Effect of xenon on fullerene reactions

Solutions containing 3He@C60, 129Xe@C60, and varying amounts of 9,10-dimethylanthracene (DMA) were allowed to reach equilibrium, and the 3He and 129Xe NMR spectra were taken at the same temperature. Each spectrum showed peaks for the unreacted X@C60 and for the monoadduct. The ratios of the peak heights show that the included xenon atom substantially changes the equilibrium constant. This change is temperature dependent, meaning that the xenon atom changes both DeltaH and DeltaS for the reaction. DMA is more reactive with He@C60 at low temperatures and with Xe@C60 at higher temperatures. The difference in chemical shift between the monoadduct and the unreacted X@C60 is more than twice as large for Xe than for He and in the opposite direction. Calculations show that the electron density in Xe@C60 is higher than that in empty C60 on the outside of the cage.     

Grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations of the 129Xe NMR line shapes of xenon adsorbed in (+/-)-[Co(en)3]Cl3

The 129Xe NMR line shapes of xenon adsorbed in the nanochannels of the (+/-)-[Co(en)3]Cl3 ionic crystal have been calculated by grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulations. The results of our GCMC simulations illustrate their utility in predicting 129Xe NMR chemical shifts in systems containing a transition metal. In particular, the nanochannels of (+/-)-[Co(en)3]Cl3 provide a simple, yet interesting, model system that serves as a building block toward understanding xenon chemical shifts in more complex porous materials containing transition metals. Using only the Xe-C and Xe-H potentials and shielding response functions derived from the Xe@CH4 van der Waals complex to model the interior of the channel, the GCMC simulations correctly predict the 129Xe NMR line shapes observed experimentally (Ueda, T.; Eguchi, T.; Nakamura, N.; Wasylishen, R. E. J. Phys. Chem. B 2003, 107, 180-185). At low xenon loading, the simulated 129Xe NMR line shape is axially symmetric with chemical-shift tensor components delta(parallel) = 379 ppm and delta(perpendicular) = 274 ppm. Although the simulated isotropic chemical shift, delta(iso) = 309 ppm, is overestimated, the anisotropy of the chemical-shift tensor is correctly predicted. The simulations provide an explanation for the observed trend in the 129Xe NMR line shapes as a function of the overhead xenon pressure: delta(perpendicular) increased from 274 to 292 ppm, while delta(parallel) changed by only 3 ppm over the entire xenon loading range. The overestimation of the isotropic chemical shifts is explained based upon the results of quantum mechanical 129Xe shielding calculations of xenon interacting with an isolated (+/-)-[Co(en)3]Cl3 molecule. The xenon chemical shift is shown to be reduced by about 12% going from the Xe@[Co(en)3]Cl3 van der Waals complex to the Xe@C2H6 fragment.     

Two helium atoms inside fullerenes: probing the internal magnetic field in C60(6-) and C70(6-)

A 3He NMR resonance of C606- containing He is assigned to He2@C606-, thus showing that C60 can also accommodate two helium atoms. The ratio of the di-helium compound relative to the mono- is 1:200, 10 times lower than the equivalent counterpart of C70. The 3He NMR chemical shift of He2@C606- is 0.093 ppm downfield from the already known resonance of He@C606-. In the reduced endohedral mono- and di-helium C70, the 3He NMR chemical shift of He2@C706- is 0.154 ppm upfield from the peak of He@C706-.     

Influence of an Ethynyl or a Buta‐1,3‐diynyl Group on the Chemical Shifts of Hydroxy Groups of Glucopyranoses

A comparison of the OH chemical shifts for 1‐mono‐, 4‐mono‐, and 1,4‐diethynylated and 1,4‐buta‐1,3‐diynylated glucopyranoses with those of β‐D ‐glucopyranose ( 1 ) identified characteristic increments for the OH (downfield) shifts of the alkynylated glucopyranoses in (D₆)DMSO solution. For ethynylated derivatives, the increments vary from 0.05 ppm for HO C(6) (replacement of HO C(1) by an axial ethynyl group) to 0.5 ppm for HO C(2) (replacement of HO C(1) by an equatorial ethynyl group). The increments for buta‐1,3‐diynylated derivatives are larger, and vary from 0.1 to 0.7 ppm. The influence on the shift for vicinal OH groups is stronger for such a substitution at C(1) rather than at C(4).     

~(19)F-NMR研究镍系催化丁二烯聚合中氟的存在状态

<正> Ziegler-Natta型Ni(naph)_2-Al(i-Bu)_3-BF_3OEt_2(简称Ni-Al-B)催化体系在丁二烯(Bd)聚合过程中,活性中心络合物上氟的状态和数量控制着单体配位、引发、增长和链转移等步骤。文献[1—6]曾指出该体系显高催化活性的Al/B(mol比)范围在0.5—1.0之间,即F/Al=6—3.Al/B>1或F/Al<3时,聚合活性显著降低。最近,我们采用了添加酸、醇、酚和酯类等方法来改进体系中B组分的分散及氟的反应性,Al/B显著拓宽为0.3—3,氟的利用率得到提高。在此基础上,本文将讨论用~(19)F-NMR法研究氟     

Heuristic overlap-exchange model of noble gas chemical shifts

It is now generally recognized that overlap-exchange interactions are the primary cause of the medium-dependent magnetic shielding (chemical shift) in all noble gases except helium, although the attractive electrostatic-dispersion (van der Waals) interactions play an indirect role in determining the penetration of the interacting species into the repulsive overlap-exchange region. The short-range nature of these overlap-exchange interactions, combined with the fact that they often can be approximated by simple functions of the overlap of the wave functions of the interacting species, suggests a useful semiempirical model of these chemical shifts. In it the total shielding is the sum of shieldings due to pairwise interactions of the noble gas atom with the individual atoms of the medium, with the "atomic" shielding terms either estimated by simple functions of the atomic overlap integrals averaged over their Boltzmann-weighted separations, or determined by fits to experimental data in systems whose complexity makes the former procedure impractical. Results for (129)Xe chemical shifts in the noble gases and in a variety of molecular and condensed systems, including families of n-alkanes, straight-chain alcohols, and the endohedral compounds Xe@C(60) and Xe@C(70) are encouraging for the applicability of the model to systems of technical and biomedical interest.     

The NMR spectra of cyclic nitrones. 3. Effect of protonation and a hydrogen bond on the chemical shifts in the13c NMR spectra of derivatives of 3-imidazoline 3-oxide

The effect of solvents on the¹³C NMR spectra of the cyclic nitrones of 3-imidazoline 3-oxide derivatives was studied. It was shown that in solvents capable of forming hydrogen bonds with the N-oxide group the signal for the nitrone carbon atom is shifted downfield by 1.5–2.5 ppm for solutions in chloroform and 5–9 ppm for solutions in methanol. The size of the shift depends on the substituent at position 1 of the imidazoline ring and decreases with increase in its accepting character. Analogous effects are observed during the formation of an intramolecular hydrogen bond with the oxygen atom of the nitrone group. During protonation of the nitrone group the downfield shift of the signal for the nitrone carbon atom amounts to 30–39 ppm.For Communication 2, see [1].Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 8, pp. 1065–1072, August, 1986.     

15N and 13C{14N} NMR investigation of the major nitrogen-containing segment in an aquatic fulvic acid: evidence for a hydantoin derivative

A nitrogen-rich segment in a fulvic acid (FA) from Pony Lake, a coastal pond in Antarctica, was investigated by (15)N and (13)C{(14)N} solid-state NMR techniques. As reported previously, the (13)C{(14)N} spectrum of C bonded to N exhibits a peak at 157 ppm that is assigned to an sp(2)-hybridized carbon bonded to at least two nitrogen atoms. This segment contains 48% of all N in the sample. (15)N NMR shows distinct signals, 20 ppm upfield and downfield from the typical peptide resonance; dipolar dephasing confirmed that they are due to protonated N. The well-resolved downfield peak, which accounts for 1/4 of the spectral area, cannot be assigned to aromatic heterocycles, such as purines, because the fraction of aromatic C bonded to N in this sample is very small. Analysis of (15)N chemical-shift trends and (15)N NMR of model compounds, such as arginine and its derivatives, excludes assignment to a guanidinium ion or to substituted guanidino groups. Similarly, ureido groups, -NH-CO-NH-, that are not bonded to a second C = O do not match the observed (15)N peaks in the FA, since both N resonate upfield from the peptide resonance. On the other hand, all chemical shifts are matched within the observed range by the -C(alkyl)-NH-CO-NH-CO-C structure found in two nonaromatic heterocycles, hydantoin and dihydrouracil. The five-membered hydantoin ring, which is found in the purine metabolite allantoin, provides a better match than the six-membered dihydrouracil ring. Regular uracil or thymine fails to produce adequate agreement with observed chemical shifts.     

MRI Thermometry Based on Encapsulated Hyperpolarized Xenon

A new approach to MRI thermometry using encapsulated hyperpolarized xenon is demonstrated. The method is based on the temperature dependent chemical shift of hyperpolarized xenon in a cryptophane‐A cage. This shift is linear with a slope of 0.29 ppm °C^?1 which is perceptibly higher than the shift of the proton resonance frequency of water (ca. 0.01 ppm °C^?1) that is currently used for MRI thermometry. Using spectroscopic imaging techniques, we collected temperature maps of a phantom sample that could discriminate by direct NMR detection between temperature differences of 0.1 °C at a sensor concentration of 150 μM . Alternatively, the xenon‐in‐cage chemical shift was determined by indirect detection using saturation transfer techniques (Hyper‐CEST) that allow detection of nanomolar agent concentrations. Thermometry based on hyperpolarized xenon sensors improves the accuracy of currently available MRI thermometry methods, potentially giving rise to biomedical applications of biosensors functionalized for binding to specific target molecules.     

1H, 13C and 199Hg NMR Studies of the Complexation of HgCl2 by Imidazolidine-2-Thione and its Derivatives

Abstract

Mercury(II) complexes of imidazolidine-2-thione and its derivatives have been synthesized and their ¹H, ¹³C and ¹⁹⁹Hg NMR spectra measured. HgCl₂ forms L₂HgCl₂ type complexes (where L = imidazolidine-2-thione and its derivatives). The NH group of the ligand is shifted downfield by about +1.37 ppm in the ¹H NMR after complexation. The C-2 carbon in the ¹³C NMR is shifted by—6.50 ppm for mono N-substituted ligands, but by—5.30 ppm for N,N''-disubstituted ligands. The ¹⁹⁹Hg NMR resonance is shifted by about—60 ppm for N-substituted ligands, but—140 ppm shifts were observed for N',N'-disubstituted ligands.     

Assignment of stereochemistry to cyclohexenylidenecyanoacetates by 1H NMR spectroscopy

The stereochemistry of various pairs of isomeric 2-cyclohexen-1-ylidenecyanoacetates was assigned using ¹H NMR spectroscopy. The isomers with the γ-methylene or the γ-vinyl protons cis to the carbalkoxy group were found to have the signals of these protons at approximately 0.3 ppm and 1 ppm, respectively, downfield relative to their geometrical isomers or the corresponding 2-cyclohexen-1-ylidenemalononitriles. The observation regarding the γ-vinyl proton proved useful for the assignment of configuration to cyclohex-enylidenecyanoacetates derived form cholest-4-en-3-one. The large and constant downfield shift (c. 1 ppm) of the γ-vinyl proton when cis to the ester group results from the rigid cyclohexenylidenecyanoacetate system, in which the vinylic proton can approach more closely to the magnetically anisotropic ester carbonyl group.     

60]fullerene-pyrrolidine-N-oxides

Eight members of a new family of fullerene derivatives, [60]fulleropyrrolidine-N-oxides, have been synthesized and characterized. Facile oxidation, by a peracid, of the parent [60]fulleropyrrolidine gave clean conversions into the product molecules, in which the tertiary amine is transformed into a quaternary amine bearing an oxygen atom. The reaction is very selective, favoring the nitrogen atom of the pyrrolidine ring in preference to epoxidation of the fullerene cage. The 1H NMR shows an AB quartet splitting pattern, characteristic of nonequivalent hydrogens in the pyrrolidine ring and at a chemical shift displacement of 0.8 ppm downfield. Other methods of characterization are described, including MS, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, HPLC, UV/vis, and IR. Conclusive evidence for the formation of an N-oxide moiety is provided by the synthesis, oxidation, and NMR characterization of a novel [60]fulleropyrrolidine containing a 15N isotope, showing an 85 ppm downfield heteroatom chemical shift. Preliminary details of the effects of substitution on the reactivity of the pyrrolidine ring are also reported.     

Downfield γ-gauche and γ-antiperiplanar effects on 13C NMR chemical shifts exerted by thiophene sulphur

The γ-effects of sulphur on ¹³C NMR chemical shifts have been measured in a series of steroidal compounds containing the thiophene ring in different configurations with respect to the rest of the molecule. The data constitute the first example of downfield effects exerted by sulphur on both gauche and antiperiplanar γ-carbons. The γ-gauche effect of sulphur amounts to 1.6–1.8 ppm, the γ-antiperiplanar effect from practically zero to almost 1 ppm.     

A very low-field aromatic proton resonance in the PMR spectrum of a conformationally constrained arylnickel complex

The ¹H NMR spectrum of 2,2′-bis[chlorobis(triethylphosphine)nickel]biphenyl, (I), exhibits the H₆ and H₆, resonance at δ 12.00 ppm in CDCl₃ (12.27 in C₆D₆), 4.4 ppm downfield from the resonance of the corresponding protons in biphenyl. The large downfield shift is attributed to static very-short distances of H₆ and H₆, to nickel atoms in (I) that are enforced by its sterically-fixed conformation.     

Ruthenium complexes of analogues of the antitumor antibiotic streptonigrin

The complexes Ru(L1-CH3)(CO)3Cl, RuL2(CO)2Cl2, and RuL3(CO)2Cl2 (L1= 6-methoxy-5,8-quinolinedione, L2 = 7-amino-6-methoxy-5,8-quinolinedione, L3 = 6,6'-dimethoxycarbonyl-2,2'-bipyridine) were prepared by reaction of L1-L3 with the tricarbonyldichlororuthenium(II) dimer. L1-L3 act as bidentates through the ortho oxygen atoms, the pyridyl nitrogen and the adjacent quinone oxygen, and the bipyridyl nitrogens, respectively. RuL3(CO)2Cl2 is characterized by X-ray crystallography. 15N NMR correlation spectra give upfield shifts of around 60 ppm for the pyridyl nitrogens that are coordinated to the metal, while 13C NMR correlation spectra give a downfield shift of 10 ppm for the quinone carbonyl group that is coordinated to the metal. The electrochemistry of RuL2(CO)2Cl2 is examined, and the implications for the formation of metal complexes of the antitumor antibiotic streptonigrin, which cleaves DNA in the presence of metal ions, are discussed.     

Combined experimental and computational study of W(II), Ru(II), Pt(IV) and Cu(I) amine and amido complexes using 15N NMR spectroscopy

Using 2D proton-coupled gHSQC pulse sequences in addition to 1D ¹⁵N NMR experiments of ¹⁵N labeled systems, ¹⁵N NMR chemical shifts of a range of transition metal amido and amine complexes were determined. Tungsten(II), ruthenium(II), platinum(IV) and copper(I) complexes with aniline and their anilido variants were studied and compared to free aniline, lithium anilido and anilinium tetrafluoroborate. Upon coordination of aniline to transition metals, upfield chemical shifts of 20–60 ppm were observed. Deprotonation of the amine complexes to form amido complexes resulted in downfield chemical shifts of 40–60 ppm for all of the complexes except for the tungsten d⁴ system. For the tungsten(II) complexes, the cationic aniline complex displayed a downfield shift of approximately 56 ppm relative to the neutral anilido complex. The change in chemical shift for amine to amido conversion is proposed to depend on the ability of the amido ligand to π-bond with the metal center, which influences the magnitude of the paramagnetic screening term.     

Unusual carbon shielding effects of cyclopropanes and double bonds in strained bicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes and cyclopentenes

Carbon-13 shieldings and one-bond ¹³C? H coupling constants of bicyclo[2.1.1]hexane, bicyclo[2.1.1]hex-2-ene, tricyclo[3.1.1.0^2,4]heptane and benzvalene are presented and compared to the data of related compounds. If a bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane system is part of a rigid skeleton, the cyclopropane ring exerts specific γ substituent effects of two kinds. In the case of the bicyclohexane boat form an upfield shift of the C-3 signal is observed and in the case of the chair form a downfield shift of 15–20 ppm. Compared to the corresponding cyclopentanes the double bond in strained cyclopentenes causes downfield shifts of the C-4 absorption. This effect increases with increasing strain, reaching a 45.9 ppm maximum in benzvalene. Hence it is the only known bicyclo[1.1.0]butane having a reversed order of carbon shieldings. The downfield shifts are explained by means of simple orbital interaction schemes.     

Exploring surfaces and cavities in lipoxygenase and other proteins by hyperpolarized xenon-129 NMR

This paper presents an exploratory study of the binding interactions of xenon with the surface of several different proteins in the solution and solid states using both conventional and hyperpolarized (129)Xe NMR. The generation of hyperpolarized (129)Xe by spin exchange optical pumping affords an enhancement by 3-4 orders of magnitude of its NMR signal. As a result, it is possible to observe Xe directly bound to the surface of micromolar quantities of lyophilized protein. The highly sensitive nature of the (129)Xe line shape and chemical shift are used as indicators for the conditions most likely to yield maximal dipolar contact between (129)Xe nuclei and nuclear spins situated on the protein. This is an intermediate step toward achieving the ultimate goal of NMR enhancement of the binding-site nuclei by polarization transfer from hyperpolarized (129)Xe. The hyperpolarized (129)Xe spectra resulting from exposure of four different proteins in the lyophilized, powdered form have been examined for evidence of binding. Each of the proteins, namely, metmyoglobin, methemoglobin, hen egg white lysozyme, and soybean lipoxygenase, yielded a distinctly different NMR line shape. With the exception of lysozyme, the proteins all possess a paramagnetic iron center which can be expected to rapidly relax the (129)Xe and produce a net shift in its resonance position if the noble gas atom occupies specific binding sites near the iron. At temperatures from 223 to 183 K, NMR signals were observed in the 0-40 ppm chemical shift range, relative to Xe in the gas phase. The signals broadened and shifted downfield as the temperature was reduced, indicating that Xe is exchanging between the gas phase and internal or external binding sites of the proteins. Additionally, conventional (129)Xe NMR studies of metmyoglobin and lipoxygenase in the solution state are presented. The temperature dependence of the chemical shift and line shape indicate exchange of Xe between adsorption sites on lipoxygenase and Xe in the solvent on the slow to intermediate exchange time scale. The NMR results are compared with N(2), Xe, and CH(4) gas adsorption isotherms. It is found that lipoxygenase is unique among the proteins studied in possessing a relatively high affinity for gas molecules, and in addition, demonstrating the most clearly resolved adsorbed (129)Xe NMR peak in the lyophilized state.     

129Xe nuclear magnetic resonance study of pitch-based activated carbon modified by air oxidation/pyrolysis cycles: a new approach to probe the micropore size

(129)Xe NMR has been used to study a series of homologous activated carbons obtained from a KOH-activated pitch-based carbon molecular sieve modified by air oxidation/pyrolysis cycles. A clear correlation between the pore size of microporous carbons and the (129)Xe NMR of adsorbed xenon is proposed for the first time. The virial coefficient delta(Xe)(-)(Xe) arising from binary xenon collisions varied linearly with the micropore size and appeared to be a better probe of the microporosity than the chemical shift extrapolated to zero pressure. This correlation was explained by the fact that the xenon collision frequency increases with increasing micropore size. The chemical shift has been shown to vary very little with temperature (less than 9 ppm) for xenon trapped inside narrow and wide micropores. This is indicative of a smooth xenon-surface interaction potential.     

Iron(II) PARACEST MRI contrast agents

The first examples of Fe(II) PARACEST magnetic resonance contrast agents are reported (PARACEST = paramagnetic chemical exchange saturation transfer). The iron(II) complexes contain a macrocyclic ligand, either 1,4,7-tris(carbamoylmethyl)-1,4,7-triazacyclononane (L1) or 1,4,7-tris[(5-amino-6-methyl-2-pyridyl)methyl]-1,4,7-triazacyclononane (L2). The macrocycles bind Fe(II) in aqueous solution with formation constants of log K = 13.5 and 19.2, respectively, and maintain the Fe(II) state in the presence of air. These complexes each contain six exchangeable protons for CEST which are amide protons in [Fe(L1)](2+) or amino protons in [Fe(L2)](2+). The CEST peak for the [Fe(L1)](2+) amide protons is at 69 ppm downfield of the bulk water resonance whereas the CEST peak for the [Fe(L2)](2+) amine protons is at 6 ppm downfield of bulk water. CEST imaging using a MRI scanner shows that the CEST effect can be observed in solutions containing low millimolar concentrations of complex at neutral pH, 100 mM NaCl, 20 mM buffer at 25 °C or 37 °C.