基于自由曲面的大视场天基探测光学系统

设计了一种大视场空间光学探测系统,结合空间目标特性及探测器性能指标计算了系统参数,确定了系统的技术指标,实现了对空间255 km处目标9等星的探测。系统采用离轴三反式光学结构,工作波段为400～900 nm,焦距为64 mm,视场角为30°×30°。系统的主镜和三镜分别采用Zernike多项式和XY多项式自由曲面进行设计,对系统进行光线追迹获取了自由曲面的离散点数据,利用Matlab对获得的离散点进行拟合,得到了主镜和三镜的自由曲面面型。系统的能量集中度高,成像质量良好。     

基于深度学习的认知成像激光雷达(特邀)

为提升传统成像激光雷达系统对场景的感知能力和信号处理算法的泛化能力,提出了一种基于深度学习的认知成像激光雷达方法,通过深度学习点云目标检测算法的处理结果进一步调控核心成像参数,形成认知反馈,提升系统成像质量和环境感知能力。为验证该方法的可行性,设计并实现了一套认知成像激光雷达演示模块,通过实验对比分析,选择激光器的发射功率、成像系统的扫描视场和扫描角分辨率三个成像参数进行认知反馈,并结合深度学习方法实现了与场景的动态交互学习,解决了传统激光雷达成像参数固化的问题。实验结果表明,采用基于深度学习的认知成像工作模式有效提升了现有深度学习点云目标检测算法的泛化能力和目标检测精度。     

国外地基光电系统空间目标探测的进展

简要介绍了国外先进地基空间监视系统的发展现状,从地基光电系统观测空间目标的角度描述了星火光学靶场35 m口径望远镜系统及367 m口径高级光电(AEOS)望远镜系统,给出了这两种望远镜系统的工作性能和所开展的工作。通过对这两套系统的设计理念和先进单元技术的研究,对构造“用于卫星成像的地基光电系统”的相关技术进行了初步探讨;针对目前提出的“对卫星成像的大口径地基光电观测设备”的总体研制方案,提出了建造应用自适应光学技术的18 m地平式望远镜的观点,提出该系统应设计为一个功能可扩展的光学平台。     

基于同心多尺度成像的机载光电系统探测能力分析

同心多尺度成像技术为突破传统光学成像中分辨率与视场之间的矛盾提供了一条有效的途径。将同心多尺度成像模式应用于机载光电探测系统,实现机载广域宽视场高分辨目标探测。综合分析了目标辐射空间分布、目标辐射传输和光学系统成像等特性,建立了表征同心多尺度成像系统的探测能力理论模型,得到了系统探测能力与组成单元透镜的口径、焦距、间距等参数之间的变化关系。并用光学设计软件Zemax设计了实际光学系统,数值模拟了空中来袭运动目标的光谱信号信噪比(SNR)响应特征。结果表明合理增加同心多尺度成像系统中的物镜焦距、减小目镜焦距、增大系统口径和降低探测信噪比阈值等能够有效提高成像系统的探测能力。     

相干式CO2激光成像雷达光学系统

根据目标粗糙表面散射回波统计理论和随机相位匹配规则分析了相干激光雷达光学天线参数确定和本振光设计方法,研制了一套扫描激光雷达光学天线系统,并应用于单管线性调频脉冲压缩激光雷达接收到了７．８ｋｍ房屋的散射回波信号,信噪比较好,激光功率约为５Ｗ。     

可见/中波双波段共口径光学系统设计

为了提高光电探测设备目标探测与识别的能力,设计了一套可见/中波双波段共口径光学系统。根据实际工程经验总结了一套分段设计、组合优化的光学设计方法,通过合理地分配光焦度,分段选择合适的初始结构,再现了双波段共口径光学系统初始结构的设计过程;结合CodeV和TracePro软件量化了制冷型中波红外探测系统的冷反射现象,并且通过外场试验成像验证了分析结论的正确性。双波段共口径光学系统最大视场达到1.25°,畸变小于0.1%,可以在环境温度?30 ℃～50 ℃下工作,中波红外探测系统实现了100%冷光阑匹配,可见光探测系统可以实现大、小视场的切换,双波段成像系统具有调焦、调光功能。该系统成像质量良好、可加工性好、装配难度小、工程可实施性强。     

菲涅耳望远镜全孔径合成成像激光雷达:原理

提出了一种菲涅耳望远镜全孔径合成成像激光雷达的概念,原理基于对目标进行同轴同心相位二次项偏振正交双光束扫描的光电数据收集以及光学和数字计算空间复相位解调的图像重构.具有两种工作模式即目标移动而光束一维扫描和目标静止而光束二维扫描,能够实现目标超光学分辨率极限的二维成像并具有三维成像能力.由于实施了空间对时间的传输信号转...     

激光三维距离图象获取和处理系统的方案设计

本文首先讨论和比较了三角法测距和激光雷达测距的原理和性能,然后描述了一种新型的基于激光雷达测距并运用于远距离、大体积目标的三维距离图象获取和处理系统,并给出了系统的性能指标和设计参数。     

基于共形衍射光学系统的合成孔径激光雷达成像探测

合成孔径激光雷达(SAL)可在大前斜视角条件下以较小的光学孔径,对远距离目标进行高分辨率、高数据率成像,是光学成像探测的一种重要形式。对口径为100mm、作用距离为20km、分辨率为0.05m的SAL的工作模式、系统方案、指标参数和关键技术进行分析,并提出与设备整流罩共形的衍射光学系统概念,有利于减少气动影响和设备的体积、质量。借助微波相控阵天线模型,研究基于频率扫描变化的激光波束展宽和一维波束扫描方法,给出相关波束方向图的仿真结果。结果表明,基于曲面共形衍射光学系统的SAL成像探测技术具有可行性。     

激光驱动X射线单色背光照相系统优化设计

 基于球面几何光学对激光驱动X射线单色背光照相系统的空间分辨力和成像效率等关键性能参数进行了理论推导,分析了当系统光学参数发生变化时,系统空间分辨力和成像效率互为制约的关系,由此提出了在保证能探测到图像的前提下,尽量提高系统空间分辨能力的优化设计方法。按照此方法具体设计了光子能量分别为5.07 keV和5.41 keV的两套背光照相系统,并用光线追迹模拟实验进行了验证。结果表明：设计的两套系统都能够在大约1 cm²的视场范围内,具有优于10 μm的空间分辨力。     

基于多帧背景的泄漏气体自适应匹配滤波检测

被动傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)扫描遥测成像系统采集的红外高光谱图像具有空间、光谱等维度信息,可被用于大气环境中有毒有害气体的识别、定量及可视化。该系统具有光谱分辨率高、非接触式及远距离探测等优点,然而其单帧图像的像元数量少且部分存在气体吸收或发射特征,无法直接用于红外高光谱图像的目标检测。提出了基于多帧背景的泄漏气体自适应匹配滤波(AMF)检测方法,以短时间内、同一区域的多帧红外高光谱图像为基础,筛选出无目标气体特征的背景光谱并计算探测区域的背景最大似然估计,应用于后续帧的目标气体泄漏检测。红外高光谱图像来自于SF₆气体的遥测实验,共扫描四帧（120像元/帧）,去除前三帧内含有目标气体特征的像元光谱,剩余背景光谱被用于计算背景的最大似然估计,第四帧红外高光谱图像逐像元对SF₆气体进行的AMF检测,并与非线性最小二乘法反演的SF₆柱浓度图像比对,结果表明AMF检测高值与柱浓度高值有较强的相关性。为验证多帧背景在不同空间检测方法下的性能,分别对该帧数据进行了基于正交子空间的自适应子空间检测(ASD)、基于混合空间的自适应余弦检测(ACE)及基于斜子空间的最大似然比检测(OGLRT),并分别与SF₆柱浓度图像比对,结果表明多帧背景适用于不同空间的检测方法。此外,为验证存在目标气体吸收特征的非背景光谱对背景空间的影响,向背景空间中加入多条含有SF₆气体吸收特征的光谱,通过ROC曲线检验,结果表明背景空间中混入目标气体特征会降低AMF方法的检测性能。AMF检测值的假彩色图像也能应用于被动FTIR扫描遥测成像系统,相较于柱浓度假彩色图像,泄漏源及扩散趋势更为明显。基于红外高光谱图像的检测方法依赖于整体背景的统计特性,相较于单像元光谱波段的反演算法,极大地降低了背景的依赖性。多帧背景下的AMF泄漏气体检测方法能很好地应用于被动FTIR扫描遥测成像系统上并满足在线监测要求。     

Application of a Passive Polarimetric Infrared Sensor in Improved Detection and Classification of Targets

Automatic detection and recognition of targets by means of passive IR sensors suffer from limitations due to lack of sufficient contrast between the targets and their background, and among the facets of a target.In this paper the results of a suite of polarization-sensitive automatic target detection and recognition algorithms on sets of simulated and real polarimetric IR imagery are presented. A custom designed Polarimetric IR (PIR) imaging sensor is used for collecting real polarimetric target data-three of the four Stokes parameters under a variety of conditions. Then a set of novel algorithms are designed and tested that uses the target and background Stokes parameters for detection, segmentation and classification of targets.The empirical performance results are obtained in terms of the probabilities of detection, false alarm rate, segmentation accuracy, and recognition probabilities as functions of number of pixels on target, aspect and depression angles and under several background conditions (clutter densities) on the polarimetric and non-polarimetrirc data. These results show that a noticeable improvement over the non-polarimetric ATR can be achieved.     

Benefits of space-time diversity for radar

When designing a new radar system, standard resolution trade-offs play a major role, providing the basic parameters of the radar, such as size, update rate, and range. Besides, diversity has long been used for mitigating fading effects due to the fluctuation of targets and clutter.However, with the arrival of more flexible systems, using multiple parallel channels on transmit and receive, and wider instantaneous bandwidths, these standard trade-offs are becoming less simple—and more flexible. In this communication, we will analyse the benefits of diversity and its relations with range, Doppler, and angle, for detection and location of moving targets with wideband/wide-beam radar systems. The idea is to contribute to a better understanding of the real benefits of agile transmissions for detection/localization of moving targets, focusing on range, velocity, and angular measurement improvements, as well as on the benefits for detection of moving targets.Special attention will be given to the quality of the different wideband wide-beam sensor modes for long-range surveillance, and new results on detection of moving targets in clutter will be provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of these new architectures for small target detection at long range, in difficult environments.     

Analysis of space target detection range based on space-borne fisheye imaging system in deep space background

A space-borne photoelectric detection method is proposed based on the long wave infrared (LWIR, 8–14 μm) fisheye imaging system (LWIRFIS) in this paper. The existing detection range equation is modified to calculate the maximum detection ranges of the LWIRFIS for space targets, and the influence of several key parameters is discussed in detail. The results show that, the system maximum detection range increases with the decrease of the half-field angle, the increase of the target area, the rise of the target temperature, the drop of the optics temperature, and the reduction of the system threshold signal-to-noise ratio. The detection range can be improved greatly through taking measures to optimize the latter two system parameters, such as setting up diaphragms, controlling the operating temperature, suppressing the noises by software or hardware methods. This work lays the foundation for the further research of space-borne super-wide field of view (FOV) imaging system, and provides a useful exploration for improving the capability of space situation awareness (SSA) of the space-borne observation platform.     

High resolution inverse synthetic aperture radar imaging of three-axis-stabilized space target by exploiting orbital and sparse priors

The development of inverse synthetic aperture radar(ISAR) imaging techniques is of notable significance for monitoring, tracking and identifying space targets in orbit. Usually, a well-focused ISAR image of a space target can be obtained in a deliberately selected imaging segment in which the target moves with only uniform planar rotation. However, in some imaging segments, the nonlinear range migration through resolution cells(MTRCs) and time-varying Doppler caused by the three-dimensional rotation of the target would degrade the ISAR imaging performance, and it is troublesome to realize accurate motion compensation with conventional methods. Especially in the case of low signal-to-noise ratio(SNR),the estimation of motion parameters is more difficult. In this paper, a novel algorithm for high-resolution ISAR imaging of a space target by using its precise ephemeris and orbital motion model is proposed. The innovative contributions are as follows. 1) The change of a scatterer projection position is described with the spatial-variant angles of imaging plane calculated based on the orbital motion model of the three-axis-stabilized space target. 2) A correction method of MTRC in slant-and cross-range dimensions for arbitrarily imaging segment is proposed. 3) Coarse compensation for translational motion using the precise ephemeris and the fine compensation for residual phase errors by using sparsity-driven autofocus method are introduced to achieve a high-resolution ISAR image. Simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

Joint decision and Naive Bayes learning for detection of space multi-target

In the photoelectric tracking system, the detection of space multi-target is crucial for target localization and tracking. The difficulties include the interferences from CCD smear and strong noise, the few characteristics of spot-like targets and the challenge of multiple targets. In this paper, we propose a hybrid algorithm of joint decision and Naive Bayes (JD-NB) learning, and present the duty ratio feature to discriminate the target and smear blocks. Firstly, we extract the proper features and train the parameters of the Naive Bayes classifier. Secondly, target blocks are preliminarily estimated with the Naive Bayes. Lastly, the 4-adjacent blocks of the candidate target blocks are jointed to analyze the distribution pattern and the true target blocks are secondarily extracted by the method of pattern matching. Experimental results indicate that the proposed JD-NB algorithm not only possesses a high recognition rate of better than 90% for the target block, but also effectively overcomes the disturbance of the smear block. Moreover, it performs well in the detection of small and faint targets when the SNR of the block is higher than about 0.014.     

Target parameter estimation for OTFS radar using sparse signal processing

In this paper, we consider a monostatic radar receiver for a joint communication and radar (JCR) system that transmits orthogonal time frequency space (OTFS) frames for target detection and parameter estimation. The circular prolate pulse shape (CPPS) is employed over the OTFS signal as it has lower out-of-band (OoB) power radiation in comparison with the rectangular pulse shaped (RPS) OTFS. The PAPR of CPPS OTFS signal shows lowest value for larger frame duration and hence the signal can be considered to be a good candidate for JCR system. In the Delay-Doppler (DD) domain, the radar channel is sparse and therefore, we model the target detection problem as a sparse recovery problem to generate target profiles with higher peak-to-sidelobe ratio (PSLR). The target detection is carried out in the DD domain, the time–frequency (TF) domain, and in the time domain (TD). Sparse signal recovery algorithms like the orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) algorithm, the subspace pursuit (SP) algorithm, and the sparse Bayesian learning (SBL) based algorithm are used in target parameter estimation. The performance of these algorithms are compared in terms of their computational complexity, the root mean squared error (RMSE) in the estimates of range and velocity and PSLR value in the target profiles. Simulation results validate that the proposed CPPS OTFS based radar system could detect the targets accurately in all the three domains and produce target profiles with almost zero side lobes.     

Visual Passive Ranging Method Based on Re-entrant Coaxial Optical Path and Experimental Verification

To overcome the shortcomings of the traditional passive ranging technology based on image, such as poor ranging accuracy, low reliability and complex system, a new visual passive ranging method based on re-entrant coaxial optical path is presented. The target image is obtained using double cameras with coaxial optical path. Since there is imaging optical path difference between the cameras, the images are different. In comparison of the image differences, the target range could be reversed. The principle of the ranging method and the ranging model are described. The relationship among parameters in the ranging process is analyzed quantitatively. Meanwhile,the system composition and technical realization scheme are also presented. Also, the principle of the method is verified by the equivalent experiment. The experimental results show that the design scheme is correct and feasible with good robustness. Generally, the ranging error is less than 10% with good convergence. The optical path is designed in a re-entrant mode to reduce the volume and weight of the system. Through the coaxial design,the visual passive range of the targets with any posture can be obtained in real time. The system can be widely used in electro-optical countermeasure and concealed photoelectric detection.     

基于偏振菲涅尔反射比分布的主动偏振成像目标辨别方法

由于偏振特性是材料自身所决定的物理特性,其偏振图像含有丰富的目标信息,利用偏振信息对目标进行识别一直是国内外目标探测领域的研究热点,而主动偏振成像较之被动偏振成像更具有信噪比高以及可控性好等优势。在详细分析了偏振菲涅尔反射比分布的理论基础上,提出了一种利用探测物体表面的偏振菲涅尔反射比的主动偏振成像方法。该方法在发射端将偏振方向正交的两种偏振态的光源交替照射到目标场景中,在探测端用分别装有两个偏振方向垂直的偏振片的CCD采集偏振图像。同时,将探测端架构在不同的探测方向采集目标经主动光源照射后的偏振数据,最后将这些数据传输到计算中心,通过最优化拟合技术反演出不同目标的光学常数,由于不同目标的表面材质不同,其反映出的光学常数就不同,从而达到辨识不同材质目标的目的。实验分别采用了仿真数据和实测数据来验证该方法的有效性。仿真实验显示,所提出的方法利用材料的光学常数对不同材料进行区分不仅是科学的而且更方便有效。实测数据进一步验证了该方法能够较好的恢复出目标的相关光学常数,尤其在区分金属和非金属材料方面表现突出,并且探测方法结构简单实用,在目标探测、伪装识别等领域中有较大应用前景。     

激光偏振主动探测及成像系统的误差研究以及系统的改进

利用Mueller矩阵,以三种典型目标为模型,全面分析了主动偏振成像系统的误差来源。在实验系统典型参数下,对偏振度误差进行了模拟。提出了利用标准偏振度目标校准系统参数的方法,提高了实验系统的精度。以仿真结果为基础,对实验系统进行了进一步的改进。通过对实验元件参数和位置的合理配置,该实验系统能够提供高精度的目标偏振度探测。误差分析结果为偏振成像实验系统元件参数的选择提供了重要的参考依据,同时也为实验系统的改进提供了理论支持。