, and/or tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide, C14TAB). Special interest has been devoted to the prevesicle domain, within which the formation of aggregated nanostructures was first reported in our laboratory. For that purpose, studies have been carried out on the very dilute region by means of conductivity experiments, confirming the existence of two critical aggregation concentrations in that concentration domain: the so-called mixed critical aggregate concentration, CAC, and the mixed critical vesicle concentration, CVC. By carrying out TEM experiments on negatively stained samples, we were surprised to find a number of aggregates without a clear aggregation pattern and with a variety of sizes and shapes at concentrations below CAC, where only monomers were expected. However, the nanoaggregates found at concentrations between CAC and CVC, also by TEM microscopy, show a clear and ordered "fingerprint"-like aggregation pattern similar to the liquid-crystalline phases reported for DNA-liposome complexes and/or DNA packed with viral capsids. Finally, at total surfactant concentrations above CVC, the aggregates were confirmed, by means of cryo-TEM micrographs and zeta potential measurements, to be essentially unilamellar spherical vesicles with a medium polydispersity and a net-averaged surface density charge of around 12 x 10(-3) C m(-2). The fluorescence emission of two probes, TNS (anionic) and PRODAN (nonionic), allows for the analysis of the micropolarity and microviscosity of the different microenvironments present in aqueous surfactant solutions where the above-mentioned vesicle and prevesicle aggregates are present.     

Microcalorimetric study on the interaction of dissymmetric gemini surfactants with DNA

The interaction of a series of dissymmetric gemini surfactants, [C(m)H(2m+1)(CH(3))(2)N(CH(2))(6)N(CH(3))(2)C(n)H(2n+1)]Br(2) (designated as C(m)C(6)C(n)Br(2), with constant m+n=24, and m=12, 14, 16, and 18) with DNA in 10 mM NaCl solution has been investigated by isothermal titration microcalorimetry (ITC). The curves for titration of the surfactants into DNA solution show noticeable differences from those into 10 mM NaCl solution without DNA. It is attributed to the interaction between DNA and surfactants. The critical aggregation concentration (CAC), the saturation concentration (C(2)), and the thermodynamic parameters for the aggregation and interaction processes were obtained from the calorimetric titration curves. The results show that the dissymmetry degree (m/n) has a marked effect on the interaction of the C(m)C(6)C(n)Br(2) surfactants with DNA. The CAC and C(2) tend to become smaller with increased m/n. The enthalpy change (DeltaH(agg)) and the Gibbs free energy change (DeltaG(agg)) for aggregation become more negative down the series, indicating that the hydrophobic interaction between the hydrophobic chains of the surfactant molecules increases and the aggregation process is more spontaneous with increased m/n. The entropy changes of aggregation (DeltaS(agg)) are all positive and TDeltaS(agg) is much larger than |DeltaH(agg)|, revealing that the aggregation process is mainly entropy-driven. However, the calculated Gibbs free energy (DeltaG(DS)) for the interaction between the gemini surfactants and DNA becomes less negative with increased m/n, which reveals that the interaction between the gemini surfactants and DNA tends to be weaker with increased m/n. This is induced by the disruption of the chain-chain hydrophobic interaction between the surfactant molecules at higher m/n, where the entropy change DeltaS(DS) for the interaction process tends to be an unfavorable factor. In addition, the DNA concentration also has a remarkable influence on the interaction.     

The Interaction Between N–Isopropylacrylamide-Acrylic Acid-Ethyl Methacrylate Thermosensitive Polymers and Cationic Surfactants

The interaction between cationic surfactants and isopropylacrylamide-acrylic acid-ethyl methacrylate (IPA:AA:EMA) terpolymers has been investigated using steady-state fluorescence and spectrophotometric measurements to assess the effect of the polymer composition on the aggregation process and terpolymers’ thermosensitivities. Micropolarity studies using pyrene show that the interaction of cationic surfactants with IPA:AA:EMA terpolymers occurs at surfactant concentrations much smaller than that observed for the pure surfactant in aqueous solution. The critical aggregation concentration (CAC) values decrease with both the hydrocarbon length of the surfactant and the content of ethyl methacrylate. These results were interpreted as a manifestation of the increasing contribution of attractive hydrophobic and electrostatic forces between negatively charged polymer chains and positively charged surfactant molecules. The increase of ethyl methacrylate in the copolymers lowers the CAC due to the larger hydrophobic character of the polymer backbone. The cloud point determination reveals that the lower critical solution temperatures (LCST) depend strongly on the copolymer composition and surfactant nature. The binding of surfactants molecules to the polymer chain screens the electrostatic repulsion between the carboxylic groups inducing a conformational transition and the dehydration of the polymer chain.     

Gemini阴离子表面活性剂水溶液的界面活性

Gemini阴离子表面活性剂水溶液的界面活性;Gemini阴离子表面活性剂;表面张力;CMC;C20;界面张力     

Gemini 阴离子表面活性剂水溶液的聚集性质

合成了一种Gemini阴离子表面活性剂,测定了其临界胶束浓度cmc和cmc时的表面张力γcmc,与传统的单基表面活性剂相比,其临界胶束浓度降低了一个数量级,具有突出的降低水的表面张力的效率;研究了该种Gemini表面活性剂的浓度对于胶束聚集数的影响,结果表明,随着浓度的增加,胶束聚集数出现了一个极大值,同时观察到液晶微相的生成.