A digital photopeak integration in activation analysis

A study of the precision attainable by two methods of -ray photopeak computation has been carried out. The total peak area method (TPA) and the proposed new method have been compared. The method offered is digital and simulates repeatedly accumulations of -ray spectra. The method described here computes the apparent net peak area without a clear distinction between peak and non-peak related channels. The proposed method is considered to be the most advantageous because of its relatively high precision.     

A study on solvent extraction of Cu/II/ with 2-mercaptobenzothiazole into chloroform

A method has been developed for the rapid and selective extraction of Cu/II/ with 2-mercaptobenzothiazole /2-HMBT/ into chloroform. The effect of various parameters on the extractioncoefficient value have been studied. The stoichiometry of the extracted species of 12 /Cu2-HMBT/ was obtained by the slope ratio method and by the method of substoichiometric extraction.     

New method of preparing β-lactams

Summary A method has been devised for the synthesis of B-lactams from amides of -halocarboxylic acids, Some new azetidinones with residues containing carboxyl groups on the nitrogen have been prepared. The method permits the conversion of -amino acids into difficulty accessible mixed (secondary) amino acids.     

A definitive method for the determination of trace amounts of cobalt in biological materials by neutron activation analysis

A new, very accurate (definitive) method for the determination of trace amounts of cobalt in biological materials has been devised. The method is based on combination of neutron irradiation with quantitative and selective post-irradiation separation of cobalt from all accompanying radionuclides followed by measurement by -ray spectrometry. Column chromatography in which owing to addition of Co carrier the course of separation can be followed visually is the key element of the separation scheme. Several criteria have been formulated which must be simultaneously fulfilled in order to acknowledge the result as obtained by a definitive method. The high accuracy of the method has been demonstrated by the analysis of several certified reference materials of widely different Co contents.     

A new method for the extraction of Au/III/ with ethyl thioacetoacetate into chloroform

A method has been developed for rapid and selective extraction of Au/III/ with ethyl thioacetoacetate /HETAcAc/ into chloroform at pH 4. The effect of various parameters on the extraction coefficient values have been studied. The stoichiometry of the extracted species 13 was obtained by the slope ratio method and by the method of substoichiometric extraction.     

Evaluation of the uranium concentration in rocks at the μg/g level by a low-background Geiger-Müller counter

A low-background -counter and a simple direct method, based on total -counting, have been developed in order to estimate the concentration of uranium at the g/g level in ordinary rock samples. The method is a relative one; international standards have been used for calibration. Only 3 g of rock powder is needed. Combining this method with -spectrometry, direct determination of²³⁸U (independently of²²⁶Ra) becomes possible near the above concentration level.     

Nuclear magnetic isoscreening lines for O-O and O-H bonds: The second-order magnetic parameters of the H2O2 molecule

A variational method has been used with a basis of Gaussian atomic orbitals and an additive scheme based on localized molecular fragments to calculate the molar magnetic susceptibility and nuclear magnetic isoscreening line diagrams for O-O and O-H bonds, as well as and (for the protons) in the H₂O₂ molecule for the cis, trans, and twisted configurations. The molecular wave functions have been calculated by the INDO method and localized ones by the Edmiston-Rudenberg method, together with ab initio ₀ localized by Boys' method. It is found that and are substantially dependent on the bond lengths.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 482–487, July–August, 1986.     

Hydrogen profiling in thin films using coincident ERD

By using the coincident measurement, an ERD method has been established and used for hydrogen profiling in thin foils. In the present study, 6 MeV has been used as incident particle, the scattered and the recoiled proton from one collision were coincidentally detected at 150 (proton) and 173.9 (). This method has been used for hydrogen profiling of 5.6 m Mylar and 8.6 m aluminium foils. Because of the coincident measurement, the background is largely reduced, and its minimum detection limit is about 0.5% (atomic), lower than the conventional ERD method. The measured depth resolution in 5.6 m Mylar is 0.6 m. It is possible to use this method for hydrogen profiling in thin foils of several micron thickness.     

New method of preparing β-lactams

Summary A method has been devised for the synthesis of -lacrams from amides of -ha!ocarboxylic acids. Some new azetidinones with residues containing carboxyl groups on the nitrogen have been piepated. The method permits the conversion of $-amino acids trio difficulty accessible mixed (secondary) amino acids.This paper is publised under the regulations governing Brief Communications.     

Extractive Spectrophotometric Determination of Titanium in Silicate Rocks, Soils and Columbite–Tantalite Minerals

2,3-Dihydroxynaphthalene forms a strong chelate with titanium over the pH range 4 to 9. At pH 4–5, titanium is extracted into ethyl acetate along with iron, leaving behind V, Nb, Mo, and a host of elements present in complex matrices of rock samples. In the extract, titanium is easily separated from iron after raising the pH of the medium and re-extracting. The method is free from any interference. The sensitivity of the method is 3.2×10⁴ L·mol^–1cm^–1. The method has been applied to a number of diverse samples including rocks and minerals. The precision of the Ti method is excellent. This method has been compared with tiron, chromotropic acid, diantipyrilmethane (DAM) and other existing spectrophotometric methods used in the analysis of rocks, ores and minerals. The proposed method has definite advantages over most spectrophotometric methods in terms of sensitivity, selectivity, reproducibility and simplicity.     

Determination of rare-earth elements by the simultaneous gamma-neutron activation analyses using a microtron

The combination of photon and neutron activation provides an effective method of analysis of rare earths and other elements. A mixed -neutron field is obtained with electron-to-gamma /e/ and gamma-to-neutron /n/ converters combined with a lucite moderator. The samples are activated simultaneously. The sensitivities of this method have been compared with neutron activation in a graphite moderator cube using the same microtron. The advantages and shortcomings of the method are discussed.Dedicated to Prof. V.D. Nefedov on the occasion of his 70th birthday     

Normal and reversed-phase HPLC for more complete evaluation of tocopherols,retinols, carotenes and sterols in dairy products

Summary We have previously described a normal-phase HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of , , and tocopherol, thecis andtrans isomers of retinol, and total carotenes in different Italian cheeses and milk. In this paper we describe a reversed-phase HPLC method using solely methanol as the mobile phase for the determination of -tocopherol, -+-tocopherols, total retinols, cholesterol, -sitosterol, campesterol and stigmasterol, and - and -carotene. The method developed has been applied to some new dairy products such as natural Quark, with olive, basil or banana and to processed cheese with tomato and the results have been compared with the corresponding results obtained by the normal-phase method. The conclusion is that more complete evaluation of the tocopherol, retinol, carotene and sterol content of dairy products, especially when vegetables and fruits are present, is necessary and can be obtained using both the normal- and reversed-phase HPLC methodologies.     

Rapid quenchofluorimetric determination of nickel(II) in some real and environmental samples

A fluorimetric method for rapid determination of Ni at trace and ultratrace levels [1 ng/ml- 1 g/ml] has been developed. It is based on the efficient quenching action of Ni (II) on the native fluoresence [_ex(max) = 288 nm, _em(max) = 444.8 nm] of 4,7-diphenyl 1,10-phenanthrolinedisulfonate (bathophenanthrolinedisulfonate) solution at low acidities. The method is very simple, rapid and accurate with high precision (R.S.D. = 0.66% at 50 ng/ml). The method has been applied directly to mineralised solutions of several real and environmental samples and the results of nickel determinations are in excellent agreement with the certified values. It is a quick single-step method that requires no clean-up.     

Determination of ascorbic acid in asparagus by differential pulse polarography

A useful method for the determination of ascorbic acid in a vegetable product (asparagus) by differential pulse polarography has been set up and evaluated. Extraction and instrumental conditions were optimized. The analytical parameters are: linearity (0–18.18 g/ml); detection limit (0.182 g/ml); instrumental and method precision (2.77% and 4%, respectively); accuracy (96.9–113.4%). These data show that the method is sufficiently sensitive, reliable and accurate. It was also compared with the official fluorometric AOAC method.     

Configuration interactions with molecular orbitals from the SCF Xα scattered-wave approximation

A method has been devised for calculating the state energies and wave functions for molecules, with computer algorithms and implementation programs. Molecular integrals can be determined in an orbital basis by the X-SW method and can be used in programs based on nonempirical methods, which serve to extend the X. method. Estimates have been made of the state energies with correction for electron correlation for titanium and zirconium monofluorides.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 137–142, March–April, 1990.     

Closed capillary method for the diffusion of biological macromolecules

The closed capillary method for the determination of self-diffusion coefficients of trace species in liquids has been further developed for use with biological macromolecules. In this development, a new correction to permit its use with -emitting radioisotopes has been introduced. The improved method has been applied to the case of a human blood lipoprotein.     

Substoichiometric radiochemical determination of thallium with sodium isopropyl xanthate

A rapid radiochemical method for the determination of thallium(III) has been developed based on the substoichiometric extraction of its 13 complex with sodium isopropyl xanthate into chloroform from pH 9 ammonia buffer. The effect of foreign ions on the extraction was also studied. 10 g amounts of thallium were determined with an average error of 1.9%. The method has been successfully applied for the determination of thallium content present in sphalarite ores collected from Jawar Mines, Rajasthan (India).     

Determination of flow parameters for pipe flows by the radiotracer techniques

In this study, the measurement of flow rate in pipes is obtained in the laboratory by two different radiotracing techniques, the peak to peak method and the radiotracer balance method. Sodium-24 has been used as the radiotracer and irradiation has been done in the I.T.U. TRIOA Mark-II Reactor. The peak to peak method is also applied with only one detector. The sensitivity of the methods are obtained for different conditions. Experimental results which are taken for the techniques are compared to each other and are evaluated with the flow parameters.     

Substoichiometric determination of selenium with potassium ethyl xanthate

A substoichiometric radiochemical method has been developed for the determination of selenium with potassium ethyl xanthate. The selenium ethyl xanthate complex formed was extracted into chloroform from borate buffer at pH 5. The effect of foreign ions on the extraction was studied. Microgram quantities of selenium could be conveniently determined with a fair degree of accuracy. The method has been successfully applied for the determination of selenium content in food stuffs such as Jaggery and Wheat powder.