基于磁共振弛豫时间实现加权像和压脂技术

磁共振成像是根据生物磁性核在磁场中表现的共振特性进行成像的新技术,其中弛豫时间是实现和控制成像的重要物理量.本文使用磁共振成像实验仪,对相关样品的纵向弛豫时间T₁、横向弛豫时间T₂进行测量,并且基于不同弛豫时间采用自旋回波序列实现T₁、T₂加权像,用反转恢复成像序列实现磁共振成像对脂肪的抑制.     

14N核四极共振自旋系统自旋-晶格弛豫时间的测量

¹⁴N核四极共振自旋系统的自旋-晶格弛豫是一种双指数弛豫。本文介绍了¹⁴N核四极共振自旋系统的自旋-晶格弛豫时间的3种测量方法,利用可变多面体方法对实验数据进行拟合,获得了¹⁴N核四极共振自旋系统的自旋-晶格弛豫时间T_1s和T₁₁,对有关文献中关于核四极共振弛豫时间的测量的3个观点提出了质疑。     

基于应变锗空穴双量子点的可调耦合和自旋阻塞研究

应变锗空穴量子点是实现超大规模量子计算最有前景的平台之一.由于锗空穴不受超精细相互作影响，有着较长的自旋弛豫时间和量子退相干时间，且锗中本征的强旋轨道耦合和空穴载流子的低有效质量，使得全电场操控空穴自旋量子比特得以实现，极大地降低了器件加工难度，增加了量子点的可扩展性.本文介绍了一种使用应变锗异质结制备重叠栅空穴双量子点器件的方法，完成了应变锗异质结性质测量，空穴双量子点器件制作，单量子点输运性质和双量子点输运性质研究，双量子点耦合可研究调节性研究，以及外磁场存在下的漏电流性质研究和泡利自旋阻塞解除机制的研究.这些工作为未来实现高质量自旋量子比特制备和高保真度量子逻辑门操控提供了实验平台和基本参数.     

量子阱中电子自旋注入及弛豫的飞秒光谱研究

采用飞秒脉冲的饱和吸收光谱方法研究了GaAs/AlGaAs多量子阱中电子自旋的注入和 弛豫特性，测得电子自旋极化弛豫时间为80±10ps.说明了电子自旋 轨道耦合相互作用引 起局域磁场的随机化，是导致电子的自旋极化弛豫的主要机理. 关键词： 自旋电子学 半导体量子阱 飞秒激光光谱 自旋 轨道耦合     

PbTe/PbSrTe半导体非对称量子阱中的Rashba效应

窄带隙半导体异质结构的自旋效应最近受到了国际上的很大关注.Ⅳ-Ⅵ族半导体具有各向异性和多能谷的特征,因此可以预期Rashba自旋效应在不同取向的Ⅳ-Ⅵ族半导体量子阱结构中存在显著差异.计算了多个取向的Pb_1-ySr_yTe/PbTe/Pb_1-xSr_xTe非对称量子阱中的Rashba分裂能,结果表明［100］取向的PbTe量子阱的Rashba分裂能在阱宽为5.0nm时 关键词： Ⅳ-Ⅵ族半导体 非对称量子阱 Rashba效应 自旋-轨道耦合分裂     

载流子复合对时间分辨法拉第旋转光谱的影响

利用二能级体系速率方程,推导了半导体中探测光探测到的法拉第旋转光谱的理论模型,发现电子-空穴对的复合对法拉第旋转信号随时间的衰减有重要影响,并利用该模型对GaAs量子阱中实验测得的法拉第旋转光谱进行拟合,得到GaAs量子阱材料中的电子自旋弛豫时间为73.5 ps,而直接利用单指数进行拟合得到的电子自旋弛豫时间仅为51.3 ps. 因此,直接利用单指数对法拉第旋转光谱进行拟合得到电子自旋弛豫时间的传统做法是不准确的. 关键词： 自旋弛豫时间 时间分辨法拉第旋转光谱 GaAs量子阱     

准一维半导体量子点中电偶极自旋共振的物理机理

半导体量子点中的电子自旋具有较长相干时间以及可扩展性的特点, 在近十几年来引起了人们的广泛兴趣. 人们常常利用电子自旋共振技术来对单个自旋进行操纵. 这样不但需要一个静磁场来使电子产生赛曼劈裂, 同时还需要一个与之垂直的局域振荡磁场. 但是, 在实验上产生足够强且具有固定频率的局域磁场是比较困难的. 后来人们发现, 局域的振荡电场也可以操纵单个电子自旋, 也就是所谓的电偶极自旋共振. 众所周知, 自旋只有自旋磁矩, 不会与电场有任何直接的相互作用. 所以, 电偶极自旋共振的发生必须依赖于某些媒质. 这些媒质包括：量子点材料中的自旋轨道耦合作用, 量子点中的局域磁场梯度, 以及量子点中电子自旋与核自旋的超精细相互作用. 这些媒质能诱导出自旋与电场之间间接的相互作用, 从而外电场操纵单个电子自旋得以实现. 本文总结归纳了目前半导体量子点系统中发生电偶极自旋共振的三种主要物理机理.     

金刚石氮-空位色心单电子自旋的电场驱动相干控制

金刚石氮-空位(nitrogen-vacancy,NV)色心量子体系因在室温条件下具有可实现单自旋寻址与操控、长量子相干时间等独特优势,在固态量子计算、量子精密测量等领域展现了巨大的应用潜力,其中单自旋的精确操控技术对于NV色心应用的发展尤为关键.NV色心量子体系中常用的自旋操控方法都是通过共振的交变磁场来驱动和操控NV色心电子自旋.本文开展了利用交变电场对NV色心电子自旋进行调控的技术研究.通过电极所产生的交变电场成功驱动了NV色心自旋在|ms=-1>与|ms=+1>两个△ms=±2的磁禁戒能级间的跃迁,并观测到受控自旋在相关能级的布居度周期性变化而展现出的Rabi振荡现象.进一步的研究表明,电场驱动Rabi振荡的频率受驱动电场功率的调控,与驱动电场的共振频率无直接关系.将自旋电控制技术与磁控制技术方法相结合,能够实现对NV色心3个自旋能级间直接跃迁的全操控.自旋电控制技术的发展将进一步推动NV色心量子体系在量子模拟、量子计算、电磁场的精密测量等领域研究和应用的发展.     

T型双量子点分子Aharonov-Bohm干涉仪的电输运

利用非平衡格林函数方法, 理论研究T型双量子点分子Aharonov-Bohm (A-B)干涉仪的电荷及其自旋输运性质. 通过控制T型双量子点分子内量子点间有无耦合, 能够实现在同一电子能级位置处分别出现共振和反共振状态, 根据此性质, 能将体系设计成量子开关器件. 当将两个完全相同的T型双量子点分子分别嵌入A-B干涉仪两臂中时, 磁通取适当数值, 能够出现完全的量子相消干涉. 通过调节量子点能级、左右两电极间的偏压和Rashba自旋轨道相互作用强度, 可对体系自旋流进行调控. 关键词： 非平衡格林函数 T型双量子点分子 Aharonov-Bohm干涉仪 自旋输运     

光场辐照下稀磁半导体/半导体超晶格中自旋电子输运特性研究

基于单电子有效质量近似理论和传递矩阵方法,理论研究了稀磁半导体/半导体超晶格结构中电子的自旋极化输运特性.主要讨论了光场和磁场联合调制对自旋极化输运的影响,以及不同自旋电子在该超晶格结构中的隧穿时间.理论和数值计算结果表明,由于导带电子与掺杂Mn离子之间的sp-d电子相互作用引起巨塞曼劈裂,因此在磁场调制下,不同自旋电子在该结构中感受到的势函数不同而呈现出自旋过滤效应,不同自旋电子的共振透射能带的位置和宽度可以通过磁场进行调制.同时在该结构中考虑光场时,自旋依赖的透射谱会因为吸收和发射光子而呈现出对光场的强度和频率响应;最后,通过不同自旋电子的高斯波包在该结构中随时间的演化给出了不同自旋电子的隧穿时间.本文研究结果对研究和设计基于稀磁半导体/半导体超晶格结构的高速量子器件具有一定的指导意义.     

Novel strategy for database searching in spin liouville space by NMR ensemble computing

Quantum computing by nuclear magnetic resonance using pseudopure spin states is bound by the maximal speed of quantum computing algorithms operating on pure states. In contrast to these quantum computing algorithms, a novel algorithm for searching an unsorted database is presented here that operates on truly mixed states in spin Liouville space. It provides an exponential speedup over Grover's quantum search algorithm with the sensitivity scaling exponentially with the number of spins, as for pseudopure state implementations. The minimal decoherence time required is exponentially shorter than that for Grover's algorithm.     

Optical detection of single-electron spin resonance in a quantum dot

We demonstrate optically detected spin resonance of a single electron confined to a self-assembled quantum dot. The dot is rendered dark by resonant optical pumping of the spin with a laser. Contrast is restored by applying a radio frequency (rf) magnetic field at the spin resonance. The scheme is sensitive even to rf fields of just a few microT. In one case, the spin resonance behaves as a driven 3-level lambda system with weak damping; in another one, the dot exhibits remarkably strong (67% signal recovery) and narrow (0.34 MHz) spin resonances with fluctuating resonant positions, evidence of unusual dynamic processes.     

Sensitivity of nuclear-quadrupole double-resonance detection of half-integer spin nuclei

The sensitivity of the Slusher and Hahn’s nuclear quadrupole double resonance technique is calculated in general for an arbitrary nuclear spin S of the quadrupole nuclei and for an arbitrary asymmetry parameter η of the electric field gradient tensor. The nuclear spin S = 5/2 (¹⁷O, ²⁵Mg, …) is treated in details. The influence of the cross-relaxation rate between the quadrupole nuclei and the abundant spin system on the sensitivity of double resonance is discussed. The results of the theoretical analysis are applied in the analysis of the ¹H–¹⁷O nuclear quadrupole double resonance spectra in p-toluenesulfonamide and 2-nitrobenzoic acid. The 17O nuclear quadrupole resonance frequencies from a sulfonamide group are determined for the first time. The proton–oxygen cross-relaxation rates and the proton local frequency in zero external magnetic field are experimentally determined from the nuclear quadrupole double resonance spectra.     

Quantum readout and fast initialization of nuclear spin qubits with electric currents

Nuclear spin qubits have the longest coherence times in the solid state, but their quantum readout and initialization is a great challenge. We present a theory for the interaction of an electric current with the nuclear spins of donor impurities in semiconductors. The theory yields a sensitivity criterion for quantum detection of nuclear spin states using electrically detected magnetic resonance, as well as an all-electrical method for fast nuclear spin qubit initialization.     

Concepts of spin quantum computing

Quantum computing is based on two-state quantum systems called qubits. Recent proposals for quantum computing included nuclear spin 1/2 as qubits and implementations of several quantum algorithms were demonstrated by applying liquid-state NMR. Here I want to lay out some of the concepts of spin quantum computing including nuclear and electron spins. This article is intended to serve a dual purpose. It should on one hand introduce the reader who is not familiar with magnetic resonance to the spin quantum computing terminology and the concepts of pulsed magnetic resonance. At the same time I want to introduce the NMR expert to the recent developments in quantum computing.     

Electron spin resonance studies on quantum tunneling in spinel ferrite nanoparticles

The electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrometer, a very sensitive instrument with fast detecting window to explore quantum phase transitions for magnetic nanoparticles, was exploited to study the fascinating interplay between thermal and quantum fluctuations in the vicinity of a quantum critical point. We have measured ESR in ferrofluid samples containing nanosize particles of Fe₂O₃. The evolution of the ESR spectrum with temperature suggests that quantum tunneling of spins occurs in single domain magnetic particles in the low temperature regime. The effects of various microwave fields, particle sizes, and temperatures on the magnetic states of single domain spinel ferrite nanoparticles are investigated. We can consistently explain experimental data assuming that, as the temperature decreases, the spectrum changes from superparamagnetic (SPR) to blocked SPR and finally evolves quantum superparamagnetic behaviour as the temperature lowers down further. A nanoparticle system of a highly anisotropic magnetic material can be qualitatively specified by a simple quantum spin model, or by the Heisenberg model with strong easy-plane anisotropy.Received: 29 August 2003, Published online: 15 October 2003PACS: 76.30.-v Electron paramagnetic resonance and relaxation - 75.40.Cx Static properties (order parameter, static susceptibility, heat capacities, critical exponents, etc.) - 05.30.-d Quantum statistical mechanics - 75.50.Dd Nonmetallic ferromagnetic materials     

基于金刚石色心自旋磁共振效应的微位移测量方法

基于压电陶瓷精密微位移系统的扫描探测技术是目前精密测量仪器进行微纳区域/结构性能测试的核心系统,但压电陶瓷材料存在迟滞、非线性问题,限制了对微位移分辨能力的提升.本文以金刚石氮空位色心为敏感单元,利用电子自旋效应对磁场强度的高分辨敏感机理,结合永磁体周围不同位置对应的磁场强度变化关系,提出了一种基于金刚石氮空位色心电子自旋敏感机理的微位移检测方法.通过建立电子自旋效应与微位移的关联模型,搭建了相应的微位移测量系统.经实验验证,该系统对微位移测试的灵敏度为16.67 V/mm,检测分辨率达到60 nm,实现了对微位移的高分辨率测量.并通过理论分析,该系统的微位移测量分辨率可进一步提升至亚纳米级水平,为新型微位移测量技术提供了发展方向和研究思路.     

Voltage-controlled spin selection in a magnetic resonant tunneling diode

We have fabricated all II-VI semiconductor resonant tunneling diodes based on the (Zn,Mn,Be)Se material system, containing dilute magnetic material in the quantum well, and studied their current-voltage characteristics. When subjected to an external magnetic field the resulting spin splitting of the levels in the quantum well leads to a splitting of the transmission resonance into two separate peaks. This is interpreted as evidence of tunneling transport through spin polarized levels, and could be the first step towards a voltage controlled spin filter.     

New polarization effect and collective excitation in S = 1/2 quasi-one-dimensional antiferromagnetic quantum spin chain

Anomalous polarization characteristics of magnetic resonance in CuGeO₃ doped with 2% Co impurity are reported. For the Faraday geometry, this mode is damped for the microwave field B _ω aligned along a certain crystallographic direction, showing that the character of magnetic oscillation differs from the standard spin precession. The observed resonance coexists with the ESR on Cu²⁺ chains; it is argued not to be caused by “impurity” EPR, as previously claimed, but to correspond to a previously unknown collective mode of magnetic oscillations in an S = 1/2 AF quantum spin chain. The text was submitted by the authors in English.