爆电换能脉冲大电流输出研究

 基于爆电换能原理,使用掺铌的PZT 95/5陶瓷组装换能器件,在垂直工作模式下,对爆电电源LRC电路响应进行了理论分析,并开展了脉冲大电流输出实验研究。实验采用多组PZT 95/5铁电陶瓷并联,利用平面波发生器作为冲击加载手段,获得了峰值5 kA以上的脉冲大电流,初始电流上升速率可达10~20 GA/s。实验结果与理论设计符合较好。     

铝单丝Z箍缩形成无核冕结构的物理分析

针对铝单丝Z箍缩负载,计算其可形成金属蒸气而不形成核冕等离子体的电路和负载参数范围。提出了铝丝电爆炸形成金属蒸气的能量沉积判据和击穿电压判据;建立了热动力学模型,选取电路参数使得金属丝气化时放电回路电流恰好迅速下降,从而避免发生电压击穿。计算了典型电路下的负载电流、电压、电阻及沉积能量的变化曲线,并分析了回路总电感、充电电压以及负载丝长度、直径对其的影响规律。计算结果表明:当储能电容为150pF、充电电压为65kV、回路电感为300nH时,可驱动直径20μm、长2cm的铝丝电爆炸形成铝丝蒸气。快电流前沿、小丝直径和较短的丝长度有助于提高负载中的单位质量沉积能量,容易电爆炸形成金属蒸气负载。     

冲击加载下PZT 95/5铁电陶瓷的脉冲大电流输出特性

极化了的PZT 95/5铁电陶瓷在冲击波作用下发生铁电相到反铁电相的结构相变，释放出被束缚的电荷，流经外电路，形成脉冲电流.基于这一原理，针对低感、低阻负载的要求，对PZT 95/5铁电陶瓷 LRC电路响应进行了理论分析，并开展了实验研究.实验采用多组PZT 95/5铁电陶瓷并联，获得了前沿小于500ns，峰值大于5kA的大电流. 关键词： PZT 95/5铁电陶瓷 冲击波 爆电电源     

两级同轴Blumlein线理论及其模拟分析

利用拉普拉斯变换求解两级同轴Blumlein线对负载的放电过程,得到了纯电阻负载上理想输出电压的解析表达式。分析了开关电感、负载电感及回路电感对负载主脉冲的影响。对PSpice模拟的结果与推测的负载电压表达式进行对比,两者符合得较好。分析结果表明:脉冲的前沿主要是由开关电感决定,而平顶幅值的变化趋势主要是由回路电感决定;开关电感越小,上升沿越小,回路电感越大;脉冲输出电压和能量传输效率越高。     

Interactions of Electromagnetic Radiation with Electrolytes at High to Ultra-High Frequencies

Abstract

At frequencies above one megahertz, the behaviour of electrolytic solutions changes from an ionic conductor to a lossy dielectric. High frequency conductance measurements of aqueous electrolytes (Na₂SO₄ and KCl) have been made by continuous wave and pulse admittance methods, in cells with immersed, shiny Pt electrodes to study this transition. Peak conductance frequencies as a function of concentration did not conform to the classical circuit representation of a resistance and capacitance. Measured phase angles indicate that relatively concentrated electrolytes (0.001 ? 1 M) exhibit inductance due to electromagnetic and perhaps mass (inertial) effects. Modelling was possible with a constant value of the inductance, L, and capacitance, C, using a simple RLC equivalent circuit. Ion and solvent perturbations in high frequency electrical fields first are discussed in terms of a damped harmonic oscillator model, whose macroscopic response is self-consistent and equivalent mathematically to RLC network. However, it is improbable that mass effects are sufficiently large to explain the majority of the inductance, which arises primarily from the transmission of energy through the solution. Obviously, the skin effects found in electrolytes will be distinct from those for metallic conductors.     

A Piezoelectric Screw Dislocation Interacting with an Elliptical Piezoelectric Inhomogeneity Containing a Confocal Elliptical Rigid Core

The electro-elastic interaction between a piezoelectric screw dislocation and an elliptical piezoelectric inhomogeneity, which contains an electrically conductive confocal elliptical rigid core under remote anti-plane shear stresses and in-plane electrical load is dealt with. The analytical solutions to the elastic field and the electric field, the interfacial stress fields of inhomogeneity and matrix under longitudinal shear and the image force acting on the dislocation are derived by means of complex method. The effect of material properties and geometric configurations of the rigid core on interfacial stresses generated by a remote uniform load, rigid core and material electroelastic properties on the image force is discussed.     

Taylor与Agrawal模型的解析求解与模型比较

 采用解析方法对双导传输线Taylor模型和Agrawal模型进行研究,获得了这两个模型基于平面电磁波激励下的终端负载响应的频域解析解,并证明它们的解析解是相同的,从而得到双导传输线基于平面电磁波激励的终端负载响应的频域解析解公式。Taylor模型和Agrawal模型其实是对同一个解的不同描述,由于Agrawal模型比Taylor模型相对简单,因此在实际应用时可以采用Agrawal模型或频域解析解公式进行求解。应用频域解析解公式和Fourier变换与逆变换技术,可以求得终端电压或电流的瞬时响应解。     

系统和负载参数对喷气式Z箍缩过程的影响

利用改进的零维雪铲模型计算了喷气式Z箍缩装置的系统和负载参数（系统特征电感和电阻、气柱质量和外半径等）对电流波形和箍缩动力学过程的影响。结果表明,电流波形和箍缩过程对系统特征电感和电阻的变化非常敏感;气柱质量和外半径对电流波形的影响不大,仅影响等离子体箍缩到心的时间和速度;电感和运动阻抗随箍缩过程的进行而增大;Z箍缩装置的能量转换效率是较高的。     

高电感和高能量放大系数的MFCG的理论分析

 根据爆炸磁通量压缩发生器(MFCG)的基本理论,计算MFCG的非对称多分支螺线管的电感、电阻和电流,并讨论大电感螺线管和小电感负载的运行性能。通过增加MFCG的初始电感以增加其初始电感对负载电感的比值,是获得高能量放大系数的一个有效方法。增加螺线管段数和导线并联分支数,可得到一个比较好的电压平台。     

“强光一号”装置上部分Z箍缩实验结果的物理分析

从原子的电离能和维持等离子体所需能量出发，给出了估算任一元素材料，要产生任一壳层的X射线辐射，每个离子(原子)所需要的基本能量和要达到的内爆箍缩速度的方法.对“强光一号”加速器上典型的氪喷气和部分钨丝阵Z箍缩实验的电流和电压波形所蕴涵的丰富物理信息进行了分析，得到了电感和洛伦兹(Lorentz)力做功等物理量的变化规律以及负载参数变化对它们的影响.该电感与基于壳层模型计算出的电感有较大的差异.前者随箍缩开始而缓慢增大，甚至在箍缩到心和飞散后还在增大，最后大致稳定在100 nH附近.差异可能是由于壳层模型过于简化和电流电压的测点同负载有一定的距离而造成的.当丝阵直径为8 mm时，洛伦兹力做功最大；当丝阵直径相同时，丝数较大时，洛伦兹力做功也较大.同时还对该加速器的喷气和丝阵负载的线质量进行了优化，表明也是直径为8 mm的钨丝阵为最佳负载，这同实验的优化结果也一致.     

蓄电池供电的级联型爆磁压缩发生器实验研究

 一种由蓄电池作为初始能源的紧凑型螺线管爆磁压缩发生器由两级构成,其中第一级作为能量放大器,第二级通过磁通耦合对第一级输出的脉冲进行陡化以驱动较大的电感负载。初始能源由蓄电池、高压逆变器及储能电容器（220μF, 6 kV）构成。在爆磁压缩发生器运行以前,用5 min给储能电容器充上6 kV的电压。实验证明4 Ah的铅酸蓄电池可以通过高压逆变系统给220 μF的电容器充电超过五次以上,此时电池的电压仍然高于11 V。由此可见,以蓄电池加高压逆变器和储能电容器作为其初始能源,能够满足体积小、稳定提供较大的初始能量的能力。同时利用级联型爆磁压缩发生器,能够在较小的体积和重量的情况下驱动较大的电感负载(4μH),实现输出电流120kA,电流的上升时间为15 μs的预期目标。     

Investigations of a nonlinear energy harvester with a bistable potential well

This paper investigates a nonlinear energy harvester that uses magnetic interactions to create an inertial generator with a bistable potential well. The motivating hypothesis for this work was that nonlinear behavior could be used to improve the performance of an energy harvester by broadening its frequency response. Theoretical investigations study the harvester's response when directly powering an electrical load. Both theoretical and experimental tests show that the potential well escape phenomenon can be used to broaden the frequency response of an energy harvester.     

Enhanced switching law for synchronized switch damping on inductor with bimodal excitation

Piezoelectric shunt damping is an emerging field of research. In recent years, a multitude of different electrical circuits have been developed aiming to increase the damping performance and robustness. Synchronized switch damping on inductor (SSDI) is a semi-active control technique that utilizes a passive inductance to build-up a voltage on the piezoceramics that is synchronized with the mechanical vibration. For a single mode excitation the voltage inversion should occur at the moments of maximum deformation, but for multimodal vibrations such a switching law may not be optimal.In this paper a novel switching law for bimodal vibrations is presented using a modal observer. An enhanced voltage build-up is generated by utilizing the vibration energy of the second mode. The amplification of dissipated energy is calculated in an analytical way using normalized parameters, yielding a general result which includes the influence of the frequency and amplitude ratio of the excitation signal. Measurements on a clamped beam test rig are conducted in order to validate the proposed method. An increase of nearly 350 percent in energy dissipation compared to the classical SSDI has been achieved. Furthermore, the increase in energy dissipation is higher than for a previously suggested, comparable switching law.     

爆磁压缩发生器通过脉冲变压器对脉冲形成线充电的理论分析

 将爆磁压缩等效为电流源的方法，对爆磁压缩发生器通过脉冲变压器对脉冲形成线充电进行了理论分析，得出爆磁压缩发生器在负载上产生电流波形（简称负载电流）为直线情况和任意电流波形情况下充电电流和充电电压的表达式。分析表明变压器耦合互感与负载电流随时间变化增长率是脉冲形成线充电的两个重要参数，脉冲形成线第一个充电电压峰值与变压器的耦合互感和负载电流波形斜率成正比，负载电流波形斜率的变化可以改变充电电压峰值的时间，斜率不断增加可以延长第一个充电电压峰值时间，从而可能增加充电电压的幅值，提高爆磁压缩发生器能量的利用效率。     

Modeling of pulsed spark discharge in water and its application to well cleaning

This paper presents a simulation model for the generation of strong pressure wave by means of pulsed spark discharge in water and its application to well cleaning. In the simulation model, one-dimensional time-dependent magnetohydrodynamic equations are coupled to a capacitive discharge circuit equation. A cylindrical conducting spark channel formed by electrical breakdown of water gap between a pair of electrodes is treated as a load of which resistance and inductance are allowed to change with time. For describing the spark channel properties accurately, precise calculations on thermodynamic properties and electrical conductivity are included in the simulation model. The simulation results show an excellent agreement with the experimentally measured shock pressure as well as the current and voltage waveforms. The simulation reveals that Joule heating of the spark channel during the very early phase of electrical discharge plays a key role in the formation of shock wave in water. The voltage on a capacitor at breakdown, the circuit inductance, and the resistance of the spark channel are found to be the most important parameters for the shock wave formation. With this technique, a pilot test for the cleaning of a clogged well has been performed in a water well which was constructed as a test-bed for riverbank filtration near the Anseong-cheon (river) in Korea. Well treatments have been carried out with an electrical energy of 510 J stored on a pulsed power system, at which the maximum shock pressure is measured to be around 7 MPa at the position of the well screen, i.e. 0.1 m away from the spark gap. A slug test shows 2.9 times improvement in the hydraulic conductivity of the well, which, combined with a visual inspection inside the well using an underwater camera, clearly demonstrates that the strong pressure wave generated by underwater spark discharge can effectively remove almost all incrustations formed in the well screen and thus improve well performance. Operating parameters for controlling the strength of shock pressure are discussed using the simulation model for extensive applications of the present technique to various types of water wells.     

How to increase the efficiency of the electrical discharge method for destruction of nonconductive solid materials

The paper deals with the relevance of using electrical discharge technology for construction works in the city. The technical capabilities of the installation for the multi-borehole electro-discharge splitting off and destruction of rocks and concrete are described. The ways to increase the efficiency of the electrical discharge method for the destruction of solids are proposed. In order to augment the discharge circuit energy, the energy storage is separated into two individual capacitor batteries. The throttle with the inductance of 28.6 μH is installed in one of the batteries, which increases the duration of the channel energy release to 400 μs and the efficiency of electrical discharge splitting off of concrete.     

用于等离子体焦点装置的强流装置

研制了用于稠密等离子体焦点的强流装置,该装置采用八台低电感低内阻脉冲电容器和八个低感大电流、可控触发高压开关并联组成初级储能模块,高压开关同步击穿后产生μs级强电流经平行板传输线加载到负载。脉冲电容器和高压开关采用一体化设计,结构紧凑,使脉冲电容器与高压开关间的连接电感尽可能小;平板传输线为扇形结构,一个扇形平板传输线连接一个高压开关,平行板传输线可以将电感做得较小,有利于大电流回路的传输。在脉冲电容器充电20 kV时,假负载上可以得到500 kA的电流,电流上升时间约为3.7 μs。     

脉冲功率系统储能型超导脉冲变压器放电研究

为了研究储能型超导脉冲变压器的电气参数对输出电流脉冲和效率的影响,介绍了储能型超导脉冲变压器的工作机理,运用MATLAB/Simulink软件对放电过程进行丁建模仿真.主要研究了储能型超导脉冲变压器放电电路的电阻参数(包括释能电阻与负载电阻)和电感参数(包括脉冲变压器原边电感和副边电感)对输出的电流脉冲和效率的影响.仿...     

共顶点同轴圆锥形及圆盘形传输线的电参数计算公式

 用安培环路定理、高斯定理推导了共顶点同轴圆锥形及圆盘形两种重要的理想传输线电参数的计算公式，给出了电场、电感、电容及阻抗的解析表达式或数值求解方法；用实例验证了推导的公式和介绍的方法；应用验证后的公式或方法对一个设计进行了估算，得到了合理的结果。     

非线性磁式压电振动能量采集系统建模与分析

为便于评价、优化磁式压电振动能量采集系统的性能,系统研究了该类系统的建模与分析方法,建立了非线性的分布参数模型用于描述系统的非线性动力学行为,并采用谐波平衡法给出了谐波响应的解析解.随后利用仿真模型分析了磁铁间距、加速度幅值、负载阻抗对输出功率的影响,比较了不同激励频率和加速度幅值下的最优阻抗.结果表明:双稳态特性适用于低强度的振动环境,且愈接近临界区域,输出功率愈高,而单稳态渐硬特性适用于高强度振动环境,其最优间距并不靠近临界区域;阱间大幅运动和阱内小幅运动均存在高低能量态共存的现象,愈接近临界区域,现象愈明显;激振频率是影响最优负载阻抗的决定性因素.