论古希腊罗马善恶观的生成与理论建构

溯源法是道德发生学的主要方法。用溯源法考察古希腊罗马感性善恶观的源流,可以发现,荷马时代的希腊人已经生成一种以善恶观念为基本工具的道德判断模式,有了自己的感性善恶观。诗人荷马和赫西俄德将这两种道德观念具体化,对众多行为提出道德判断和评价,进而提出道德训诫,从而使他们的作品发挥道德教化的作用。希腊早期和古典时期哲学家的善恶观表明,理性思维的诞生为希腊伦理思想的发展提供了助力。历代哲学家不断地对荷马、赫西俄德式的感性善恶观进行理性加工,在此基础上发展出理论形态各异的理性善恶观。理性善恶观在希腊化时期和罗马帝国时期继续扩展和传承,形成内容和结构各异的理性善恶观。     

Synthesis of trisubstituted olefins via nickel-catalyzed decarboxylative hydroalkylation of internal alkynes

A novel NiH-catalyzed decarboxylative hydroalkylation of internal alkynes has been developed. Trisubstituted olefins were obtained in moderate to good yields with good regioselectivities. The reaction involves cis addition of NiH to the internal alkyne. The reaction shows good functional-group tolerance.     

The Michael addition-elimination of ylides to alpha,beta-unsaturated imines. Highly stereoselective synthesis of vinylcyclopropanecarbaldehydes and vinylcyclopropylaziridines

The Michael addition-elimination of ylide to alpha,beta-unsaturated imines leads to a highly diastereoselective and enantioselective synthesis of vinylcyclopropanecarbaldehydes in good to high yields for the first time. A sequential cyclopropanation-aziridination protocol for the preparation of cyclopropylaziridines is also developed with good diastereoselectivity in good to high yields.     

Disperse dyes based on 2-aminothiazole derivatives for cellulose triacetate fabric

A range of azo disperse dyes was prepared by coupling diazotized 2-amino-4-(p-nitrophenyl)-5-nitrothiazole with various substituted arylamines. Spectral properties in the infrared and visible range of the dyes obtained were investigated. All the dyes, when applied on cellulose triacetate fabric as 2% shade, showed fairly good to very good light fastness and very good to excellent fastness to washing, perspiration, rubbing and sublimation. All the dyes gave a wide range of reddish brown to indigo shades with very good depth and levelness on fabric. The purity of dyes was checked by thin layer chromatography. The percentage dyebath exhaustion and fixation on fabric was reasonably good and acceptable.     

Asymmetric synthesis of beta-nitro ketones via Michael addition of lithiated alpha-amino nitriles to nitroalkenes

Alpha-amino nitriles, easily prepared from aldehydes, KCN, and an enantiopure secondary amine auxiliary, are metalated and used as nucleophiles in asymmetric Michael additions to nitroalkenes to afford the Michael adducts in good yields and good to excellent diastereoselectivities. After chromatographic purification, the diastereomerically pure 1,4-adducts are cleaved under acidic conditions to give the beta-nitro ketones in good yields and with two exceptions in good to excellent enantiomeric excesses (ee = 86-99%). The absolute configuration was determined by X-ray structure analysis.     

Efficient access to fluorinated homoallylic alcohols through an indium promoted fluoroallylation reaction

Herein, an efficient access to fluorinated homoallylic alcohol is reported. The fluorinated alcohols were obtained in good to excellent yield using indium and halo-fluorinated allylic derivatives. The developed methodology using γ-substituted halo-fluorinated allylic derivatives gave the corresponding α-substituted fluorinated homoallylic alcohol in good yields and good diastereoselectivities up to 86:14.     

壳聚糖季铵化衍生物的吸湿性与保湿性

壳聚糖季铵化衍生物的吸湿性与保湿性许晨，卢灿辉（福建师范大学高分子研究所福州３５０００７）关键词壳聚糖季铵盐，壳聚糖衍生物，吸湿性，保湿性壳聚糖是从虾、蟹等废弃甲壳中提取得到的一种生物活性物质［１，２］，由于其特有的直链聚阳离子结构，成膜附于角蛋白与...     

Synthesis of 1,3-diketones through ring-opening of ketoketene dimer β-lactones

The reaction of ketoketene dimers with organolithium reagents afforded 1,3-diketones in good to excellent yields, and with good diastereoselectivity in some cases.     

撰写教育教学论文是提升教学研究的好手段

简述了做好教学研究是提高教育教学质量的关键,撰写教育教学论文是提升教学研究的好手段。明确了撰写教育教学论文的目的和内容。以教学研究中撰写的论文示例强调了写好论文的基础来源于扎实的教学实践,功力来源于科学研究,做法来源于把教学研究当作科学研究那样去做。     

Synthesis,characterization and dyeing performance of new bisazo–bisazomethine disperse dyes

New bisazo–bisazomethine disperse dyes were prepared by the coupling of diazotized solutions of various aromatic amines with 2,2′-{methylenebis[4,1-phenylenenitrilomethylylidene]}diphenol (Schiff base). Schiff base (SB) was prepared by the condensation of 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde with 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM). The resultant dyes were characterized by elemental analysis, IR and ¹H NMR spectral studies. The UV–visible absorption spectral data were investigated in dimethylformamide (DMF) and are discussed in terms of structure property relationship. The dyes when applied on polyester fabric, gave golden yellow to reddish brown shades having fairly good to good light fastness, very good to excellent washing, perspiration and sublimation fastness and good to very good rubbing fastness properties.     

Controlling chemical self-assembly by solvent-dependent dynamics

The influence of the ratio between poor and good solvent on the stability and dynamics of supramolecular polymers is studied via a combination of experiments and simulations. Step-wise addition of good solvent to supramolecular polymers assembled via a cooperative (nucleated) growth mechanism results in complete disassembly at a critical good/poor solvent ratio. In contrast, gradual disassembly profiles upon addition of good solvent are observed for isodesmic (non-nucleated) systems. Due to the weak association of good solvent molecules to monomers, the solvent-dependent aggregate stability can be described by a linear free-energy relationship. With respect to dynamics, the depolymerization of π-conjugated oligo(p-phenylene vinylene) (OPV) assemblies in methylcyclohexane (MCH) upon addition of chloroform as a good solvent is shown to proceed with a minimum rate around a critical chloroform/MCH solvent ratio. This minimum disassembly rate bears an intriguing resemblance to phenomena observed in protein unfolding, where minimum rates are observed at the thermodynamic midpoint of a protein denaturation experiment. A kinetic nucleation-elongation model in which the rate constants explicitly depend on the good solvent fraction is developed to rationalize the kinetic traces and further extend the insights by simulation. It is shown that cooperativity, i.e., the nucleation of new aggregates, plays a key role in the minimum polymerization and depolymerization rate at the critical solvent composition. Importantly, this shows that the mixing protocol by which one-dimensional aggregates are prepared via solution-based processing using good/poor solvent mixtures is of major influence on self-assembly dynamics.     

正丁胺的等离子体聚合膜性质及氢离子响应功能研究

以正丁胺为单体，采用等离子体聚合法，在盖玻片与玻璃碳及一些金属基片上得到附着性和稳定性均良好的聚合膜，红外光谱，元素分析结果和膜性质研究表明，该聚合具膜具有高度支化，交联的结构，具有良好的耐热和耐腐蚀性，以该膜为敏感材料制成的电位型化学传感器在强酸性溶液中对Ｈ＾＋离子具有超能斯特响应，且稳定性和重现性较好。     

Aromatic Polyamides Containing Pendent Acetoxybenzamide Groups

Polycondensation reaction of 5-(4-acetoxy-benzamide) isophthaloylchloride with different aromatic diamines gave a series of polyisophthalamides with good solubility in organic solvents. These polymers showed good thermal stability with initial decomposition temperature above 300 °C and glass transition temperature in the range of 220–335 °C. Thin, flexible, transparent films were cast from solutions, having good electroinsulating properties.     

非离子型产酸剂——N-羟基邻苯二甲酰亚胺对甲苯磺酸酯的合成与性能研究

以邻苯二甲酸酐、盐酸羟胺和对甲苯磺酰氯为起始原料,合成了非离子型光致产酸剂——N-羟基邻苯二甲酰亚胺对甲苯磺酸酯,对其进行了红外、核磁共振和紫外表征,测定了其化学结构、溶解性和紫外吸收等性能.结果表明,这种非离子型产酸剂较离子型产酸剂在常用溶剂中有非常良好的溶解性,并在248 nm处有好的透明性,可用于深紫外光刻工艺体系.     

A new way to synthesize ZnS nanoparticles

ZnS nanoparticles were prepared with normal ZnO and Na2S by solid-liquid chemical reaction under ultrasonic condition andcharacterized by XRD,TEM,SEM,IR and TG-DTG.The results showed that these particles were good crystal cubic zinc blendedwith average size of 50 nm,possess good IR transmittance in the range of 400-4000 cm and good thermal stability.     

Stereoselective aldol additions of achiral ethyl ketone-derived trichlorosilyl enolates

Methods for the preparation of geometrically defined enoxy(trichlorosilanes) derived from ethyl ketone enolates have been developed. The addition of enoxy(trichlorosilanes) (trichlorosilyl enolates) to aldehydes proceeds with good yields in the presence of catalytic amounts of chiral phosphoramides. The reaction of Z-trichlorosilyl enolates to aryl aldehydes affords aldol products with good to excellent diastereo- and enantioselectivities. Phosphoramide-catalyzed aldol additions lacked substrate generality providing modest selectivities with unsaturated and aliphatic aldehydes. In all cases, the phosphoramide-catalyzed aldol addition of E-trichlorosilyl enolates to aldehydes provided good yields with moderate to good stereoselectivities.     

Easy access to CF2-containing molecules based on the reaction of 2,2,3,3-tetrafluorooxetane with various nucleophiles

2,2,3,3-Tetrafluorooxetane reacted easily with organolithium reagents to give 1,1,3-trisubstituted 2,2-difluoropropan-1-ols in good to excellent yields. On the other hand, the reaction with Grignard reagent led to 3-bromo-1,1-disubstituted 2,2-difluoropropan-1-ols in good yields. On treating with lithium enolates, generated from enol silyl ethers and MeLi/LiBr, the corresponding 1-bromo-2,2-difluoro-3,5-dicarbonyl compounds were obtained in fair to good yields. 3-Iodo-2,2-difluoropropanoate, prepared readily from 2,2,3,3-tetrafluorooxetane and NaI, reacted successfully with various silyl enol ethers in the presence of a radical initiator to provide the corresponding coupling products in good yields.     

Lewis base catalyzed enantioselective aldol addition of acetaldehyde-derived silyl enol ether to aldehydes

[reaction: see text] Chiral phosphoramide catalyzed-enantioselective aldol addition of an acetaldehyde-derived trialkylsilyl enol ether to aromatic aldehydes provides protected aldol products in good yields with good to excellent enantioselectivities. Preliminary studies show that the aldolization intermediate (a chlorohydrin adduct) can be trapped with tert-butyl isocyanide to form an alpha-hydroxy lactone with good selectivity in a single-pot operation.     

One-Pot System for Reduction of Epoxides Using NaBH4, PdCl2 Catalyst,and Moist Alumina

Reduction of epoxides with sodium borohydride, a catalytic amount of palladium(II) chloride, and chromatographic neutral alumina preloaded with a small amount of water (moist alumina) in hexane gave alcohols in good to excellent yields and good selectivity of the desired products under mild conditions. The reaction system was operationally simple and environmentally friendly. The alumina can be recovered simply and reused a number of times without any treatment and with good activity.     

Efficient catalyst for the Suzuki-Miyaura coupling of potassium aryl trifluoroborates with aryl chlorides

Palladium-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions of aryl- and heteroaryl chlorides with potassium aryl- and heteroaryltrifluoroborates have been accomplished with the supporting ligand S-Phos in good to excellent yield. Hindered biaryls and substrates containing a variety of functional groups can be prepared. Suzuki-Miyaura couplings of a 3-pyridyl boron-based nucleophile with aryl- and heteroaryl chlorides proceed in good to very good yield. [reaction: see text]