Optical manipulation of microscale fluid flow

A novel optical method is used both to probe and to control dynamics in experiments on the spreading of microscale liquid films over solid substrates. The flow is manipulated by thermally induced surface-tension gradients that are regulated by controlling the absorption of light in the substrate. This approach permits, for the first time, the measurement of the dispersion relation for the well-known contact line instability; the measurements are compared with theoretical predictions from the slip model for spreading films. The experiments also demonstrate the use of feedback control to suppress instability. These results show that optical control can provide dynamically reconfigurable manipulations of fluid flow, thereby suggesting a general approach for constructing reprogrammable microfluidic devices.     

Dynamic stability of pipes conveying pulsating fluid

The dynamic stability of supported cylindrical pipes converying fluid, when the flow velocity is harmonically perturbed about a constant mean value, is considered in this paper. Explicit stability conditions for perturbations of small intensity are obtained by using the method of averaging. For large periodic excitation a numerical method based on the Floquet theory is used to extend the stability boundaries. The effects of the mean flow velocity, dissipative forces, boundary conditions, and virtual mass on the extent of the parametric instability regions are then discussed.     

Dynamics and stability of chiral fluid

Starting from the linear sigma model with constituent quarks we derive hydrodynamic equations which are coupled to the order-parameter field, e.g. the chiral fluid dynamics. For a static system in thermal equilibrium this model leads to a chiral phase transition which, depending on the choice of the quark-meson coupling constant g, could be a crossover or a first order one. We investigate the stability of the chiral fluid in the static and expanding background by considering the evolution of perturbations with respect to the mean-field solution. In the static background the spectrum of plane-wave perturbations consists of two branches, one corresponding to the sound waves and another to the σ-meson excitations. For large g these two branches cross and the excitation spectrum acquires exponentially growing modes. The stability analysis is also done for the Bjorken-like background solution by explicitly solving the time-dependent differential equation for perturbations in the η space. In this case the growth rate of unstable modes is significantly reduced.     

Damping and frequency shift in the oscillations of two colliding Bose-Einstein condensates

We have investigated the center-of-mass oscillations of a ⁸⁷Rb Bose-Einstein condensate in an elongated magneto-static trap. We start from a trapped condensate and we transfer part of the atoms to another trapped level, by applying a radio-frequency pulse. The new condensate is produced far from its equilibrium position in the magnetic potential, and periodically collides with the parent condensate. We discuss how both the damping and the frequency shift of the oscillations are affected by the mutual interaction between the two condensates, in a wide range of trapping frequencies. The experimental data are compared with the prediction of a mean-field model. Received 28 May 2001     

Natural vibrations and stability of shells of revolution interacting with an internal fluid flow

A finite-element algorithm is proposed to investigate the dynamic behavior of elastic shells of revolution containing a quiescent or a flowing inviscid fluid in the framework of linear theory. The fluid behavior is described using the perturbed velocity potential. The shell behavior is treated in the framework of the classical shell theory and variational principle of virtual displacements incorporating a linearized Bernoulli equation for calculation of hydrodynamic pressure acting on the shell. The problem reduces to evaluation and analysis of the eigenvalues in the connected system of equations obtained by coupling the equations for velocity perturbations with the equations for shell displacements. For cylindrical shells, the results of numerical simulations are compared with recently published experimental, analytical and numerical data. The paper also reports the results of studying the dynamic behavior of shells under various boundary conditions for the perturbed velocity potential. The investigation made for conical shells has shown that under certain conditions an increase in the cone angle can change a divergent type of instability to a flutter type.     

Dynamic stability of elastically supported pipes conveying pulsating fluid

The effect of support flexibility on the dynamic behaviour of pipes conveying fluid is investigated for both steady and pulsatile flows. The pipes are built-in at the upstream end and supported at the other by both a translational and a rotational spring. For the steady flow condition, the critical flow velocities, the frequencies and flow induced damping patterns that are associated with the different vibration modes of selected pipe systems are determined as functions of the flow velocity. The results from steady flow cases show that the pipes may first lose stability by either buckling or flutter, depending on the values of the rotational and translational spring constants and their relative magnitudes. In the case of pulsatile flow, the Floquet theory is utilized for the stability analysis of the selected pipe-fluid systems. Numerical results are presented to illustrate the effects of the amount of translational and rotational resiliences at the elastic support on the regions of parametric and combination resonances of the pipes. The results more of the interesting aspects of the behaviour of non-conservative systems.     

Predicting phase shift effects for vibrating fluid-conveying pipes due to Coriolis forces and fluid pulsation

Knowing the influence of fluid flow perturbations on the dynamic behavior of fluid-conveying pipes is of relevance, e.g., when exploiting flow-induced oscillations of pipes to determine the fluids mass flow or density, as done with Coriolis flow meters (CFM). This could be used in the attempts to improve accuracy, precision, and robustness of CFMs. A simple mathematical model of a fluid-conveying pipe is formulated and the effect of pulsating fluid flow is analyzed using a multiple time scaling perturbation analysis. The results are simple analytical predictions for the transverse pipe displacement and approximate axial shift in vibration phase. The analytical predictions are tested against pure numerical solution using representative examples, showing good agreement. Fluid pulsations are predicted not to influence CFM accuracy, since proper signal filtering is seen to allow the determination of the correct mean phase shift. Large amplitude motions, which could influence CFM robustness, do not appear to be induced by the investigated fluid pulsation. Pulsating fluid of the combination resonance type could, however, influence CFMs robustness, if induced pipe motions go unnoticed and uncontrolled during CFM operation by feedback control. The analytical predictions offer an immediate insight into how fluid pulsation affects phase shift, which is a quantity measured by CFMs to estimate the mass flow, and lead to hypotheses for more complex geometries, i.e. industrial CFMs. The validity of these hypotheses is suggested to be tested using laboratory experiments, or detailed computational models taking fluid-structure interaction into account.     

On stability of channel flow of thermoviscous fluid

The paper presents key results on a large-scale entrainment of thermoviscous liquid layers with different temperatures and their further mixing observed in the plane-parallel flow with an inflectional velocity profile. We show that the instability development in the channel is more intensive at the inflection point vicinity and is not related directly to vorticity generation in the near-wall region. The considered flow being unstable relative to the finite-amplitude harmonic disturbances possesses several resonant frequencies initiating the most intense entrainment. Temperature fields are analyzed based on the time-averaged entrainment layer thickness and temperature isoline displacement. We discuss the spectral properties of flow enstrophy, vorticity, and kinetic energy in terms of asymptotics of cascades observed and coherent structures. Okubo-Weiss criterion is used for mapping of four flow zones wherein an active filamentation of the turbulent veil or long-term existence of vortex structures is possible.     

Dynamics of Dirac quasi-particles in lattice vibration and anomalous phonon frequency shift of graphene

By exact solution of time-dependent Schrödinger equation of electron in graphene under interaction with E_2g phonons, we investigate the dynamical behavior of Dirac quasi-particle in the process of lattice vibration. Due to the global geometric phases acquired by electron during lattice vibration, an anomalous shift of the vibration frequency is obtained. We calculate the Fermi energy dependence of frequency shift which is in consistence with experiment in case of small doping density.     

Dynamics of arrays of cylinders with internal and external axial flow

Various aspects of the dynamics and stability of clusters of tubular cylinders containing internally flowing fluid and surrounded by a bounded external axial flow are examined. The general character of free motions is established by obtaining the eigenfrequencies of the system and studying their evolution with increasing flow, internal or external. Stability diagrams have been obtained for the critical flow velocities, beyond which the system would lose stability by buckling (divergence), under the combined effect of internal and external flow. Free vibration, following an initial disturbance of one of the cylinders, is studied, in order further to examine the effect of hydrodynamic coupling. It is found that beating phenomena may arise, implying energy transfer between cylinders and the possibility of transient amplitudes much larger than the initial disturbances. Also, the vibration of the system (in still fluid) when one cylinder is constrained to oscillate in a prescribed manner is examined, establishing that transmission of vibration from cylinder to cylinder can be very rapid; indeed, such constrained motion of one cylinder at certain frequencies may induce large amplified motions of others.     

超声波流速测量的多普勒频移提取方法研究

为了提高超声波多普勒法测量复杂流体流量的精度,针对流体的超声回波频率的复杂性,本文研究多普勒流速测量中的频偏提取方法。以傅里叶分析为理论基础,设计了硬件电路并获得代表回波平均频率的信号,然后以该信号作为输入,以数字鉴频法获得回波多普勒频移。基于该方法设计了一种超声多普勒流量测量系统,实验结果显示:油水混合流体流量的测量误差在3%以内,从而证实了此频偏提取方法的有效性。     

Surface effect on buckling configuration of nanobeams containing internal flowing fluid: A nonlinear analysis

In this paper, the post-buckling behavior of supported nanobeams containing internal flowing fluid with two surface layers is studied based on a nonlinear theoretical model. The nonlinear governing equation, in which the surface effect and stretching-related nonlinearity are accounted for, is analytically solved for both clamped-clamped and pinned-pinned systems. The effects of nanobeam length, bulk thickness and several dimensionless parameters on the post-buckling behavior are analyzed. It is found that, the nanobeam with low flow velocity is stable at its original static equilibrium position and then undergoes a buckling instability at a critical flow velocity, which depends on the system parameters. When buckled, in all cases, the amplitude of the resultant buckling increases with the increasing flow velocity. Typically, the surface effect is explored by considering different nanobeam lengths and bulk thicknesses. The buckling amplitude is found to be length-dependent and thickness-dependent, showing that the effect of surface layers is considerably strong.     

Laser dye stability part 1. Flash frequency and fluid filtration effects

A commercial coaxial xenon flashlamp was used to measure laser dye stability. The output energy of each lasing pulse was recorded and periodic measurements were made of the untuned lasing wavelength, the temporal flashlamp output, and the temporal lasing output. The present study demonstrates that it is possible to have a number of different types of apparent dye laser system “half-lifes” through the use of filtration and frequency of flash parameters. The use of near-zero flash frequency and moderate pore size filters allows a determination of the lifetime that is more representative of the dye as opposed to the lifetime of the dye laser system.     

频率移动对受激散射相位共轭腔的稳定性与模式特性的影响

通过引入广义自洽条件和受激散射相位共轭镜显含频率的光束变换矩阵,研究了频移对受激散射相位共轭光腔的稳定性与模式特性的影响.     

Application of the transfer matrix method to non-conservative systems involving fluid flow in curved pipes

The application of the transfer matrix method to problems of fluid flow in planar curved pipes is presented. Also a presentation is given of how to deal with the stability of non-conservative problems when using the dynamic method. In the method proposed, account is taken of the effect of the initial state of stress on the dynamic behaviour of the pipe. Three well-known problems are solved to verify the convergence and applicability of the transfer matrix formulation to non-conservative problems involving fluid flow.     

Nonlinear dynamics of harmonically excited circular cylindrical shells containing fluid flow

In the present study, the geometrically nonlinear vibrations of circular cylindrical shells, subjected to internal fluid flow and to a radial harmonic excitation in the spectral neighbourhood of one of the lowest frequency modes, are investigated for different flow velocities. The shell is modelled by Donnell's nonlinear shell theory, retaining in-plane inertia and geometric imperfections; the fluid is modelled as a potential flow with the addition of unsteady viscous terms obtained by using the time-averaged Navier-Stokes equations. A harmonic concentrated force is applied at mid-length of the shell, acting in the radial direction. The shell is considered to be immersed in an external confined quiescent liquid and to contain a fluid flow, in order to reproduce conditions in previous water-tunnel experiments. For the same reason, complex boundary conditions are applied at the shell ends simulating conditions intermediate between clamped and simply supported ends. Numerical results obtained by using pseudo-arclength continuation methods and bifurcation analysis show the nonlinear response at different flow velocities for (i) a fixed excitation amplitude and variable excitation frequency, and (ii) fixed excitation frequency by varying the excitation amplitude. Bifurcation diagrams of Poincaré maps obtained from direct time integration are presented, as well as the maximum Lyapunov exponent, in order to classify the system dynamics. In particular, periodic, quasi-periodic, sub-harmonic and chaotic responses have been detected. The full spectrum of the Lyapunov exponents and the Lyapunov dimension have been calculated for the chaotic response; they reveal the occurrence of large-dimension hyperchaos.