Vibration damage detection of a Timoshenko beam by spatial wavelet based approach

This paper presents a technique for structure damage detection based on spatial wavelet analysis. The wavelet transform is used to analyze the mode shape of a Timoshenko beam. First, the mode shapes of the Timoshenko beam containing a transverse crack are obtained. The crack is represented as a rotational spring. Then these spatially distributed signals are analyzed by wavelet transformation. It is observed that distributions of the wavelet coefficients can identify the crack position of Timoshenko beam by showing a peak at the position of the crack. It is also demonstrated that the crack position can be detected by this method even though the crack is very small. Assumed measurement errors are added to the mode shape for evaluating the effect of measurement errors on the capability of detecting crack position. The moving average method is used to process the data with assumed measurement errors. The crack positions can also be identified when there exist assumed measurement errors.     

Damage detection of cracked thick rotating blades by a spatial wavelet based approach

This paper presents a technique for blade damage detection based on spatial wavelet analysis. The wavelet transform is used to analyze spatially distributed signals (e.g. mode shape) of cracked thick rotating blades. First, a finite element model is applied to the vibration of a thick rotating blade with a single edge crack. The effects of transverse shear deformation and rotatory inertia are taken into account. Then the mode shapes of the cracked rotating blade are analyzed by wavelet transformation. The effects of crack locations and sizes on the wavelet coefficients are studied. It is found that the distributions of the wavelet coefficients can identify the crack position of the rotating blades by showing a peak at the position of the crack. Then the signals are analyzed by wavelet transform. It is found that the distributions of the wavelet coefficients can identify the crack position. Assumed measurement errors are added to nth mode shape for evaluating the effect of measurement errors on the capability of detecting crack position. The moving average method is used to process the data with assumed measurement errors. The crack positions can also be identified when there exist assumed measurement errors.     

简单有效的运动汽车投影阴影分割算法

在实时的车型识别系统中,由于光照的影响,需要一种简单快速有效的方法将汽车车体与其阴影分割开。利用阴影的光谱属性,同时根据阴影的几何特征及阴影区域内的点和汽车的空间位置、形状等相关特点,提出一种基于小波变换多分辨率特性的阴影分割算法,该算法能有效地分割出阴影与目标之间的分界线。先利用阴影的光谱属性对阴影进行粗分割,然后利用小波变换的多尺度性对候选阴影点进行特征提取,从而获取最后的阴影分界线。该方法不需要事先确定光源的方向、车体的彩色信息和背景纹理信息,能有效地分割任何颜色、任何背景纹理下、任何光源方向下的运动汽车投影阴影。实验表明,该方法定位准确,处理速度快,抗噪能力强,为进一步的车型识别提供基础。     

滑动移除小波分析法在动力学结构突变检验中的应用

标度指数计算的即时性与准确性对相关时间序列的动力学结构突变分析至关重要,然而现有方法在即时性与准确性上一直无法兼顾.将小波分析方法与滑动移除窗口技术相融合,提出一种新的动力学结构突变检测方法——滑动移除小波分析法.通过选取不同的滑动移除窗口,分别对构建的线性、非线性理想时间序列进行动力学结构突变分析,结果表明不论是线性时间序列还是非线性时间序列,滑动移除小波分析能够准确地检测到序列的动力学结构突变点及突变区间,对于滑动移除窗口长度依赖性较小,具有很强的稳定性,而且在计算速度上明显优于滑动移除重标极差和滑动移除方差分析方法,将在大数据处理中具有一定的优势.同时分别对线性、非线性理想时间序列添加高斯白噪声,结果表明滑动移除小波分析具有很强的抗噪能力,能够准确地检测到加噪后序列的突变点.对佛坪站日最高温度实测资料的动力学结构突变的准确检测进一步验证了该方法的有效性.滑动移除小波分析法可为具有相关性的系统动力学结构突变的快速、准确检测提供一种途径.     

基于光声信号的高铁钢轨表面缺陷检测方法

针对传统的基于超声信号的高铁钢轨无损检测方法对于表面微裂纹检测效果不佳的问题,提出了一种基于光声信号的高铁钢轨表面缺陷检测方法.首先,使用有限元及K-wave方法建立了钢轨模型并获得了模拟光声信号;然后利用时间反演的方法对钢轨表面的光声图像进行了重建,并研究了不同传感器中心频率对成像结果的影响;最后设计实验采集了钢轨表面的光声信号并进行了处理和分析.实验结果表明,基于光声信号的高铁钢轨表面缺陷检测方法对于表面微裂纹有很好的检测效果,该方法在钢轨探伤领域有较大的可行性及发展潜力.     

基于高速公路裂纹局部线性特征内容的脊波变换域算法研究

利用频域中傅里叶变换投影定理,提出一种新的离散脊波实现算法,应用于高速公路局部线性裂纹的检测取得较好效果。详细阐述了离散脊波的实现步骤以及对标准图像进行脊波变换的模拟结果,并提出拉东(Radon)变换重建原图像的基本条件。上述定理应用于复杂背景下的路面检测,结合直方图均衡化算法消除背景噪声;选用基于样本估计的阈值方法对脊波分解的各层系数进行处理去除随机噪声。选用不同的重构系数进行计算,得到脊波变换后重构图像的信噪比优于二维小波变换(低频大于20dB)以及二维小波变换加魏纳滤波变换(平均大于3dB)。通过图像的二值化处理提取局部线性裂纹,其分辨力极限达到2mm精度。     

不锈钢折弯板裂纹Lamb波检测技术*

金属弯板广泛应用于车辆、船舶、飞机等大型装备结构件中，折弯处易形成应力集中产生裂纹，直接影响构件的使用安全和寿命。本文开展了不锈钢弯板裂纹缺陷Lamb波检测技术研究，计算了钢板的频散曲线，优选三种不同频率的S0模态：0.25MHz、0.5MHz、1MHz。利用COMSOL软件建立频域仿真模型，模拟了Lamb波在3mm厚“L”形弯板内部的传播情况，开展折弯板裂纹缺陷检测实验，并使用小波包变换的方法对实验信号进行分析。结果表明，经小波变换后，0.25MHz、0.5MHz、1 MHz的S0模态Lamb波均可用于裂纹缺陷的识别检测.     

Moving force identification based on the frequency-time domain method

This paper addresses the problem on the identification of moving vehicle axle loads based on measured bridge responses using a frequency-time domain method. The focus is on the evaluation of two solutions to the overdetermined set of equations established as part of the identification method. The two solutions are (i) direct calculation of the pseudo-inverse and (ii) calculation of the pseudo-inverse via the singular value decomposition (SVD) technique. For this purpose, a bridge-vehicle system model was fabricated in the laboratory and the bending moment responses of bridge model were measured as a two-axle vehicle model moved across the bridge deck. The moving axle loads are then calculated from the measured responses via the two solutions to the over-determined set of equations. The effects of changes in the bridge-vehicle system, measurement and algorithm parameters on the two solutions are evaluated. Case studies show that the moving force identification is more feasible and its accuracy acceptable with the use of the SVD technique. This technique can effectively enhance the identification method and improve the identification accuracy over that of the direct pseudo-inverse solution.     

SIMPLIFIED MODELS FOR THE LOCATION OF CRACKS IN BEAM STRUCTURES USING MEASURED VIBRATION DATA

A new simplified approach to modelling cracks in beams undergoing transverse vibration is presented. The modelling approach uses Euler-Bernoulli beam elements with small modifications to the local flexibility in the vicinity of cracks. This crack model is then used to estimate the crack locations and sizes, by minimizing the difference between the measured and predicted natural frequencies via model updating. The uniqueness of the approach is that the simplified crack model allows the location and damage extent to be estimated directly. The simplified crack model may also be used to generate training data for pattern recognition approaches to health monitoring. The proposed method has been illustrated using the experimental data on beam examples.     

The wavelet response as a multiscale NDT method

We analyze interfaces by using reflected waves in the framework of the wavelet transform. First, we introduce the wavelet transform as an efficient method to detect and characterize a discontinuity in the acoustical impedance profile of a material. Synthetic examples are shown for both an isolated reflector and multiscale clusters of nearby defects. In the second part of the paper we present the wavelet response method as a natural extension of the wavelet transform when the velocity profile to be analyzed can only be remotely probed by propagating wavelets through the medium (instead of being directly convolved as in the wavelet transform). The wavelet response is constituted by the reflections of the incident wavelets on the discontinuities and we show that both transforms are equivalent when multiple scattering is neglected. We end this paper by experimentally applying the wavelet response in an acoustic tank to characterize planar reflectors with finite thicknesses.     

Wave motion analysis in arch structures via wavelet finite element method

The application of B-spline wavelet on interval (BSWI) finite element method for wave motion analysis in arch structures is presented in this paper. Instead of traditional polynomial interpolation, scaling functions at certain scales have been adopted to form the shape functions and construct wavelet-based elements. Different from other wavelet numerical methods adding wavelets directly, the element displacement field represented by the coefficients of wavelets expansions is transformed from wavelet space to physical space via the corresponding transformation matrix. The energy functional of the arch is obtained by the generalized shell theory, and the finite element model for wave motion analysis is constructed according to Hamilton's principle and the central difference method in time domain. Taking the practical application into account, damaged arch waveguides are also investigated. Proper analysis of the responses from structure damages allows one to indicate the location very precisely. This paper mainly focuses on the crack in structures. Based on Castigliano's theorem and the Pairs equation, the local flexibility of crack is formulated for BSWI element. Numerical experiments are performed to study the effect of wave propagations in arch waveguides, that is, frequency dispersion and mode spilt in the arch. The responses of the arch with cracks are simulated under the broad-band, narrow-band and chirp excitations. In order to estimate the spatial, time and frequency concentrations of responses, the reciprocal length, time-frequency transform and correlation coefficient are introduced in this investigation.     

轮胎分检控制中的图像处理

采用数字图像处理技术,应用小波变换方法,实现了轮胎图像中空心型号文字的提取,可作为轮胎分检自动化的一个重要控制信息。试验表明,对图像进行非线性增强处理、降噪处理和基于小波变换的图像边缘提取后,轮胎型号图像边缘是很清晰的。     

A finite element method prediction of the vibration of a bridge subjected to a moving vehicle load

This paper is concerned with the analysis of dynamic deflection and acceleration of a concrete bridge which is subjected to a moving vehicle load. The bridge, to be constructed across the River Brahmaputra in India, consists of 20 main spans, and each main span is assumed to be double cantilever type with a small suspended span. The moving vehicle is modeled as one degree of freedom. The deflections and accelerations at specific locations on the bridge when the vehicle moves at constant speed are analyzed by using the finite element method.     

基于多基因遗传规划的储层岩石静态模量预测

声发射技术作为一种动态无损检测手段,主要实现对材料产生的缺陷进行动态监测及损伤位置的预测。微机电系统声发射传感器在检测材料疲劳裂纹位置和扩展方向上应用广泛,实现其对材料裂纹的3-D动态位移检测,对于无损检测技术的发展具有重要意义。该文提出了一种新型3-D微机电系统声发射传感器,首先对3-D微机电系统声发射传感器进行了结构设计和性能分析,结构方面主要包括z方向响应传感单元和x、y方向响应传感单元设计;其次通过传感器的阻尼、谐振点处灵敏度计算,证明传感器的性能良好;最后采用有限元软件ANSYS对z方向响应传感单元做了模态和谐响应分析,x、y方向响应传感单元做了模态分析和谐响应分析,仿真结果与理论值吻合较好,验证了结构设计的合理性,对实现材料裂纹的三维动态检测具有一定的参考意义。     

PRACTICAL ASPECTS IN MOVING LOAD IDENTIFICATION

Several methods have been developed in recent years to identify moving loads on top of a continuous beam using measured vibration responses. The methods can identify the forces with some accuracy, but they have not been tested under field measurement conditions with a bridge-vehicle system. This paper discusses the weaknesses and merits of two methods when applied to a single-span bridge deck. The influence, on the moving load identification, of practical aspects such as measurement noise, sampling frequency, a small number of measured response modes, a small number of measuring points, road surface roughness and non-uniform velocity or braking of vehicle is studied in simulations and experiment. Results show that finite element approach with orthogonal function approximation of the responses give more accurate results, in general, than the exact solution approach for all the studies presented in this paper. The road surface roughness and a large variation in the speed are identified as the two main obstacles leading to erroneous results.     

Crack detection in beams by wavelet analysis of transient flexural waves

In this paper, a method of crack detection in beam is provided by wavelet analysis of transient flexural wave. Firstly, we introduce a rotational spring in the cracked-beam model, and calculate the transient flexural wave propagation by the Reverberation Matrix Method. Secondly, at any point in this beam, the arrival time of waves with different group velocities can be identified by means of analysis of wavelet transform. From the signal of mid-frequency flexural wave extracted by wavelet transform, we can exactly determine the existence and position of crack in the beam. Here, a similar experiment is also produced to test the transient strain signal in beam, and the result after wavelet transform analysis is shown in accord with the theoretical one. Therefore, a powerful method is proved by the theoretical and experimental studies on the cracked beam, which can detect the crack accurately utilizing the wavelet analysis of the mid-frequency flexural wave.     

复杂背景下运动目标的光学相关识别

在应用光电混合联合变换相关器实现运动目标相关识别的过程中,针对目标与模板由于运动所产生的差异和复杂背景影响相关器识别率的问题,采用了一种以高斯函数的一阶导数做小波多尺度边缘提取和形态学膨胀进行边缘加粗处理相结合的方法。这种方法可充分利用小波多尺度的特点,使得提取后的边缘在抑制噪声的同时,能保留更多的细节信息,明显改善复杂背景下运动目标的相关识别问题。对以低对比度和小目标为特点的动态序列进行光学相关实验,结果表明,这种方法能有效增强探测目标的相关峰亮度,验证了算法对复杂背景下运动目标识别的可行性。     

DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF A BEAM WITH A CRACK SUBJECT TO A MOVING MASS

An iterative modal analysis approach is developed to determine the effect of transverse cracks on the dynamic behavior of simply supported undamped Bernoulli-Euler beams subject to a moving mass. The presence of crack results in higher deflections and alters the beam response patterns. In particular, the largest deflection in the beam for a given speed takes longer to build up, and a discontinuity appears in the slope of the beam deflected shape at the crack location. Crack effects become more noticeable as crack depth increases. The effect of the inertia force due to the moving mass is, in general, qualitatively similar and additive to the effect of the crack. The exact effect of crack and mass depends on the speed, time, crack size, crack location, and the moving mass level. Other approximate methods, namely a stationary mass model and a single iteration technique, are also evaluated. The stationary mass approach is useful for light moving masses (<20% of beam mass) and cracks at mid-span. For other cases, the errors can be unacceptably large. The results of the single-iteration approximation are quite close to the iterative modal analysis approach, which indicates that this approximate solution is an excellent tool for the analysis of the moving mass problem.     

Application of wavelet transform on improving detecting precision of the non-invasive blood components measurement based on dynamic spectrum method

Time-varying noises in spectra collection process have influence on the prediction accuracy of quantitative calibration in the non-invasive blood components measurement which is based on dynamic spectrum (DS) method. By wavelet transform, we focused on the absorbance wave of fingertip transmission spectrum in pulse frequency band. Then we increased the signal to noise ratio of DS data, and improved the detecting precision of quantitative calibration. After carrying out spectrum data continuous acquisition of the same subject for 10 times, we used wavelet transform de-noising to increase the average correlation coefficient of DS data from 0.979 6 to 0.990 3. BP neural network was used to establish the calibration model of subjects' blood components concentration values against dynamic spectrum data of 110 volunteers. After wavelet transform de-noising, the correlation coefficient of prediction set increased from 0.677 4 to 0.846 8, and the average relative error was decreased from 15.8% to 5.3%. Experimental results showed that the introduction of wavelet transform can effectively remove the noise in DS data, improve the detecting precision, and accelerate the development of non-invasive blood components measurement based on DS method.     

The use of roving discs and orthogonal natural frequencies for crack identification and location in rotors

A variety of approaches that have been developed for the identification and localisation of cracks in a rotor system, which exploit natural frequencies, require a finite element model to obtain the natural frequencies of the intact rotor as baseline data. In fact, such approaches can give erroneous results about the location and depth of a crack if an inaccurate finite element model is used to represent an uncracked model. A new approach for the identification and localisation of cracks in rotor systems, which does not require the use of the natural frequencies of an intact rotor as a baseline data, is presented in this paper. The approach, named orthogonal natural frequencies (ONFs), is based only on the natural frequencies of the non-rotating cracked rotor in the two lateral bending vibration x–z and y–z planes. The approach uses the cracked natural frequencies in the horizontal x–z plane as the reference data instead of the intact natural frequencies. Also, a roving disc is traversed along the rotor in order to enhance the dynamics of the rotor at the cracked locations. At each spatial location of the roving disc, the two ONFs of the rotor–disc system are determined from which the corresponding ONF ratio is computed. The ONF ratios are normalised by the maximum ONF ratio to obtain normalised orthogonal natural frequency curves (NONFCs). The non-rotating cracked rotor is simulated by the finite element method using the Bernoulli–Euler beam theory. The unique characteristics of the proposed approach are the sharp, notched peaks at the crack locations but rounded peaks at non-cracked locations. These features facilitate the unambiguous identification and locations of cracks in rotors. The effects of crack depth, crack location, and mass of a roving disc are investigated. The results show that the proposed method has a great potential in the identification and localisation of cracks in a non-rotating cracked rotor.