气相色谱-负化学离子源/质谱法测定鱼肉中残留农药

对鱼肉样品中有机氯、有机磷和拟除虫菊酯3类14种残留农药的气相色谱-负化学离子源/质谱(GC-NCI/MS)的测定方法作研究.鱼肉样品以Florisil硅藻土与中性氧化铝作为基质固相分散剂和以乙酸乙酯作为提取剂,经超声辅助提取和浓缩后,以2,2',4,5',6-五氯联苯(PCB-103)为内标物,采用GC-NCI/MS的选择离子监测方式和空白基体匹配校准曲线法进行定性与定量分析.农药(溴氰菊酯及氯菊酯除外)的检出限(3S/N)均小于1.0 μg·kg-1,线性范围为10～800 μg·kg-1,当鱼肉样品的加标量为10,50,200 μg·kg-1时,平均回收率在66.6%～102.0%之间,相对标准偏差(n=6)小于12%.     

固相萃取-高效液相色谱法测定水中酚同系物

水样中7种酚同系物用固相萃取法在Oasis HLB柱上预富集,经吹氮干燥后用1 mL甲醇将包括苯酚、4-硝基酚、3-甲基酚、2-氯酚、2,4-二氯酚、2,4,6-三氯酚及五氯酚在内的7种酚同系物从柱上淋洗,所得淋出液直接进样进行高效液相色谱法测定.在所提出的最佳测定条件下,4-硝基酚质量浓度在4.0 mg·L-1以内,其余6种酚同系物质量浓度在20.0 mg·L-1以内与相应的检测信号之间呈线性关系,以10倍信噪比计算方法的测定下限,测得4-硝基酚的测定下限为0.02 mg·L-1,其余6种酚同系物为0.1 mg·L-1以下.用标准加入法测定方法的回收率,所用基体水样中未检出上述7种酚同系物,测得回收率在79.4%-103.0%之间,相应的相对标准偏差(n=7)在1.0%～6.7%之间.     

超高效液相色谱法测定洗发类化妆品中3种去屑剂

提出了超高效液相色谱法同时测定洗发类化妆品中3种去屑剂(水杨酸、酮康唑、氯咪巴唑)含量的方法.以ACQUITY UPLC-BEH C18色谱柱(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.7 μm)为固定相及乙腈-甲醇及pH 4.0磷酸盐-EDTA缓冲溶液(57.5+8.5+34)混合溶液为流动相,在230 nm波长处用二极管阵列检测器检测.3种去屑剂水杨酸、酮康唑、氯咪巴唑的质量浓度与其相应的峰面积值呈线性关系,线性范围分别为50～500,50～500,100～1 000 mg·L-1.应用此法测定洗发类化妆品中3种去屑剂的含量,回收率在94.2%～99.4%之间,相对标准偏差(n=6)均小于0.35%.     

食用植物油中氯丙醇酯及缩水甘油酯的国家标准检测方法的改进北大核心CSCD

针对国家标准方法GB 5009.191-2016《食品安全国家标准食品中氯丙醇及其脂肪酸酯含量的测定》第三法中存在的目标物响应偏低、净化过程复杂等问题,优化了酯键断裂反应条件、净化方式及衍生条件,提出了气相色谱-串联质谱法测定食用植物油中2-氯-1,3-丙二醇酯、3-氯-1,2-丙二醇酯及缩水甘油酯的方法。改进的试验条件如下:使用含0.5 mol·L^(-1)甲醇钠的甲醇溶液在室温下反应6 min,将氯丙醇酯水解为相应的氯丙醇;以体积比8∶2的甲基叔丁基醚-乙酸乙酯混合液为提取剂,并对样品提取2次;以300μL含4%(体积分数)七氟丁酰基咪唑的正己烷溶液为衍生剂,于70℃反应20 min,完成对氯丙醇的衍生。在改进的方法中,2-氯-1,3-丙二醇和3-氯-1,2-丙二醇标准曲线的线性范围均为30~200μg·kg^(-1)(低浓度水平)和300~3200μg·kg^(-1)(高浓度水平),检出限均为10μg·kg^(-1)。按照标准方法进行回收试验,回收率为82.3%~109%,相对标准偏差(n=6)均小于9.0%。方法用于分析5种食用植物油样品,结果显示5种食用植物油中3-氯-1,2-丙二醇酯均有检出,质量分数为209.2~783.4 mg·kg^(-1),其中杏仁油中3-氯-1,2-丙二醇酯的含量水平偏高,存在一定潜在风险。     

加速溶剂萃取-气相色谱法测定木材中五氯酚残留量

提出了气相色谱法测定木材中五氯酚残留量的方法。样品用乙醇经加速溶剂萃取仪在100℃静态萃取10 min。采用DB-5毛细管柱分离,电子捕获检测器测定五氯酚含量。五氯酚的质量浓度在0.01～50 mg·L^-1范围内与峰面积呈线性关系,方法的检出限（3S/N）为0.01 mg·kg^-1。以木材样品为基体,进行加标回收试验,回收率在94.2%～98.2%之间,测定值的相对标准偏差（n=6）小于4%。     

高效液相色谱法检测水产品中磺胺类和乙胺嘧啶药物残留

用高效液相色谱法检测水产品中磺胺类、乙胺嘧啶等合成抗茵剂残留.样品以乙腈、二氯甲烷、乙酸乙酯以体积比2比1比1为提取剂,经脱脂、净化、浓缩,用流动相溶解.用高效液相色谱法紫外检测器测定.通过梯度洗脱将7种磺胺类、乙胺嘧啶进行分离.各标准曲线线性范围为0.05～2.0 mg·L-1,相关系数为0.983 7～0.997 5,回收率分别为62.2%～88.6%,相对标准偏差为5.85%～8.12%(n=7),检出限(S/N=3)为10～50 μg·kg-1.     

气相色谱-串联质谱法测定水产品中五氯苯酚及其钠盐的残留量

样品中的五氯苯酚及其钠盐在硫酸(1+1)溶液中转化为五氯苯酚,经活化的HLB固相萃取小柱净化后,在碳酸钾溶液中经乙酸酐衍生生成五氯苯乙酸酯。提取液以TR-5MS毛细管色谱柱为固定相进行气相色谱分离,采用负化学电离源和选择反应监测模式进行质谱分析,内标法定量。五氯苯酚的质量浓度在0.20~20.0μg·L~(-1)范围内与其峰面积比呈线性,检出限(3S/N)为1.0μg·kg~(-1)。以空白河蟹、鳕鱼样品为基体,按标准加入法进行回收试验,回收率为78.0%~104%,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)为2.0%~12%。     

全自动加速溶剂萃取-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定土壤中7种杀线虫剂的残留量

通过优化提取、净化条件,提出了题示方法测定土壤样品中棉隆、噻唑膦、灭线磷、丰索磷、杀线威、丁硫环磷、除线磷等7种杀线虫剂的含量。随机采集土壤样品,风干,粉碎后过筛,分取10.0 g,加入硅藻土15.0 g,用体积比2:1的甲醇和三氯甲烷混合溶液进行加热加压全自动萃取;萃取液过活化好的HLB固相萃取柱,用10 mL体积比1∶1的甲醇和乙腈混合溶液洗脱。洗脱液于45℃氮吹至近干,残留物用1 mL乙酸乙酯溶解,过0.22μm滤膜,滤液采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定。结果显示：7种杀线虫剂的质量浓度在0.005～2.0 mg·L^-1内与峰面积呈线性关系,检出限(3S/N)为4～25μg·kg^-1;按照标准加入法进行回收试验,回收率为87.2%～101%,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)为1.5%～3.8%;方法用于实际样品分析,检出了棉隆、噻唑膦、灭线磷、丰索磷、除线磷,检出量为14.81～124.03μg·kg^-1。     

新型含氯代噻唑基团和嘧啶环的吡唑肟醚类衍生物的合成及其生物活性研究

为解决抗性问题,寻找新的活性化合物,在前期工作基础上,运用生物等排原理,以吡唑肟醚为骨架,引入了第二代新烟碱类重要药效团氯代噻唑和另一重要基团嘧啶环,设计合成了系列新型吡唑肟醚类化合物.以1H NMR,IR,元素分析及MS进行结构确证,并进行了杀虫、杀螨及杀菌活性测定.部分具有氯代噻唑环的A系列化合物显示了良好的杀蚊虫活性(100%,5 mg·L-1)、杀豆蚜活性(100%,200 mg/L)和杀螨活性(100%,200 mg/L);具有嘧啶环的B系列化合物显示了一定的杀菌活性.     

反相液相色谱-二极管阵列法测定消毒产品中苯扎氯铵3种同系物的含量

目前标准方法检测苯扎氯铵时仅用了一个平均相对分子质量洁尔灭来表示两种或几种混合物,无法区别苯扎氯铵的几种同系物,为了测定苯扎氯铵同系物的含量,进行了题示研究。取消毒产品1.000 0 g,用水稀释并定容至10 mL,超声提取5 min,静置,过0.45μm聚砜醚水相滤膜,滤液中苯扎氯铵3种同系物十二烷基二甲基苄基氯化铵、十四烷基二甲基苄基氯化铵、十六烷基二甲基苄基氯化铵在Agilent XDB-C₁₈色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm, 5μm)上分离,以体积比70:30的乙腈-含0.1%(体积分数)三乙胺的0.5 g·L^-1乙酸铵缓冲溶液(pH 5.0)为流动相进行等度洗脱,采用二极管阵列检测器在262 nm处检测。结果表明,扫尾剂三乙胺的体积分数从1%降低到0.1%,避免了扫尾剂三乙胺对色谱柱的可能损害,解决了出现鬼峰的问题。苯扎氯铵3种同系物的质量浓度在10～500 mg·L^-1内与对应的峰面积呈线性关系,检出限(3S/N)分别为1.1,1.2,1.5 mg·L^-1。按照标准加入法进行回收试验...     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。