Small-angle neutron scattering of dilute polystyrene chains at the protein limit of a colloid-polymer mixture

The present work investigates the structure of large polystyrene (PS) chains in solutions of small poly(ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA) microgel particles in toluene. Toluene is a good solvent for the PS chains. The PEMA colloids have an outer radius of R=11 nm which is much smaller in size than the radius of gyration Rg=58 nm of the PS chains. The system is considered to represent the protein limit of polymer-colloid mixtures. Structural investigation is performed by small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) using an appropriate contrast matching. This could be achieved by dissolving fully deuterated PS chains (D8-PS) in solutions of hydrogenated PEMA colloids in hydrogenated toluene (H-toluene). It is first demonstrated that PEMA colloids are satisfactorily contrast matched for SANS in H-toluene if the PEMA concentration does not exceed 200 g/l. Based on these findings, D8-PS is investigated by SANS in pure H-toluene and three different PEMA concentrations in H-toluene. The results indicate a drastic shrinking of D8-PS chain dimensions with increasing PEMA content. Comparison with model curves of star-branched Gaussian chains and Gaussian rings suggest a striking similarity of the respective density-density correlation of those models with the shrunken D8-PS chains. Along with this, a shrinking as large as 0.5 was estimated when the PEMA content reached 200 g/l.     

Miscibility of small colloidal spheres with large polymers in good solvent

Nearly athermal colloid-polymer mixtures were studied in the "protein limit." A fluid-fluid transition was observed in mixtures of stearyl-alcohol-coated silica particles and large polystyrene coils in toluene. The ratios of the polymer radius of gyration to the particle radii were q=4.1 and q=5.2. The binodal curves and the critical points were determined. Turbidity measurements and analysis for one set of particles allowed the systems to be mapped onto hard sphere-polymer mixtures. A comparison with recent predictions for the miscibility of model mixtures shows that the experimental binodals lie between the two extreme results for ideal and interacting polymers. The critical colloid volume fraction is also found to decrease with increasing size ratios.     

Diffusion of spherical micronetworks in polymer diluent systems and melts studied by dynamic light scattering techniques

Spherical polystyrene (PS) micronetworks can be prepared in microemulsion with bulk radii of 5–60 nm and different cross-linking densities. The diffusion of these PS spheres has been studied in polymer diluent systems ranging from dilute solutions to plasticized melts by using forced Rayleigh scattering and photon correlation spectroscopy. On increasing the PS concentration, a colloid glass transition is observed at a volume fraction Φ_C ≈ 0.64 of the swollen spheres. At higher concentration inside the “colloid glass” state the sphere diffusion is slowed down and becomes very complex but can be observed up to the limit of a melt of collapsed spheres.     

Synthesis of vinyl polymer-silica colloidal nanocomposites prepared using commercial alcoholic silica sols

The surfactant-free synthesis of vinyl polymer-silica nanocomposite particles has been achieved in aqueous alcoholic media at ambient temperature in the absence of auxiliary comonomers. Styrene, methyl methacrylate, methyl acrylate, n-butyl acrylate, and 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate were homopolymerized in turn in the presence of three commercially available ultrafine alcoholic silica sols. Stable colloidal dispersions with reasonably narrow size distributions were obtained, with silica contents of up to 58% by mass indicated by thermogravimetric analysis. Particle size distributions were assessed using both dynamic light scattering and disk centrifuge photosedimentometry. The former technique indicated that the particle size increased for the first 1-2 h at 25 degrees C and thereafter remained constant. Particle morphologies were studied using electron microscopy. Most of the colloidal nanocomposites comprised approximately spherical particles with relatively narrow size distributions, but in some cases more polydisperse or nonspherical particles were obtained. Selected acrylate-based nanocomposites were examined in terms of their film formation behavior. Scanning electron microscopy studies indicated relatively smooth films were obtained on drying at 20 degrees C, with complete loss of the original particle morphology. The optical clarity of solution-cast 10 microm nanocomposite films was assessed using visible absorption spectrophotometry, with 93-98% transmission being obtained from 400 to 800 nm; the effect of long-term immersion of such films in aqueous solutions was also examined. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies indicated that the surface compositions of these nanocomposite particles are invariably silica-rich, which is consistent with their long-term colloidal stability and also with aqueous electrophoresis measurements. FT-IR studies suggested that in the case of the poly(methyl methacrylate)-silica nanocomposite particles, the carbonyl ester groups in the polymer are hydrogen-bonded to the surface silanol groups. According to differential scanning calorimetry studies, the glass transition temperatures of several poly(methyl methacrylate)-silica and polystyrene-silica nanocomposites can be either higher or lower than those of the corresponding homopolymers, depending on the nature of the silica sol.     

A small angle neutron scattering study of the conformation of a side chain liquid crystal poly(methacrylate) in the smectic C phase

The conformation of the backbone in the side chain liquid crystal polymer poly\[ omega (4-methoxybiphenyl-4-yloxy)butyl methacrylate] has been studied in the smectic C and nematic phases. Small angle neutron scattering experiments were performed on mixtures of molecules with perdeuteriated backbones and unlabelled molecules. The polymer is found to adopt an oblate conformation in the smectic C phase. The components of the radius of gyration parallel and perpendicular to the director are determined as a function of temperature from Guinier plots of the SANS data. The radii of gyration do not vary across the smectic phase and are found to be Rg,||=(27+/-1)A, Rg, =(42+/-1)A. These results are compared with recent SANS results for other side chain liquid crystal polymers.     

Poly(methyl methacrylate) dispersions in decane stabilized by a diblock copolymer

In a dispersion polymerization, the monomer is miscible with the reaction medium, while the resulting polymer is insoluble under the same conditions. The macroscopic precipitation of the polymer is prevented by a steric stabilizer. Methyl methacrylate was polymerized in decane in presence of polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene-co-propylene) and spherical dispersion particles of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) were obtained. The static light scattering yielded molar masses of particles in the range 4 × 10⁷ to 7 × 10⁹ g mol⁻¹. Dynamic light scattering provided the hydrodynamic radii from 60 to 190 nm and also information on the non-uniformity of the particles. The relations between the characteristics of the dispersion particles (concentration of components, particle mass and dimensions, molar mass of PMMA chains, surface density of stabilizing chains, etc.) were looked for. The kinetics of polymerization seems to be only little affected by the colloidal character of the system.     

Liquid chromatography of polymer mixtures applying a combination of exclusion and full adsorption mechanisms. 5. Six-component blends of chemically similar polymers

The separation of six-component blends of chemically similar homopolymers utilising the full adsorption-desorption (FAD) process is presented. The main advantage of the FAD approach over other methods represents the successive and independent size- exclusion chromatography (SEC) characterisation of all blend components. The method is based on the full adsorption and retention of all n or n−1 components of the polymer blend from an adsorption promoting liquid (ADSORLI) in a small FAD column. Nonadsorbed macromolecules are forwarded directly into SEC for molecular characterisation. Next, appropriate displacers are successively applied to the FAD column to selectively release preadsorbed blend constituents into the on-line SEC column. Dynamic integral desorption isotherms for single constituents, as well as for polymer blends to be analysed, allow identification of optimal displacer compositions to release just one kind of macromolecule. Model polymer blends containing polystyrene (PS), poly(lauryl methacrylate), poly(butyl methacrylate), poly(ethyl methacrylate), poly(methyl methacrylate) and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) or, alternatively, PS, poly(2-ethylhexyl acrylate), poly(butyl acrylate), poly(ethyl acrylate), poly(methyl acrylate) and PEO of similar molar masses can be separated and characterised in one multistep run using nonporous silica FAD packing, toluene as an ADSORLI and its mixtures with a desorption promoting liquid such as ethyl acetate, tetrahydrofuran or dimetylformamide to form displacers with appropriate desorption strength. Received: 9 September 1998 Accepted in revised form: 16 November 1998     

DIMENSIONS OF ATACTIC POLY（α-METHYLSTYRENE） CHAINS WITH SIDE GROUPS

An improved configurational-confomational statistical method is developed and the mean-square radius of gyration for atactic poly(α-methylstyrene)(PαMS)chains is studied,in which the effect of large side groups is considered. The deduced formulas,based on the rotational isomer state theory,are used to investigate the configuration-dependent properties of the atactic polymer chain,and the statistical correlation of the unperturbed polymer chain dimension and structure parameters are calculated.For the fraction of meso dyads w_m=0.4,the dependence of the radius of gyration R_g and the intrinsic viscosity[η]on the molecule mass M are R_g=2.63×10~(-2) M~(0.50) nm and[η]=7.36×10~(-2) M~(0.497),respectively, which are in agreement with the previous experimental data for the PαMS samples.A small hump is detected in the curve of the characteristic ratio of the unperturbed mean-square radius of gyration versus the chain length for short PαMS chains.The R_g increases linearly with the temperature T,and the effects of the chain length and the tacticity on the temperature coefficient are remarkable.These are quite different from the results for PαMS chains not considering side groups or for the monosubstituted polystyrene chain.     

A combinatorial approach to study solvent-induced self-assembly of mixed poly(methyl methacrylate)/polystyrene brushes on planar silica substrates: effect of relative grafting density

This article reports the study of the effect of relative grafting densities of two polymer chains on solvent-induced self-assembly of mixed poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)/polystyrene (PS) brushes through a combinatorial approach. Gradient-mixed PMMA/PS brushes were synthesized from a gradient-mixed initiator-terminated monolayer by combining atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and nitroxide mediated radical polymerization (NMRP) in a two-step process. The gradient-mixed initiator-terminated monolayer was fabricated by first formation of a gradient in density of an ATRP initiator through vapor diffusion followed by backfilling of an NMRP-initiator-terminated trichlorosilane. After treatment of a gradient-mixed brush whose PS Mn was slightly lower than that of PMMA with glacial acetic acid, a selective solvent for PMMA, relatively ordered nanodomains were observed in the region where the ratio of PS to PMMA grafting density (number of polymer chains/nm2) was in the range from 0.67 to 2.17 and the overall grafting density was approximately 0.85 polymer chains/nm2. Contact angle hysteresis were high (> or =40 degrees ) in this region and XPS studies confirmed that the PMMA chains were enriched at the outermost layer. The nanodomains are speculated to be of a micellar structure with PS chains forming the core shielded by PMMA chains.     

交联核壳结构PBA/PS和PBA/PMMA纳米微球的制备与应用

考察了聚丙烯酸丁酯/聚苯乙烯(PBA/PS)以及聚丙烯酸丁酯/聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PBA/PMMA)交联核壳结构纳米高分子微球的制备方法,并对其在尼龙复合材料中的应用进行了初步研究.结果表明,通过交联剂的引入使粒子核层和壳层内部均形成了高度交联的结构,可以限制亲水性较小的聚苯乙烯(PS)壳层向粒子内部迁移的趋势;制备出的微球平均粒径为40~50 nm,粒径分布很窄.采用饥饿态加料方式加入第二单体不仅可以使微球具有较高的产率和凝胶率,而且可以使其具有更理想的核壳结构和更窄的粒径分布.此外,将合成出的PBA/PMMA核壳粒子对尼龙6基体进行复合的结果表明,由于该微球表面与尼龙6基体之间具有较强的界面相互作用且微球具有较大的形变能力,可以在基体中形成良好的分散,在保持材料强度的同时有效地提高了其刚性和韧性.     

Synthesis of stimuli‐responsive macroazoinitiators and their use as an inistab toward hairy polymer latex particles

Stimuli‐responsive macroazoinitiators with central azo unit have been synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of 2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate or 2‐(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate in 2‐propanol at 25 °C. The mean degree of polymerization of the polymer chains besides the azo group was fixed between 25 and 60. ¹H NMR, gel permeation chromatography, UV‐Vis spectrophotometer, and surface tensiometer were used to characterize the stimuli‐responsive macroazoinitiators in terms of their chemical structure, molecular weight, polydispersity, and pH‐responsive behavior, respectively. Eventually, dispersion polymerization of styrene using the poly[2‐(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate] (PDEA) macroazoinitiator as an inistab (initiator + stabilizer) in 2‐propanol medium was conducted. Near‐monodisperse 98 nm polystyrene (PS) latex particles with pH‐responsive PDEA hair were successfully synthesized. The PS latex particles with the PDEA hair can be dispersed in acidic aqueous media where the PDEA hair was protonated and was solvated, and can be flocculated in basic aqueous media where the PDEA hair was deprotonated and was precipitated. This dispersion‐flocculation cycle was reversible. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 3431–3443, 2009     

Polymer Chain Conformation on Deuterated Polystyrene Nanoparticles Investigated by SANS

We previously reported that grafted polystyrene (PS) chains on silica nanoparticles at a low grafting density show similar conformations to free PS chains in the same solvent, THF (diameter ?50 nm, Colloid.poly.Sci. (2013), 291, 9, 2087–2099). As an extension of our previous study we choose an organic nanoparticle (deuterated polystyrene, dPS) instead of inorganic nanoparticle to see the impact of the substrate material on chain conformation. Additionally, a wider range of molecular weights were prepared to investigate the conformation feature of grafted PS chains more in detail. Small angle neutron scattering (SANS) experiments were performed to characterize PS grafted dPS particles in good solvent condition, with deuterated toluene and deuterated THF as solvent. To get insight into the conformation of the grafted PS layer we apply a scaling law describing the dimension of free PS polymer in good solvent condition to the obtained thickness of the grafted PS layer. We find an overall agreement with the scaling law where the thickness of the grafted PS layer is slightly larger than 2R_g of the free polymer chains in the respective solvent giving hint for semi dilute polymer brush (SDPB) situation.     

HA/PDM自组装复合胶体粒子及其乳化性能

以阴离子天然大分子透明质酸(HA)和阳离子单体甲基丙烯酸二甲氨基乙酯(DM)组成带相反电荷的聚合物/单体复合体系, DM通过水相原位聚合可制备荷正电的聚甲基丙烯酸二甲氨基乙酯(PDM), PDM与HA间的静电作用可诱导两者在水溶液中进行自组装, 得到HA/PDM复合胶体粒子. 用傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱仪对HA/PDM复合物结构进行了表征. 用动态激光光散射(DLS)研究了HA与PDM复合体系在水溶液中的自组装行为, 并表征了反应时间对HA/PDM复合胶体粒子粒径的影响. 利用透射电镜(TEM)表征了胶体粒子的形貌. 考察了溶液pH 对胶体粒子粒径及zeta 电位的影响, 并对胶体粒子的乳化性能进行初步探索. 结果表明:DM单体聚合前, 无HA/DM复合物聚集体形成; 而随着DM的逐步聚合, HA与PDM可通过静电作用逐渐组装形成球状HA/PDM复合胶体粒子, 其粒径随反应时间延长逐渐减小并趋于稳定. 同时, 该复合胶体粒子具有pH敏感性和乳化性, 乳化性能较纯HA和PDM有较大提高.     

Functional colloidal particles stabilized by layered silicate with hydrophilic face and hydrophobic polymer brushes

In this study, we describe a new strategy for producing narrowly dispersed functional colloidal particles stabilized by a nanocomposite with hydrophilic clay faces and hydrophobic polystyrene (PS) brushes on the edges. This method involves preparation of polymer brushes on the edges of clay layers and Pickering suspension polymerization of styrene in the presence of the nanocomposites. PS brushes on the edges of clay layers were prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization. X‐ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis results indicated that PS chains were grafted to the edges of clay platelets. Transmission electron microscope results showed that different morphologies of clay‐PS particles could be obtained in different solvents. In water, clay‐PS particles aggregated together, in which PS chains collapsed forming nanosized hydrophobic domains and hydrophilic clay faces stayed in aqueous phase. In toluene, clay‐PS particles formed face‐to‐face structure. Narrowly dispersed PS colloidal particles stabilized by clay‐PS were prepared by suspension polymerization. Because of the negatively charged clay particles on the surface, the zeta potential of the PS colloidal particles was negative. Positively charged poly(2‐vinyl pyridine) (P2VP) chains were adsorbed to the surface of PS colloidal particles in aqueous solution at a low pH value, and gold nanoparticles were prepared in P2VP brushes. Such colloidal particles may find important applications in a variety of fields including waterborne adhesives, paints, catalysis of chemical reactions, and protein separation. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 1535–1543, 2009     

Internal organization and conformational characteristics of star-shaped polystyrene with fullerene C<Subscript>60</Subscript> as a branching center in deuterotoluene

The internal organization of star-shaped polystyrene macromolecules containing fullerene C₆₀ as a branching center is studied via small-angle neutron scattering in deuterotoluene. Analysis of the experimental data according to the Debye-Benoit approximation and the Fourier transformation of the momentum transfer dependences of scattering cross sections for the linear PS precursor and stars is used to determine their molecular masses (9 × 10³ and 5 × 10⁴) and gyration radii (∼2.7 and ∼5.5 nm), the gyration radius of the arm (∼3.4 nm), and the average functionality of the star (5.7). The behavior of scattering cross sections for the fullerene-containing polymer on the whole is described by the law of scattering for stars with Gaussian arms (the Benoit model). However, at the local level (within one chain segment), the fullerene center exerts a specific effect on the conformation of arms. As a result, their statistical flexibility decreases and eventually the size of the star increases by ∼30%. This finding conflicts with the Daoud-Cotton theory.     

Transmission electron microscopy study of solvent-induced phase morphologies of environmentally responsive mixed homopolymer brushes on silica particles

We report in this work a transmission electron microscopy study of phase morphologies of environmentally responsive mixed poly( t-butyl acrylate) (P tBA)/polystyrene (PS) brushes and mixed poly(acrylic acid) (PAA)/PS brushes on 180 nm silica particles after treatments with nonselective good solvents and selective solvents, respectively. Mixed P tBA/PS brushes were grown from Y-initiator-functionalized silica particles by sequential atom transfer radical polymerization and nitroxide-mediated radical polymerization. Mixed PAA/PS brushes were prepared from mixed P tBA/PS brushes by removal of the t-butyl groups. For mixed P tBA/PS brushes with P tBA M n of 24.2 kDa and PS M n of 23.0 kDa and the corresponding mixed PAA/PS brushes, random worm-like, nearly bicontinuous nanostructures were formed from lateral microphase separation when the particles were cast from nonselective good solvents (chloroform for mixed P tBA/PS brushes and N, N-dimethylformamide for mixed PAA/PS brushes). The feature sizes were on the order of polymer chain root-mean-square end-to-end distances ( approximately 10 nm). In contrast, mixed P tBA/PS brushes with lower molecular weights (P tBA M n = 10.4 kDa and PS M n = 11.9 kDa) did not strongly phase separate after being cast from chloroform. After the solvents in the particle dispersions were gradually changed to selective solvents ( n-octane for mixed P tBA/PS brushes and H 2O for mixed PAA/PS brushes), isolated microdomains with an average size of 14-19 nm were formed as one grafted polymer collapsed and associated to form isolated microdomains, which were shielded by another grafted polymer yielding surface-tethered micellar structures. These results confirmed the theoretical predictions of the formation of "rippled" nanostructures and surface micellar structures of mixed homopolymer brushes induced by nonselective and selective solvents, respectively.     

Light Scattering Study of the Antibody–Poly(methacrylic acid) and Antibody–Poly(acrylic acid) Conjugates in Aqueous Solutions

The effect of the conformational state of the polymer coil on the properties of protein–polymer conjugates has been studied for the conjugates of antibody (monoclonal antibody from 6C5 clone against inactivated rabbit muscle glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase; Ab) with poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) or poly‐(acrylic acid) (PAA). The pH‐dependencies of molecular properties and structural parameters of aqueous solutions (radius of gyration, intensity of scattered light, hydrodynamic diameter, and polydispersity index) of Ab, PMAA, and PAA and their conjugates, i. e., Ab‐PMAA and Ab‐PAA, have been studied using static and dynamic light scattering techniques. While free Ab aggregates in solution and precipitates at its isoelectric point, the covalent attachment of a charged polymer to Ab prevents its association and shifts the precipitation point towards more acidic values (from pH 5.95 for Ab to pH ˜ 4.8 for Ab‐PMAA). The predominant role of the conformational status of the polymer in the process of conjugate precipitation has been considered. Contrary to the precipitation of Ab‐PMAA, the formation of stable colloidal particles was suggested for Ab‐PAA at pH < 4.8. In the conjugates, polymer chains surround the protein globule in an extremely compact manner while Ab significantly affects the polymer conformation. The essentially larger hydrodynamic radii of conjugates, when compared with their radii of gyration, confirm the strong interaction of conjugates with solvent molecules.     

Poly(acrylate‐b‐styrene‐b‐isobutylene‐b‐styrene‐b‐acrylate) Block Copolymers via Carbocationic and Atom Transfer Radical Polymerizations

A series of polyacrylate‐polystyrene‐polyisobutylene‐polystyrene‐polyacrylate (X‐PS‐PIB‐PS‐X) pentablock terpolymers (X=poly(methyl acrylate) (PMA), poly(butyl acrylate) (PBA), or poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)) was prepared from poly (styrene‐b‐isobutylene‐b‐styrene) (PS‐PIB‐PS) block copolymers (BCPs) using either a Cu(I)Cl/1,1,4,7,7‐pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) or Cu(I)Cl/tris[2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl]amine (Me₆TREN) catalyst system. The PS‐PIB‐PS BCPs were prepared by quasiliving carbocationic polymerization of isobutylene using a difunctional initiator, followed by the sequential addition of styrene, and were used as macroinitiators for the atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of methyl acrylate (MA), n‐butyl acrylate (BA), or methyl methacrylate (MMA). The ATRP of MA and BA proceeded in a controlled fashion using either a Cu(I)Cl/PMDETA or Cu(I)Cl/Me₆TREN catalyst system, as evidenced by a linear increase in molecular weight with conversion and low PDIs. The polymerization of MMA was less controlled. ¹H‐NMR spectroscopy was used to elucidate pentablock copolymer structure and composition. The thermal stabilities of the pentablock copolymers were slightly less than the PS‐PIB‐PS macroinitiators due to the presence of polyacrylate or polymethacrylate outer block segments. DSC analysis of the pentablock copolymers showed a plurality of glass transition temperatures, indicating a phase separated material.     

Cross-linking of cationic block copolymer micelles by silica deposition

Diblock copolymer micelles comprising cationic poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (PDMA) coronas and hydrophobic poly(2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (PDPA) cores are used as nanosized templates for the deposition of silica from aqueous solution at pH 7.2 and 20 degrees C. Both noncross-linked and shell cross-linked (SCL) micelles can be coated with silica without loss of colloid stability. Under optimized conditions, the silica deposition is confined to the partially quaternized cationic PDMA chains, leading to hybrid copolymer-silica particles of around 35 nm diameter with well-defined core-shell morphologies. 1H NMR studies confirmed that the PDPA cores of these copolymer-silica particles became protonated at low pH and deprotonated at high pH, which suggests possible encapsulation and controlled release applications. Moreover, in situ silica deposition effectively stabilizes the PDPA-PDMA micelles, which remain intact on lowering the solution pH (whereas the original noncross-linked PDPA-PDMA micelles dissociate in acidic solution). This suggests a convenient route to silica-stabilized SCL micelles under mild conditions.     

Emulsion polymerization of styrene and methyl methacrylate using a hydrophobically modified inulin and comparison with other surfactants

The use of a new class of graft polymer surfactants, based on inulin, in emulsion polymerization of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and polystyrene (PS) particles is described. PS and PMMA were synthesized by emulsion polymerization, and stable particles with a high monomer content (50 wt %) were obtained with a very small amount of polymeric surfactant ([surfactant]/[monomer] = 0.0033). The latex dispersions were characterized by dynamic light scattering and by transmission electron microscopy to obtain the average particle size and the polydispersity index, and the stability was determined by turbidimetry measurements and expressed in terms of critical coagulation concentration. The last section gives a comparison of PMMA particles prepared by emulsion polymerization using classical surfactants from different types as emulsifiers with that obtained using the copolymer surfactant. It shows the superiority of INUTEC SP1 as it is the only one that allows stable particles at 20 wt % monomer content, with a smaller ratio [surfactant]/[monomer] = 0.002.