硅纳米管负载的钌基催化剂费-托合成催化性能研究

以模板法合成的硅纳米管（SNT）为载体,用浆态浸渍法制备了钌基催化剂,采用氮气物理吸附、透射电子显微镜（TEM）、X射线粉末衍射（XRD）和氢气程序升温还原（H₂-TPR）等手段对其进行了表征。在固定床反应器上（503K,1.0MPa）考察了该催化剂的费-托合成反应活性及产物选择性,并与用商业二氧化硅为载体制备的催化剂上的反应结果进行了比较。结果表明,SNT和SiO₂负载的氧化钌在623K可被H₂完全还原;SNT负载的钌基催化剂上,钌氧化物颗粒较小、分散性好,还原后钌颗粒被较好地分散在硅纳米管上,且几乎所有的钌颗粒都分布在管内。与以SiO₂为载体的催化剂相比,以硅纳米管为载体的钌基催化剂具有较高的费-托合成活性。     

13α-取代-去-C-环-19-去亚甲基-1α,25-二羟基维生素D_3类似物的合成

以维生素D3为起始原料,经臭氧化,Baeyer-Villiger氧化内酯化,开裂六元环,二氧化钌(RuO2)引进C-25位羟基,最后经Horner-Wittig反应偶合D环和A环得到13-取代-去-C-环-19-去亚甲基-1α,25-二羟基维生素D3类似物(12a,12b).     

基于Ru-bda双核钌催化剂的可见光驱动水氧化

开发高效水氧化催化剂对于太阳能分解水制氢和 CO2还原都具有重要意义. 我们之前的研究表明, 基于 Ru-bda(bda= 2,2'-联吡啶-6,6'-二羧酸) 单体的双核钌催化剂在以 (NH4)2Ce(NO3)6为氧化剂的化学法水氧化反应中表现出良好的催化性能, 比相同条件下单核钌催化剂的活性高出一个数量级. 然而, 该类双核钌催化剂的光催化水氧化性能尚未被系统研究.因此我们考察了以丙烷桥双核钌配合物为催化剂、[Ru(bpy)3]Cl2为光敏剂、Na2S2O8为电子牺牲体组成的三组分体系的光催化性能, 并和相应的单核钌催化剂进行了对比, 同时考察了溶液中乙腈的含量对单、双核钌分子催化剂光催化产氧性能和产氧机理的影响.实验结果表明, 无论是单核还是双核钌催化剂, 其催化活性与乙腈在磷酸缓冲溶液中的比例密切相关. 乙腈的含量不仅影响了水氧化的驱动力, 而且影响 O-O 的形成机理, 改变反应的动力学和反应速率. 单、双核钌催化剂的活性都随着乙腈比例的增加而增加, 然而双核钌催化剂在低乙腈含量的缓冲溶液中展现优于单核钌催化剂的光催化性能; 而在高乙腈含量的缓冲溶液中, 双核钌催化剂和单核钌催化剂的光催化性能趋于相当. 在最优化条件 (60% 乙腈) 下, 双核钌的光催化产氧 TON 值达到 638, 在 450 nm 的光量子效率达到 77%. 我们还发现, 当乙腈浓度较低时, 单核钌催化剂 Ru-bda 催化的水氧化反应为二级动力学; 当乙腈浓度较高时, 该催化剂在反应中表现为一级动力学. 从而推测 O-O 键的形成机制由双分子自由基耦合转变成单分子亲核进攻, 也解释了为什么高乙腈含量下单核和双核钌催化剂的活性差别不大. 本研究所展示的 Ru-bda 的溶剂效应可能同样适用于电化学和光电化学水氧化, 对深入理解和设计高效太阳能分解水器件具有重要意义.     

基于Ru-bda双核钌催化剂的可见光驱动水氧化（英文）

开发高效水氧化催化剂对于太阳能分解水制氢和CO_2还原都具有重要意义.我们之前的研究表明,基于Ru-bda(bda=2,2'-联吡啶-6,6'-二羧酸)单体的双核钌催化剂在以(NH4)2Ce(NO3)6为氧化剂的化学法水氧化反应中表现出良好的催化性能,比相同条件下单核钌催化剂的活性高出一个数量级.然而,该类双核钌催化剂的光催化水氧化性能尚未被系统研究.因此我们考察了以丙烷桥双核钌配合物为催化剂、[Ru(bpy)3]Cl2为光敏剂、Na2S2O8为电子牺牲体组成的三组分体系的光催化性能,并和相应的单核钌催化剂进行了对比,同时考察了溶液中乙腈的含量对单、双核钌分子催化剂光催化产氧性能和产氧机理的影响.实验结果表明,无论是单核还是双核钌催化剂,其催化活性与乙腈在磷酸缓冲溶液中的比例密切相关.乙腈的含量不仅影响了水氧化的驱动力,而且影响O-O的形成机理,改变反应的动力学和反应速率.单、双核钌催化剂的活性都随着乙腈比例的增加而增加,然而双核钌催化剂在低乙腈含量的缓冲溶液中展现优于单核钌催化剂的光催化性能;而在高乙腈含量的缓冲溶液中,双核钌催化剂和单核钌催化剂的光催化性能趋于相当.在最优化条件(60%乙腈)下,双核钌的光催化产氧TON值达到638,在450 nm的光量子效率达到77%.我们还发现,当乙腈浓度较低时,单核钌催化剂Ru-bda催化的水氧化反应为二级动力学;当乙腈浓度较高时,该催化剂在反应中表现为一级动力学.从而推测O-O键的形成机制由双分子自由基耦合转变成单分子亲核进攻,也解释了为什么高乙腈含量下单核和双核钌催化剂的活性差别不大.本研究所展示的Ru-bda的溶剂效应可能同样适用于电化学和光电化学水氧化,对深入理解和设计高效太阳能分解水器件具有重要意义.     

3-亚甲基六氢苯并呋喃-2(3H)-酮的简便合成

以氧化环己烯为原料,在正丁基锂作用下与乙腈经开环反应制得2-羟基环己基乙腈(2);2依次经水解、内酯化、二甲胺甲基化、甲基化和Hofmann降解反应合成了α-亚甲基-γ-丁内酯类化合物--3-亚甲基六氢苯并呋喃-2(3H)-酮,总收率30.4%,其结构经¹H NMR,¹³C NMR和HR-MS(EI)确证。     

氨基醇杂多酸类离子液体催化环酮的Baeyer-Villiger氧化反应

合成了一系列氨基醇杂多酸类离子液体,并将其用于催化环酮的Baeyer-Villiger氧化反应.以2-庚基环戊酮为模板底物,H₂O₂为氧化剂,探究了此类氨基醇杂多酸类离子液体的催化活性,筛选出催化活性最高的催化剂为[Pro-ps]H₂PW₁₂O₄₀,最佳反应条件:n(2-庚基环戊酮)∶n(催化剂)∶n(H₂O₂)=1∶0. 03∶4,反应温度40℃,反应时间8 h,无溶剂.在最佳条件下,2-庚基环戊酮的转化率为98. 19%,产物δ-十二内酯的选择性可达82. 84%.水相中的离子液体[Pro-ps]H₂PW₁₂O₄₀经干燥后可以重复使用.经过5次循环使用后催化活性未见明显下降.[Pro-ps]H₂PW₁₂O₄₀还可用于催化其它多种环酮的Baeyer-Villiger氧化反应,结果表明,该催化剂具有良好的...     

取代8-羟基喹啉钌络合物催化Friedl?nder反应合成喹啉衍生物

Friedl?nder喹啉合成法是以邻胺基芳基醛或酮与有α-亚甲基的酮环化制备喹啉的反应,报道了一种喹啉钌络合物催化Friedl?nder法合成喹啉的方法.首先,以8-羟基喹啉钌络合物为催化剂,对模板反应邻氨基苯甲醇和苯乙酮合成2-苯基喹啉进行了反应条件优化实验.重点对比研究了8-羟基喹啉钌络合物配体上不同取代基对反应收率的影响,其中5-甲基-8-羟基喹啉(1e)钌络合物催化邻氨基苯甲醇和苯乙酮合成2-苯基喹啉获得了73%的最高收率.结合IR, UV以及密度泛函理论(DFT)计算讨论了配体结构与催化性能之间的关系.提出了β-H消除形成醛过渡态,交叉aldol反应再亚胺环化,最后脱水生成目标产物的可行机理.以(1e)₃Ru为催化剂,在优化的反应条件下进行了底物扩展研究,以69%～94%的收率合成了32个不同取代的喹啉衍生物,验证了方法的普适性.     

苯直接羟基化制苯酚研究进展*

综述了苯直接羟基化制苯酚的几种催化反应,包括阳极氧化法、N₂O氧化法、H₂O₂氧化法、O₂直接氧化法,这些反应均具有良好的原子经济性和环境效益.同时重点介绍了相关的催化剂及其活性中心,探讨了这些新型方法的工业应用前景.     

氧化还原活性配体的电子效应对钌催化水氧化反应的影响（英文）

水氧化(2H₂O→4e^-+4H⁺+O₂↑)是自然以及人工光合作用系统中的关键半反应,为还原过程提供反应所必需的质子和电子.但水氧化反应在热力学和动力学上的固有挑战以及对O-O键生成步骤的有限机理认识,使其成为构筑高效人工光合系统的瓶颈.为此,人们开发了大量的金属催化剂,利用金属中心活化水分子,并生成活性金属氧物种以促进O-O键的生成.其间,金属中心往往需要达到极高的氧化态,进而导致生成的高价金属氧化物具有极高的催化活性,极易诱导催化剂降解等副反应的发生,难以兼顾活性和稳定性.因此,深入认识和理解水氧化反应的催化过程及O-O键的生成机制是突破该领域瓶颈的重点.氧化还原活性配体与金属的协同作用被认为是调节电荷累积过程、平衡催化剂活性与稳定性的有效策略,受到了广泛的关注.然而,氧化还原活性配体调节金属催化中心活性的机理仍有待进一步阐明.近期,本研究组发展了一类具有氧化活性配体的单核钌水氧化催化剂[(L_H^N5-)Ru^Ⅲ-OH]⁺     

环化及亚胺/酰胺部分氢化一锅法串联反应合成1,2,3,4⁃四氢喹喔啉

报道了一种利用价廉易得的邻苯二胺衍生物与α-酮酸酯经环化/钌催化的亚胺和酰胺氢化串联反应一锅法制备1,2,3,4-四氢喹喔啉的方法. 该方法使用原位生成的Ru(acac)₃/Triphos配合物和HBF₄共催化剂组成的催化体系, 高效制备了一系列2-取代的1,2,3,4-四氢喹喔啉, 官能团耐受性良好. 在较低的氢气压力和不使用助催化剂的条件下, 反应可停留在只生成3,4-二氢喹喔啉酮产物阶段. 反应机理研究表明, 钌催化剂仅用于还原亚胺和酰胺部分, 而布朗斯台德酸助催化剂的选择对于酰胺部分去氧氢化至关重要. 研究表明, 布朗斯台德酸助催化剂通过活化酰胺部分参与催化过程.     

Hydrogen Peroxide-Responsive Triggers Based on Borinic Acids: Molecular Insights into the Control of Oxidative Rearrangement

Arylborinic acids represent new, efficient, and underexplored hydrogen peroxide-responsive triggers. In contrast to boronic acids, two concomitant oxidative rearrangements are involved in the complete oxidation of these species, which might represent a major limitation for an efficient effector (drug or fluorophore) release. Herein, a comprehensive study of H₂O₂-mediated unsymmetrical arylborinic acid oxidation to investigate the factors that could selectively guide their oxidative rearrangement is described. The o-CF₃ substituent was found to be an excellent directing group allowing a complete regioselectivity on borinic acid models. This result was successfully applied to synthesizing new borinic acid-based fluorogenic probes, which exclusively release the fluorescent moiety upon H₂O₂ treatment. These compounds maintained their superior kinetic properties compared to boronic acids, thus further enhancing the potential of arylborinic acids as valuable new H₂O₂-sensitive triggers.     

Disupersilylperoxo Radical Anion [tBu3SiOOSitBu3]⋅−: An Intermediate of Supersilanide Oxidation

In the oxidative process of the supersilanide anion [SitBu₃]^?, radical species are generated. The continuous wave (cw)‐EPR spectrum of the reaction solution of Na[SitBu₃] with O₂ revealed a signal, which could be characterized as disupersilylperoxo radical anion [tBu₃SiOOSitBu₃]^?? affected by sodium ions though ion‐pair formation. A mechanism is suggested for the oxidative process of supersilanide, which in a further step can be helpful in a better understanding of the oxidation process of isoelectronic phosphanes.     

Nonapentafulvalen

Nonapentafulvalene ( 1 ) has been prepared by oxidative coupling of sodium cyclopentadienide ( 6 ) and sodium cyclononatetraenide ( 7 ) with CuCl₂ in THF, two-fold deprotonation of cyclopentadienyl-cyclononatetraene 8 to give dianion 16 , and oxidative treatment of 16 with CuCl₂ (Schemes 2 and 3). Compound 1 is a highly reactive and thermally instable molecule, since valence isomerisation 1 → 17 proceeds easily even at low temperature (the half-life of 1 is ca. 30 min at ?15° in CDCl₃). NMR investigations show that nonapentafulvalene is an olefinic molecule with strongly alternating bond lengths, its nine-membered ring deviating strongly from planarity. Comparison of the NMR data of 1 with those of a series of sterically similar pentafulvenes 18 and nonafulvenes 19 (Tables 1 and 2) demonstrates that (a) with regard to the pentafulvene unit of 1 , the cyclononatetraene ring acts as very weak electron-donating group, while (b) with regard to the nonafulvene unit of 1 , the cyclopentadiene ring acts as weak electron-accepting group. So nonapentafulvalene may be regarded as a ‘nonafulvene of inverse π-polarisation’.     

Highly Efficient β-Functionalized Oxidomolybdenum(V) Corroles for Catalytic Oxidative Bromination of Phenols at Room Temperature

Two new β-functionalized oxidomolybdenum(V) corroles, oxido[3-formyl-5,10,15-triphenylcorrolato]molybdenum(V) ( Mo-1 ) and oxido[3-dicyanovinyl-5,10,15-triphenylcorrolato]molybdenum(V) ( Mo-2 ) were synthesized and characterized by various spectroscopic techniques and electrochemical studies. Mo-2 manifests splitted B bands due to x and y polarizations and highly red shifted longest B and Q bands due to the electron-deficient nature of the dicyanovinyl group. EPR data showed that these complexes exhibit an axial compression with d_xy¹ configuration. DFT studies revealed that HOMO and LUMO orbitals are stabilized in Mo-2 relative to Mo-1 . Mo-1 exhibits two successive reversible reductions and two oxidation potentials in cyclic voltammetry. Surprisingly, Mo-2 exhibits three successive reversible reductions and two oxidations; the one extra reduction could possibly be due to the reduction of the dicyanovinyl moiety. The catalytic activities of Mo-1 and Mo-2 for the oxidative bromination of various phenols using H₂O₂-KBr-HClO₄ mixture in water have been explored and exhibited excellent activity at a very low catalyst loading of 0.0030 and 0.0028 mol%, respectively. Both synthesized β-functionalized Mo(V) corroles manifest much higher conversion and TOF (59801–71174 h⁻¹) for oxidative bromination of phenols relative to earlier reported meso-functionalized Mo(V) corroles (20781–61646 h⁻¹). Hence, Mo-1 and Mo-2 mimic vanadium bromoperoxidase (VBPO) and act as functional models for these catalytic applications. These catalysts were reused upto 3 cycles and showed conversion rate upto 82 % indicating their excellent thermal and chemical stabilities.     

Chromaticity of poly(o-toluidine) matrix enhanced by anion-exchange mechanism

The incorporation of 9,10-anthraquinone-1,5-disulfonate (AQS₂) into the protonated form of poly(o-toluidine) (POT), produced by oxidative polymerization of the cationic form of the monomer or by doping the basic form (POT-EB) by anion-exchange has been studied by FTIR and UV-VIS spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The presence of sulfur and the absence of chlorine proven by elemental analysis of the polymer product confirmed the substitution of the chloride anion with AQS₂ in the matrix. Molecular mechanics (MM+) calculations suggest that the optimal geometric structure (OMG) of AQS₂-doped POT is at least three (3.92) times more stable than that of the parent chloride-doped POT (HCl-doped POT). The increase of the absorbance at about 840 nm associated with the increasing concentration of AQS₂ revealed the insertion of AQS₂ into the POT chain. This observation could be explained by the diffusion of AQS₂ in the polymer chain. Kinetic parameters of the oxidative polymerization of the cationic form of o-toluidine (o-T-HClO₄) in the presence of different amounts of AQS₂ were deduced on the basis of absorbance variations. The results of computer-oriented kinetic analysis indicate that the rate-controlling step of the o-T polymerization is governed by the Ginstling-Bronstein equation representing the three-dimensional diffusion (D4). Activation parameters of the oxidative polymerization of protonated o-T in the presence of varying amount of AQS₂ were computed and discussed.     

2,4,6‐Triarylphosphinines versus 2,4,6‐Triarylpyridines: An Investigation of the Differences in Reactivity between Structurally Related Aromatic Phosphorus and Nitrogen Heterocycles

The novel atropisomeric pyridine derivative rac‐ 10 has been synthesized and structurally characterized. In contrast to its phosphorus analogue 3 , axially chiral 10 has a considerably lower rotational barrier as estimated by DFT calculations. However, the presence of the two enantiomers could be confirmed by means of chiral analytical HPLC analysis and by protonation experiments with a chiral acid. Compound rac‐ 10 could be further dehydrogenated by treatment with DDQ to the benzo(h)quinoline derivative rac‐ 12 . This conversion failed for the phosphorus analogue rac‐ 3 . Interestingly, although 2,4,6‐triarylphosphinines undergo facile C? H activation with [Cp*IrCl₂]₂ in the presence of NaOAc, this reaction does not proceed with the corresponding pyridine derivatives. On the other hand, the latter ones can be selectively ortho‐metalated with Pd(OAc)₂, leading to acetate‐bridged dimeric species, which could be unambiguously confirmed by means of X‐ray crystal structure analysis. The treatment of phosphinines with Pd(OAc)₂ led instead to the formation of the unusual cofacial oxidative coupling products 16 and 17 , which consist of a phosphorus‐containing cage structure.     

Regioselective Oxidation Approaches to Concise Synthesis of (±)‐Canabisin D

The regioselective effects of tert‐butyl or bromine as the position‐protecting group of feruloytyamide on the oxidative coupling reactions for the synthesis of natural (±)‐canabisin D were investigated in detail. The coupling yield of 8‐8‐coupled aryldihydronaphthalene product of 5‐Br‐feruloytyamide was higher than that of tert‐butyl substituted precursor under FeCl₃·6H₂O‐acetone‐water oxidative condition.     

On the synthesis of hypericin by oxidative trimethylemodin anthrone and emodin anthrone dimerization: Isohypericin

Summary The base catalyzed oxidative dimerization of emodin anthrone exclusively yields hypericin. However, on oxidative dimerization of trimethylemodinanthrone a mixture of hexamethylhypericin and hexamethylisohypericin was obtained. Chromatographic separation of the hexabenzoyl derivatives was achieved, and by saponification about equal amounts of hypericin and isohypericrin were produced. Isohypericin could be characterized for the first time by its spectroscopic data and its protonation and deprotonationpK _a andpK _a ^* values.

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Zur Synthese von Hypericin durch oxidative Dimerisierung von Trimethylemodinanthron und Emodinanthron: Isohypericin

Zusammenfassung Die basenkatalysierte oxidative Dimerisierung von Emodinanthron liefert ausschließlich Hypericin. Oxidative Dimerisierung von Trimethylemodinanthron ergibt jedoch ein Gemisch von Hexamethylhypericin und Hexamethylisohypericin. Die Hexabenzoylderivate wurden chromatographisch getrennt, und Hypericin und Isohypericin konnten aus diesen Derivaten durch Verseifung freigesetzt werden. Isohypercin konnte erstmals durch seine spektroskopischen Daten und seine Protonierungs- und Deprotonierungs-pK _aundpK _a ^* -Werte charakterisiert werden.

     

Oxidative Dissolution of Silver Nanoparticles by Biologically Relevant Oxidants: A Kinetic and Mechanistic Study

The oxidative dissolution of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) plays an important role in the synthesis of well‐defined nanostructured materials, and may be responsible for their activities in biological systems. In this study, we use stopped‐flow spectrophotometry to investigate the kinetics and mechanism of the oxidative dissolution of AgNPs by H₂O₂ in quasi‐physiological conditions. Our results show that the reaction is first order with respect to both [Ag⁰] and [H₂O₂], and parallel pathways that involve the oxidation of H₂O₂ and HO₂^? are proposed. The order of the reaction is independent of the size of the AgNPs (≈5–20 nm). The rate of dissolution increases with increasing pH from 6.0 to 8.5. At 298 K and I=0.1 M , the value of k_b is five orders of magnitude higher than that of k_a (where k_a and k_b are the rate constants for the oxidative dissolution of AgNPs by H₂O₂ and HO₂^?, respectively). In addition, the effects of surface coating and the presence of halide ions on the dissolution rates are investigated. A possible mechanism for the oxidative dissolution of AgNPs by H₂O₂ is proposed. We further demonstrate that the toxicities of AgNPs in both bacteria and mammalian cells are enhanced in the presence of H₂O₂, thereby highlighting the biological relevance of investigating the oxidative dissolution of AgNPs.     

Synthesis and properties of new fluorinated ester,thioester, and amide substituted polythiophenes. Towards superhydrophobic surfaces

A series of new fluorinated polythiophenes has been synthesized by oxidative chemical and electrochemical polymerization and by Ullmann coupling. The substitution with the perfluoroalkyl alkyl chain CH₂CH₂C₆F₁₃ on the 3 position of the thiophene ring is performed via an ester, thioester, or amide connector, (CH₂)_m‐C(O)X, m = 0–2, with a view to investigating the role of the linker on the polymerization and on the properties of the corresponding polymers. The bromination of the monomers at the 2 and 5 positions allows the use of Ullmann coupling to form soluble fluorinated oligomers. The electron affinity was determined from cyclic voltammetry and a value of 3.1 eV was found for the ester derivative; such materials represent interesting candidates for use in light‐emitting devices or as an electron accepting material in photodiodes/solar cells. The oxidative polymerizations need the connector to be spaced out from the heterocycle to reduce its withdrawal effect. The ester, thioester, and amide spacer determined to a large extent the efficiency of the oxidative polymerization, and particularly the electropolymerization, as well as the solubility of the polymers formed. All the polymers were analyzed by GPC and by UV–visible and fluorescence spectroscopies. The electrochemical oxidation of the thioester and amide group prevents the formation of electroactive films by electropolymerization. But in the case of the ester group, the electroformed polymer exhibits exceptional stable superhydrophobic and lipophobic properties because of a porous surface and the presence of a fluorinated chain that confers low surface energy. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 4707–4719, 2007