On Positive Multipeak Solutions of a Nonlinear Elliptic Problem

In this paper we continue our investigation in [5, 7, 8] onmultipeak solutions to the problem –²u+u=Q(x)|u|^q–2u, xR^N, uH¹(R^N) (1.1) where = ^N_i=1²/x²_i is the Laplace operator in R^N, 2 < q < for N = 1, 2, 2 < q < 2N/(N–2) for N3, and Q(x)is a bounded positive continuous function on R^N satisfying thefollowing conditions. (Q₁) Q has a strict local minimum at some point x₀R^N, that is,for some > 0 Q(x)>Q(x₀) for all 0 < |x–x₀| < . (Q₂) There are constants C, > 0 such that |Q(x)–Q(y)|C|x–y| for all |x–x₀| , |y–y₀| . Our aim here is to show that corresponding to each strict localminimum point x₀ of Q(x) in R^N, and for each positive integerk, (1.1) has a positive solution with k-peaks concentratingnear x₀, provided is sufficiently small, that is, a solutionwith k-maximum points converging to x₀, while vanishing as 0 everywhere else in R^N.     

Simultaneous determination of the source terms in a linear hyperbolic problem from the final overdetermination: weak solution approach

The problem of determining the pair w:={F(x, t);f(t)} of sourceterms in the hyperbolic equation u_tt = (k(x)u_x)_x + F(x, t) andin the Neumann boundary condition k(0)u_x(0, t) = f(t) from themeasured data µ(x):=u(x, T) and/or (x):=u_t(x, t) at thefinal time t = T is formulated. It is proved that both componentsof the Fréchet gradient of the cost functionals J₁(w)= ||u(x, t;w) – µ(x)||₀² and J₂(w) = ||u_t(x, T;w)– (x)||₀² can be found via the solutions of correspondingadjoint hyperbolic problems. Lipschitz continuity of the gradientis derived. Unicity of the solution and ill-conditionednessof the inverse problem are analysed. The obtained results permitone to construct a monotone iteration process, as well as toprove the existence of a quasi-solution.     

A Critical Phenomenon for Sublinear Elliptic Equations in Cone-Like Domains

The authors of this paper study positive supersolutions to theelliptic equation -u = c|x|^–su^p in Cone-like domains ofR^N (N 2), where p, s R and c > 0. They prove that in thesublinear case p < 1 there exists a critical exponent p_*> 1 such that the equation has a positive supersolution ifand only if – < p < p_*. The value of p_* is determinedexplicitly by s and the geometry of the cone. 2000 MathematicsSubject Classification 35J60 (primary), 35B05, 35R45 (secondary).     

矩阵方程A1X1B1 + A2X2B2 + · · · + AlXlBl = C的中心对称解及其最佳逼近

设矩阵X=(x_ij) ∈^Rn×n, 如果xi_j=x_{n+1-i, n+1-j} (i,j=1,2, …,n), 则称X是中心对称矩阵. 该文构造了一种迭代法求矩阵方程A₁X₁B₁+A₂X₂B₂+…+A_lX_lB_l=C的中心对称解组(其中[X₁, X₂, …, X_l]是实矩阵组). 当矩阵方程相容时, 对任意初始的中心对称矩阵组[X₁⁽⁰⁾, X₂⁽⁰⁾, …, X_l⁽⁰⁾], 在没有舍入误差的情况下,经过有限步迭代,得到它的一个中心对称解组, 并且, 通过选择一种特殊的中心对称矩阵组, 得到它的最小范数中心对称解组. 另外, 给定中心对称矩阵组[X₁, X₂, …, X_l], 通过求矩阵方程A₁X₁B₁+A₂X₂B₂+…+A_lX_lB_l=C(其中C=C-A₁X₁B₁-A₂X₂B₂－…－A_lX_lB_l)的中心对称解组, 得到它的最佳逼近中心对称解组. 实例表明这种方法是有效的.     

Correction: the Embedding of Radical Rings in Simple Radical Rings

As G. M. Bergman has pointed out, in the proof of the lemmaon p. 187, we cannot conclude that $$\stackrel{\&macr;}{S}$$is universal in the sense stated. However, the proof can becompleted as follows: Any element of $$\stackrel{\&macr;}{S}$$can be obtained as the first component of the solution u ofa system (A–I)u+a = 0, (1) where A S_n, a ⁿS and A–I has an inverse over L. SinceS is generated by R and k{s}, A can (by the last part of Lemma3.2 of [1]) be taken to be linear in these arguments, say A= A₀ + sA1, where A₀ R_n, A₀ R_n, A₁ K_n. Multiplying by (I–sA₁)^–1,we reduce this equation to the form (S_vB_v–I)u+a=0, (2) with the same solution u as before, where B_v R_n, s_v k{s}¹and a ⁿS. Now consider the retraction S k{s} (3) obtained by mapping R 0. If we denote its effect by x x^*,then (2) goes over into an equation –I.v + a^* 0, (4) which clearly has a unique solution v in k{s}; therefore theretraction (3) can be extended to a homomorphism $$\stackrel{\&macr;}{S}$$ k{s}, again denoted by x x^*, provided we can show that u₁^*does not depend on the equation (1) used to define it. Thisamounts to showing that if an equation (1), or equivalently(2), has the solution u₁ = 0, then after retraction we get v₁= 0 in (4), i.e. a₁^* = 0. We shall use induction on n; if u₁= 0 in (2), then by leaving out the first row and column ofthe matrix on the left of (2), we have an equation for u₂,...,u_n and by the induction hypothesis, their values after retractionare uniquely determined. Now from (2) we have where B = (b_ij^v). Applying ^* and observing that b_ij^vR, we seethat a₁ ^* = 0, as we wished to show. The proof still appliesfor n = 1, so we have a well-defined mapping $$\stackrel{\&macr;}{S}$$ k{s}, which is a homomorphism. Now the proof of the lemma canbe completed as before.     

Long-Time Behavior of Solutions of the Fast Diffusion Equations with Critical Absorption Terms

This paper is devoted to the long-time behavior of solutionsto the Cauchy problem of the porous medium equation u_t = (u^m)– u^p in Rⁿ x (0,) with (1 – 2/n)₊ < m < 1and the critical exponent p = m + 2/n. For the strictly positiveinitial data u(x,0) = O(1 + |x|)^–k with n + mn(2 –n + nm)/(2[2 – m + mn(1 – m)]) k < 2/(1 –m), we prove that the solution of the above Cauchy problem convergesto a fundamental solution of u_t = (u^m) with an additional logarithmicanomalous decay exponent in time as t .     

Error estimates for the approximate solutions of a nonlinear hyperbolic equation given by finite volume schemes

This paper is devoted to the study of an error estimate of thefinite volume, approximation to the solution u L(R_N x R) ofthe equation u_t + div(Vf(u)) = 0, where v is a vector functiondepending on time and space. A 'h' error estimate for an initialvalue in BV(R^N) is shown for a large variety of finite volumemonotonous flux schemes, with an explicit or implicit time discretization.For this purpose, the error estimate is given for the generalsetting of approximate entropy solutions, where the error isexpressed in terms of measures in R^N and R^N x R. The study ofthe implicit schemes involves the study of the existence anduniqueness of the approximate solution. The cases where an 'h'error estimate can be achieved are also discussed.     

Smoothness Properties of the Unit Ball in a JB*-Triple

An element a of norm one in a JB^*-triple A is said to be smoothif there exists a unique element x in the unit ball A₁^* of thedual A^* of A at which a attains its norm, and is said to beFréchet-smooth if, in addition, any sequence (x_n) ofelements in A₁^* for which (x_n(a)) converges to one necessarilyconverges in norm to x. The sequence (a²ⁿ⁺¹) of odd powers ofa converges in the weak^*-topology to a tripotent u(a) in theJBW^*-envelope A^** of A. It is shown that a is smooth if andonly if u(a) is a minimal tripotent in A^** and a is Fréchet-smoothif and only if, in addition, u(a) lies in A.     

Finite Time Equipartition for Second-order Hyperbolic Systems

A sufficient condition for equipartition of energy for secondorder hyperbolic systems in three space variables is given.The condition states that the system should evolve in such away that the time derivative of a solution of the form (u₁,0)^T is connected with the space derivatives of a solution ofthe form (0, u₂)^T and the time derivative of (0, u₂)^T is connectedwith the space derivatives of (u₁, 0)^T.     

The determination of a coefficient in a parabolic equation from input sources

The authors consider the question of recovering the coefficientq from the equation u_t – u_xx + q(x)u = f_j(x) with homogeneousinitial and boundary conditions. The nonhomogeneous source terms form a basis for L²(0,1).It is proved that a unique determination is possible from datameasurements consisting of either the flux at one end of thebar or the net flux leaving the bar, taken at a single fixedtime for each input source. An algorithm that allows efficientnumerical reconstruction of q(x) from finite data is given.     

Adaptive numerical schemes for a parabolic problem with blow-up

In this paper we present adaptive procedures for the numericalstudy of positive solutions of the following problem: u_t = u_xx (x, t) (0, 1) x [0, T), u_x(0, t) = 0 t [0, T), u_x(1, t) = u^p(1, t) t [0, T), u(x, 0) = u₀(x) x (0, 1), with p > 1. We describe two methods. The first one refinesthe mesh in the region where the solution becomes bigger ina precise way that allows us to recover the blow-up rate andthe blow-up set of the continuous problem. The second one combinesthe ideas used in the first one with moving mesh methods andmoves the last points when necessary. This scheme also recoversthe blow-up rate and set. Finally, we present numerical experimentsto illustrate the behaviour of both methods.     

On the Greatest Prime Divisor of the Sum of Two Squares of Primes

One of the most famous theorems in number theory states thatthere are infinitely many positive prime numbers (namely p =2 and the primes p 1 mod4) that can be represented in the formx²₁+x²₂, where x₁ and x₂ are positive integers. In a recentpaper, Fouvry and Iwaniec [2] have shown that this statementremains valid even if one of the variables, say x₂, is restrictedto prime values only. In the sequel, the letter p, possiblywith an index, is reserved to denote a positive prime number.As p²₁=p²₂ = p is even for p₁, p₂ > 2, it is reasonable toconjecture that the equation p²₁=p²₂ = 2p has an infinity ofsolutions. However, a proof of this statement currently seemsfar beyond reach. As an intermediate step in this direction,one may quantify the problem by asking what can be said aboutlower bounds for the greatest prime divisor, say P(N), of thenumbers p²₁=p²₂, where p₁, p₂ N, as a function of the realparameter N 1. The well-known Chebychev–Hooley methodcombined with the Barban–Davenport–Halberstam theoremalmost immediately leads to the bound P(N) N^1–, if N N_o(); here, denotes some arbitrarily small fixed positivereal number. The first estimate going beyond the exponent 1has been achieved recently by Dartyge [1, Théorème1], who showed that P(N) N^10/9–. Note that Dartyge'sproof provides the more general result that for any irreduciblebinary form f of degree d 2 with integer coefficients the greatestprime divisor of the numbers |f(p₁, p₂)|, p₁, p₂ N, exceedsN^_d–, where _d = 2 – 8/(d = 7). We in particular wantto point out that Dartyge does not make use of the specificfeatures provided by the form x²₁+x²₂. By taking advantage ofsome special properties of this binary form, we are able toimprove upon the exponent ₂ = 10/9 considerably.     

Algebraic decay and variable speeds in wavefront solutions of a scalar reaction-diffusion equation

Wavefront solutions of scalar reaction-diffusion equations havebeen intensively studied for many years. There are two basiccases, typified by quadratic and cubic kinetics. An intermediatecase is considered in this paper, namely, u_l = u_xx + u²(1 –u). It is shown that there is a unique travelling-wave solution,with a speed 1/2, for which the decay to zero ahead of the waveis exponential with x. Moreover, numerical evidence is presentedwhich suggests that initial conditions with such exponentialdecay evolve to this travelling-wave solution, independentlyof the half-life of the initial decay. It is then shown thatfor all speeds greater than 1/2 there is also a travelling-wavesolution, but that these faster waves decay to zero algebraically,in proportion to 1/x. The numerical evidence suggests that initialconditions with such a decay rate evolve to one of these fasterwaves; the particular speed depends in a simple way on the detailsof the initial condition. Finally, initial conditions decayingalgebraically for a power law other than 1/x are considered.It is shown numerically that such initial conditions evolveeither to an algebraically decaying travelling wave, or in somecases to a wavefront whose shape and speed vary as a functionof time. This variation is monotonic and can be quite pronounced,and the speed is a function of u as well as of time. Using asimple linearization argument, an approximate formula is derivedfor the wave speed which compares extremely well with the numericalresults. Finally, the extension of the results to the more generalcase of u_l = u_xx + u^m(1 – u), with m > 1, is discussed.     

Asymptotic simplification for a reaction-diffusion problem with a nonlinear boundary condition

We study non-negative solutions of the porous medium equationwith a source and a nonlinear flux boundary condition, u_t =(u^m)_xx + u^p in (0, ), x (0, T); – (u^m)_x (0, t) = u^q (0,t) for t (0, T); u (x, 0) = u₀ (x) in (0, ), where m > 1,p, q > 0 are parameters. For every fixed m we prove thatthere are two critical curves in the (p, q-plane: (i) the criticalexistence curve, separating the region where every solutionis global from the region where there exist blowing-up solutions,and (ii) the Fujita curve, separating a region of parametersin which all solutions blow up from a region where both globalin time solutions and blowing-up solutions exist. In the caseof blow up we find the blow-up rates, the blow-up sets and theblow-up profiles, showing that there is a phenomenon of asymptoticsimplification. If 2q < p + m the asymptotics are governedby the source term. On the other hand, if 2q > p + m theevolution close to blow up is ruled by the boundary flux. If2q = p + m both terms are of the same order.     

C*-Algebras with Dense Nilpotent Subalgebras

In a beautiful result, Herrero (D. A. Herrero, ‘Normallimits of nilpotent operators’, Indiana Univ. Math. J.23 (1973/74) 1097–1108) showed that a normal operatoron l² lies in the closure of the set of nilpotent operatorsif and only if its spectrum is connected and contains zero.In the quest for an automatic continuity result for algebrahomomorphisms between C* -algebras, Dales showed that, if adiscontinuous algebra homomorphism : A u exists between C*-algebrasA and u, and if (A) is dense in u, then there is a C*-algebrau₂ with a dense subalgebra N u² such that every x N is quasinilpotent(see p. 685 of H. G. Dales, Banach algebras and automatic continuity,London Mathematical Society Monographs 24, Oxford UniversityPress, 2001). (A discontinuous homomorphism ₂: A₂ u₂ can bedefined with the same basic properties as , but the revisedtarget space u₂ has a dense subalgebra consisting of quasinilpotentelements.) As remarked by Dales, no such C*-algebra was thenknown; but here we present one. Indeed, using the full powerof Herrero's result, one may arrange that every x N is nilpotent.The C*-algebra is constructed in a ‘neat’ way; itis most naturally constructed as a non-separable, concrete C*-algebraof operators on a separable Hilbert space K but one can arrangethat the algebra u itself be separable if desired. 2000 MathematicsSubject Classification 47C15, 46H40 (primary), 47A10, 46L06,46L05, 46H35 (secondary).     

The Structure of the Solution Set for Periodic Oscillations in a Suspension Bridge Model

Numerical results are reported for the computation of periodicsolution paths for a suspension bridge model represented bythe equation. u_n + EIu_xxxx + u_t, + Ku⁺ = W(^x) + sin x sin µt. with hinged-end boundary conditions, as the forcing amplitude and frequency µ are varied. The term Ku⁺ models the factthat there is restoring force due to the cables only when theyare being stretched. It is found that an S-shaped curve is obtainedwhen the displacement amplitudes are plotted against the forcingamplitudes for some frequency regimes. As a two-parameter problem,it appears that the solution set resembles a cusp-like surfacewith the singular point near linear resonance. While the effectof strengthening the cable (i.e. increasing K) will enhancethe occurrence of the multiple solutions, the effect of increasingthe damping coefficient gives the opposite effect.     

Oscillation Properties of a Semi-discrete Approximation to the Beam Equation with a Second Order Term

The solution of the equation w(x)u_tt+[p(x)u_xx]_xx–[p(x)u_x]_x=0, 0< x < L, t > 0, where it is assumed that w, p,and q are positive on the interval [0, L], is approximated bythe method of straight lines. The resulting approximation isa linear system of differential equations with coefficient matrixS. The matrix S is studied under a variety of boundary conditionswhich result in a conservative system. In all cases the matrixS is shown to be similar to an oscillation matrix.     

Some New and Old Asymptotic Representations of the Jost Solution and the Weyl m-Function For Schrodinger Operators on the Line

For the general one-dimensional Schrödinger operator –d²/dx²+q(x) with real q L₁(R), this paper presents a new series representationof the Jost solution which, in turn, implies a new asymptoticrepresentation of the Weyl m-function for locally summable q.This representation is then applied to smooth potentials q toobtain Weyl m-function power asymptotics. The condition q^(N) L₁(x₀, x₀ + ), for N N₀, allows one to derive the (N + 1)term for almost all x [x₀, x₀ + ), thereby refining a relevantresult by Danielyan, Levitan and Simon. 2000 Mathematics SubjectClassification 34E05, 34L40 (primary), 34B20, 34L25 (secondary).     

Differentiability Properties of an Abstract Autonomous Composition Operator

The autonomous composition operator is the nonlinear map whichtakes a pair of functions into its composite function. The compositionoperator often appears in problems of nonlinear analysis andto analyse such problems it is often important to know whetherthe composition operator is continuous or differentiable. Afairly large number of papers in the literature have been devotedto the study of composition operators. For fullscale references,we refer the reader to the extensive monographs of Appell andZabrejko [1] and Runst and Sickel [8]. To exemplify a typicalsituation, we consider the semilinear Dirichlet boundary valueproblem where denotes a sufficiently regular bounded open subset ofR^N, and h₀ a map of R to R, and where u is the unknown of theproblem. We assume that we know that a certain function u₀ belongingto a certain function space X solves (1.1). Then if we wishto know whether by perturbing h₀ in a certain function space,say Y, the solutions u depend on h continuously, with differentiability,with analyticity or bifurcate, we could set G[h, u] u+h u,recast problem (1.1) into the abstract form G[h, u] (1.2) and study the solution set of equation (1.2) around the pair(h₀, u₀) by means of the implicit function theorem or by localbifurcation theorems in a Banach space setting.     

Stationary critical points of the heat flow in the plane

In previous papers [MS 1, 2], we considered stationary critical points of solutions of the initial-boundary value problems for the heat equation on bounded domains in ℝ^N,N ≧ 2. In [MS 1], we showed that a solutionu has a stationary critical pointO if and only ifu satisfies a certain balance law with respect toO for any time. Furthermore, we proved necessary and sufficient conditions relating the symmetry of the domain to the initial datau ₀; in this way, we gave a characterization of the ball in ℝ^N([MS 1]) and of centrosymmetric domains ([MS 2]). In the present paper, we consider a rotationA _dby an angle 2π/d,d ≧ 2 for planar domains and give some necessary and some sufficient conditions onu ₀ which relate to domains invariant underA _d. We also establish some conjectures. This research was partially supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C) (# 10640175) and (B) (# 12440042) of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. The first author was supported also by the Italian MURST.