Dynamic characteristics of launch vehicle and spacecraft connected by clamp band

Spacecraft is usually fastened to the launch vehicle by clamp band in the aerospace industry. The application of clamp band joint brings local stiffness variation to the launch vehicle and spacecraft (LV/SC) system and affects the dynamic characteristics of the system. In this paper, the dynamic responses of the LV/SC system to the vibration and impact excitations were studied, where the effect of the clamp band joint was taken into account. Firstly, the mathematical model of the axial stiffness of the clamp band joint was derived. In the model, contact and slippage between the components were accommodated. Then the stiffness model was employed to construct the coupling dynamic model for the LV/SC system using the finite element software ANSYS. Finally, modal analysis and response analysis were carried out on the coupling dynamic model to investigate the dynamic characteristics of the LV/SC system; the simulation results were compared with those based on the dynamic model where the launch vehicle and the spacecraft were considered to be fixed together to explore the effect of the clamp band joint on the LV/SC system.     

The dynamics of a cracked rotor with an active magnetic bearing

The dynamic characteristics of a cracked rotor with an active magnetic bearing (AMB) are theoretically analyzed in this paper. The effects of using optimal controller parameters on the dynamic characteristics of the cracked rotor and the effect of a crack on the stability of the active control system are discussed. It is shown that the dynamic characteristics of the cracked rotor with AMBs are clearly more complex than that of the traditional cracked rotor system. Adaptive control with AMBs may hide the fault characteristics of the cracked rotor, rather than helping to diagnose a crack; this will depend on the controller strategy used. It is very difficult to detect a crack in the rotor with an AMB support system when the vibration of the rotor system is fully controlled. Monitoring the super-harmonic components of 2× and 3× revolution in the sub-critical speed region can be used as an index to detect a crack in the rotor with an AMB system. If the effect of the crack is not taken into account at the design stage of the controller, then the rotor-AMB system will lose its stability in some cases when cracks appear.     

微电网动态调度模型

微电网系统中可再生能源出力和建筑负荷均具有随机特性,使得传统方法难以描述其动态特征,随着可再生能源的大量接入,微电网系统结构也愈趋复杂化,本文基于Modelica非因果建模语言对含随机参数的复杂系统进行动态描述,实现对可再生能源发电、储能元件和可控负荷的耦合建模,并验证其准确性。运用动态模拟结合多种群遗传算法对典型微电网系统进行24 h运行策略调整,结果验证了该模型与动态调度方法的有效性。     

INVESTIGATION ON THE DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF THE TRIPOD-BALL SLIDING JOINT WITH CLEARANCE IN A CRANK-SLIDER MECHANISM. PART 1. THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

Clearance is inevitable in the kinematic joints of mechanisms. In this paper, the dynamic behavior of a crank-slider mechanism with clearance in its tripod-ball sliding joint is investigated theoretically and experimentally. The mathematical model of this new-type of joint is established, and the new concepts of basal system and active system are put forward. Based on the mode-change criterion established in this paper, the consistent equations of motion in full-scale are derived by using Kane method. The experimental rig was set up to measure the effects of the clearance on the dynamic response. The dynamic responses including additional motion, input torque and acceleration have been obtained, and the effects of the clearance size and driving speed have also been investigated by both analytical and experimental means. Corresponding experimental studies verify the theoretical results satisfactorily.     

Optimal synthesis of 2D phononic crystals for broadband frequency isolation

The spatial distribution of material phases within a periodic composite can be engineered to produce band gaps in its frequency spectrum. Applications for such composite materials include vibration and sound isolation. Previous research focused on utilizing topology optimization techniques to design two-dimensional (2D) periodic materials with a maximized band gap around a particular frequency or between two particular dispersion branches. While sizable band gaps can be realized, the possibility remains that the frequency bandwidth of the load that is to be isolated might exceed the size of the band gap. In this paper, genetic algorithms are used to design squared bi-material unit cells with a maximized sum of band-gap widths, with or without normalization relative to the central frequency of each band gap, over a prescribed total frequency range of interest. The optimized unit cells therefore exhibit broadband frequency isolation characteristics. The effects of the ratios of contrasting material properties are also studied. The designed cells are subsequently used, with varying levels of material damping, to form a finite vibration isolation structure, which is subjected to broadband loading conditions. Excellent isolation properties of the synthesized material are demonstrated for this structure.     

Optimal synthesis of 2D phononic crystals for broadband frequency isolation

The spatial distribution of material phases within a periodic composite can be engineered to produce band gaps in its frequency spectrum. Applications for such composite materials include vibration and sound isolation. Previous research focused on utilizing topology optimization techniques to design two-dimensional (2D) periodic materials with a maximized band gap around a particular frequency or between two particular dispersion branches. While sizable band gaps can be realized, the possibility remains that the frequency bandwidth of the load that is to be isolated might exceed the size of the band gap. In this paper, genetic algorithms are used to design squared bi-material unit cells with a maximized sum of band-gap widths, with or without normalization relative to the central frequency of each band gap, over a prescribed total frequency range of interest. The optimized unit cells therefore exhibit broadband frequency isolation characteristics. The effects of the ratios of contrasting material properties are also studied. The designed cells are subsequently used, with varying levels of material damping, to form a finite vibration isolation structure, which is subjected to broadband loading conditions. Excellent isolation properties of the synthesized material are demonstrated for this structure.     

Identification of the dynamic properties of joints using frequency–response functions

The dynamic properties of joints are extremely difficult to model accurately using a purely analytical approach. However, these properties can be extracted from experimental data. In this paper we present a method for establishing a theoretical model of a joint from the substructures and assembly frequency–response function (FRF) data. The identification process considers not only translational, but also rotational degrees of freedom (RDOFs). The validity of the proposed method is demonstrated numerically and experimentally. A combined numerical–experimental approach was used to identify the mass, stiffness and damping effects of a real bolted joint. Using the least-squares method, data from the wide frequency range were used. A substructure synthesis method with the joint effects included was used to check the extracted values.     

Impact responses of multi-body systems with consistent and lumped masses

A method is presented for the dynamic analysis of inertia-variant constrained mechanical systems of interconnected rigid and flexible components which may be impacting on one another. The flexible bodies are permitted to undergo large angular rotations. Elastic co-ordinaets of flexible components are described by using sets of shape functions or shape vectors, resulting in consistent or lumped mass formulations that account for the non-linear inertia coupling between the reference motion and elastic deformations. The consistent formulation allows the use of the Rayleigh-Ritz method or the finite element method, while the lumped mass formulation allows the direct use of assumed shape vectors or experimentally identified data. The generalized impulse momentum relations for all bodies of the constrained mechanical system are formulated and solved to account for jump discontinuities in system velocities and constraint reaction forces resulting from impact. Numerical examples illustrate the effect of using estimated dynamic characteristics as well as using truncated sets of elastic co-ordinates to represent the elastic motion of flexible bodies on the accuracy of the dynamic model of a multi-body system subjected to shock loading conditions due to the impacts.     

太阳光谱辐射计的信号传递与性能表征模型研究

太阳光谱辐射计作为一种专用光谱辐射测量仪器,对于其宽谱段和大动态范围的测量特点,准确完整地表征分光性能是十分重要的。研究内容旨在为太阳光谱辐射计的研制与验证提供明确的理论依据和测试方法,给出清晰而准确的机理模型和指标模型对光谱仪器系统的设计和评估提供指导。因此,重点阐述了光谱仪器系统的信号传递模型到性能指标模型的推导和建立过程。线谱扩展函数这种串联卷积模型能够综合反映仪器的各个元件对系统的影响,而且很容易通过窄带线谱光源测试而得到,并且线谱扩展函数矩阵能够清晰完整地给出光谱仪器的分光性能细节特性。而在线谱扩展函数的基础上再进一步提取关键几何特征,通过简单的算法定义即可得到半高全宽(FWHM),带外抑制和带外辐射这三项示性函数指标,可以很好地对分光系统的性能进行定量表征,是十分有效的光谱仪器系统性能评估的指标模型。     

A dynamic approach to the sudden jump model in single molecule spectroscopy

Various theories that use the sudden jump model to explain the time dependence of the optical band of a single molecule in a fluctuating environment are analyzed. It is shown that the dynamic theory of the optical band, based on the Hamiltonian of the system, should necessarily include the initial conditions for the quantum system. We show how these initial conditions should be chosen for the dynamic theory to properly describe the quantum jumps of the optical band of a single molecule. Unlike stochastic theories based on the sudden jump model, the dynamic theory predicts several absorptances of a single molecule and directly connects the absorptance fluctuations with this fact. The theory is used to account for the time dependence of the broadening of experimentally measured lines of individual molecules.     

A HYBRID FINITE SEGMENT/FINITE ELEMENT MODELLING AND EXPERIMENT ON A FLEXIBLE DEPLOYMENT SYSTEM

This paper focuses on the dynamic responses of a flexible deployment system that has a central rigid body and four articulated flexible beams and undergoes locking impact. A hybrid finite segment/finite element model and an experiment are presented for the deploy-ment system. The flexible beam components in the system are modelled with the finite segments connected by massless beam elements, wherein the finite segments describe the inertia of the large rotation flexible beam and the massless elastic elements describe the elas-ticity of the flexible beam by taking the advantage of small deformation in the relative co-ordinate system. To model the internal impacts in the articulate joints due to clearances, a continuous contact force model of locking joint is also proposed. The governing differential-algebraic equations of the system are established by the Newton-Euler method with Lagrange multipliers and are solved with the method of generalized co-ordinate partitioning. To accelerate the numerical integration, a “longitudinal constraint” is suggested to alleviate the stiff problem of the dynamic equations. In addition, a physical model of the deployment system is constructed. The deployment is released by the compressed springs in the joints. A position measuring system of linear CCD cameras is used to measure the large displacement of the system. Correlations between the mathematical model and the experiments are also presented. Reasonable results are obtained.     

Influence of the random dynamic parameters of the human body on the dynamic characteristics of the coupled system of structure-crowd

The presence of human occupants may change the dynamic behaviour of structures considerably. While this effect is considered in mechanical engineering (e.g. interaction between driver seat and driver) and biomechanics (potentially damaging effects of vibrations) by using equivalent mass-spring-damper systems for the human body, the design practice in civil engineering still often clings to the so-called mass-only model, i.e. the occupants are considered only as additional masses when analysing the dynamic behaviour of floor slabs and stand structures. Recent research efforts aim to improve this situation by recommending averaged models for the human body. This approach seems to be reasonable for large crowds; however, for smaller groups, the question arises whether the random scatter in the dynamic characteristics of the human body leads to random scatter in the effective natural frequency and the effective damping of the coupled structure-crowd system. Based on a probabilistic model for the dynamic characteristics of the human body, an extensive study is presented in this paper. The key variables are the natural frequency of the bare structure, the ratio of the crowd’s mass to the structure mass and the group size. The scatter in the effective dynamic characteristics of the coupled system is revealed by the 90%-confidence interval. Furthermore, the maximum span of the respective bounds is used to identify cases where the averaged model fails to predict the real behaviour of the coupled system.     

Multi-objective optimization of laser transmission joining of thermoplastics

A central composite rotatable experimental design (CCRD) was used to plan the experiment of laser transmission joining of thermoplastic. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to establish the mathematical relationships between the joining process parameters (laser power, joining velocity, clamp pressure, scanning number) and the three responses (the joint strength, joint width and joint cost) and then the optimization capabilities in design-expert software were used to carry out the multi-objective optimization of the joining process. In this paper, the models were tested for adequacy using analysis of variance, the predicted errors were calculated, the effects of joining process parameters were determined, and the optimal conditions were identified. It is demonstrated that the predicted results of the optimization are in good agreement with the experimental results, so this study provides an effective instruction to enhance the joint quality and minimize the joint cost.     

X形超阻尼局域共振声子晶体梁弯曲振动带隙特性

以声子晶体理论为基础,设计了一种具有超阻尼特性的X形局域共振结构,分析了周期性附加X形局域共振的梁弯曲振动传播特性.利用拉格朗日方程分析了X形局域共振结构动力学等效特性,揭示了该结构的阻尼放大的机理,分析了几何结构参数对于带隙特性的影响,并利用有限元法验证了X形局域共振结构的超阻尼特性.研究结果表明,周期性附加X形局域结构能够有效地抑制低频弯曲振动在梁中的传播,产生超阻尼特性,实现低频、宽带的减振效果,为结构的低频减振提供了一个新的设计方案.     

Control analysis of the tunable phononic crystal with electrorheological material

The elastic band structure of a two-dimensional phononic crystal (PC) with electrorheological (ER) material is investigated and the plane-wave-expansion (PWE) method is adopted to solve the problem in this paper. The ER material is used to act as a tunable elastic composite inserts and its material parameter can be changed by the applied electric fields. Variations of the band gaps for the phononic composite system are also calculated with various electric fields and it is found to have a significant effect on the band gaps of the phononic system with ER material inserts. The band gaps of the smart system can be controlled and the acoustic characteristics of the system are also changed by applied different electric fields.     

Interfacial effects for shear waves in one dimensional periodic piezoelectric structure

Within the full system of Maxwell's equations this paper investigates the effects of three kinds of transmission conditions at the interfaces between the laminae of a periodic piezoelectric structure on band gaps of Bloch-Floquet waves propagating oblique to the interfaces. The results that are obtained show that under both electrically shorted and magnetically closed transmission conditions Bloch-Floquet waves exist only at acoustic frequencies. The effects of piezoelectricity on Bloch-Floquet wave band structures are studied at such frequencies. It is shown that for periodic crystal structures with laminae made of identical materials the propagation of Bloch-Floquet waves can occur under electrically shorted interface conditions but not under magnetically closed interface conditions.For electrically open interfaces with mechanically smooth contacts the dynamic setting of the problem provides solutions only for photonic crystals. In this case the piezoelectricity has no effect on band gaps.     

Vibration analyses of an inclined flat plate subjected to moving loads

The object of this paper is to present a moving mass element so that one may easily perform the dynamic analysis of an inclined plate subjected to moving loads with the effects of inertia force, Coriolis force and centrifugal force considered. To this end, the mass, damping and stiffness matrices of the moving mass element, with respect to the local coordinate system, are derived first by using the principle of superposition and the definition of shape functions. Next, the last property matrices of the moving mass element are transformed into the global coordinate system and combined with the property matrices of the inclined plate itself to determine the effective overall property matrices and the instantaneous equations of motion of the entire vibrating system. Because the property matrices of the moving mass element have something to do with the instantaneous position of the moving load, both the property matrices of the moving mass element and the effective overall ones of the entire vibrating system are time-dependent. At any instant of time, solving the instantaneous equations of motion yields the instantaneous dynamic responses of the inclined plate. For validation, the presented technique is used to determine the dynamic responses of a horizontal pinned–pinned plate subjected to a moving load and a satisfactory agreement with the existing literature is achieved. Furthermore, extensive studies on the inclined plate subjected to moving loads reveal that the influences of moving-load speed, inclined angle of the plate and total number of the moving loads on the dynamic responses of the inclined plate are significant in most cases, and the effects of Coriolis force and centrifugal force are perceptible only in the case of higher moving-load speed.     

Coupled dynamic analysis of a single gimbal control moment gyro cluster integrated with an isolation system

Control moment gyros (CMGs) are widely used as actuators for attitude control in spacecraft. However, micro-vibrations produced by CMGs will degrade the pointing performance of high-sensitivity instruments on-board the spacecraft. This paper addresses dynamic modelling and performs an analysis on the micro-vibration isolation for a single gimbal CMG (SGCMG) cluster. First, an analytical model was developed to describe both the coupled SGCMG cluster and the multi-axis isolation system that can express the dynamic outputs. This analytical model accurately reflects the mass and inertia properties, the gyroscopic effects and flexible modes of the coupled system, which can be generalized for isolation applications of SGCMG clusters. Second, the analytical model was validated using MSC.NASTRAN software based on the finite element technique. The dynamic characteristics of the coupled system are affected by the mass distribution and the gyroscopic effects of the SGCMGs. The gyroscopic effects produced by the rotary flywheel will stiffen or soften several of the structural modes of the coupled system. In addition, the gyroscopic effect of each SGCMG can interact with or counteract that of others, which induce vibration modes coupled together. Finally, the performance of the passive isolation was analysed. It was demonstrated that the gyroscopic effects should be considered in isolation studies on SGCMG clusters; otherwise, the isolation performance will be underestimated if they are ignored.     

Free vibration analysis of a rotating hub–functionally graded material beam system with the dynamic stiffening effect

A comprehensive dynamic model of a rotating hub–functionally graded material (FGM) beam system is developed based on a rigid–flexible coupled dynamics theory to study its free vibration characteristics. The rigid–flexible coupled dynamic equations of the system are derived using the method of assumed modes and Lagrange's equations of the second kind. The dynamic stiffening effect of the rotating hub–FGM beam system is captured by a second-order coupling term that represents longitudinal shrinking of the beam caused by the transverse displacement. The natural frequencies and mode shapes of the system with the chordwise bending and stretching (B–S) coupling effect are calculated and compared with those with the coupling effect neglected. When the B–S coupling effect is included, interesting frequency veering and mode shift phenomena are observed. A two-mode model is introduced to accurately predict the most obvious frequency veering behavior between two adjacent modes associated with a chordwise bending and a stretching mode. The critical veering angular velocities of the FGM beam that are analytically determined from the two-mode model are in excellent agreement with those from the comprehensive dynamic model. The effects of material inhomogeneity and graded properties of FGM beams on their dynamic characteristics are investigated. The comprehensive dynamic model developed here can be used in graded material design of FGM beams for achieving specified dynamic characteristics.     

Dynamic analysis and fractional-order adaptive sliding mode control for a novel fractional-order ferroresonance system

Ferroresonance is a complex nonlinear electrotechnical phenomenon, which can result in thermal and electrical stresses on the electric power system equipments due to the over voltages and over currents it generates. The prediction or determination of ferroresonance depends mainly on the accuracy of the model used. Fractional-order models are more accurate than the integer-order models. In this paper, a fractional-order ferroresonance model is proposed. The influence of the order on the dynamic behaviors of this fractional-order system under different parameters n and F is investigated.Compared with the integral-order ferroresonance system, small change of the order not only affects the dynamic behavior of the system, but also significantly affects the harmonic components of the system. Then the fractional-order ferroresonance system is implemented by nonlinear circuit emulator. Finally, a fractional-order adaptive sliding mode control(FASMC)method is used to eliminate the abnormal operation state of power system. Since the introduction of the fractional-order sliding mode surface and the adaptive factor, the robustness and disturbance rejection of the controlled system are enhanced. Numerical simulation results demonstrate that the proposed FASMC controller works well for suppression of ferroresonance over voltage.