肌红蛋白-纳米氧化铝模板-金胶复合组装体的电化学行为研究

基于自组装技术在玻碳电极表面构筑了肌红蛋白-纳米氧化铝模板-金胶复合组装体,研究了该纳米复合组装体的电化学性质。循环伏安和电化学交流阻抗实验结果表明,该纳米组装体结构致密稳定,固定在组装体中的肌红蛋白在0.2 mol/L醋酸-醋酸钠缓冲液中于-0.21 V(vs.Ag/AgC l)附近有一对准可逆的氧化还原峰,为肌红蛋白血红素辅基Fe(Ⅲ)/Fe(Ⅱ)的特征峰。带负电荷的金纳米粒子能为蛋白质分子提供具有生物兼容性的微环境,从而有利于其电子传递反应的发生。     

肌红蛋白-壳聚糖-金胶纳米复合修饰电极的电催化

在pH 5.4的HAc-NaAc缓冲溶液中,肌红蛋白-壳聚糖-金胶薄膜修饰电极(Mb-Ch itosan-Au colloid/GCE)于-0.20 V(vs.Ag/AgC l)处有一对准可逆的氧化还原峰,即Mb血红素辅基Fe(Ⅲ)/Fe(Ⅱ)电对的特征峰.本实验条件下,肌红蛋白与玻碳电极之间的电子传递明显加快,并考察了扫速、溶液pH及支持电解质浓度等因素对肌红蛋白电子传递的影响.紫外光谱图表明:肌红蛋白在壳聚糖-金胶溶液中依然保持其原始构象.该肌红蛋白-壳聚糖-金胶纳米修饰电极还能电催化溶解氧的还原.     

魔芋多糖固定化肌红蛋白的直接电化学与电催化

用魔芋多糖(KGM)和N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)的加合物,将肌红蛋白(Mb)固定在玻碳电极(GCE)上,制备了稳定的Mb-KGM-DMF/GCE修饰电极,并研究了Mb在修饰电极上的直接电化学行为和电催化性能。该电极在pH=7.0的磷酸盐缓冲溶液(PBS)中,-0.38 V(E0′)处有一对氧化还原峰,峰电位差ΔEp=70 mV,该峰正是Mb中血红素辅基FeⅢ/FeⅡ电对的氧化还原特征峰。在0.2~9.0 V/s扫速的范围内,氧化还原峰峰电流大小和扫描速率成正比,呈现出表面控制行为。在pH为5.0~12.0的范围内,式电位和pH值呈线性关系,表明电子传递过程伴随着质子转移。同时,Mb-KGM-DMF/GCE修饰电极表现出良好的电催化性能,对氧、H2O2有显著的催化作用。在4.70~75.0μmol/L的范围内,其催化峰电流大小与H2O2的浓度有良好的线性关系,其线性回归方程i=0.127 0.093C,r=0.9989,表观米氏常数为80.8μmol/L。     

肌红蛋白在海藻酸钠水凝胶中的电化学和电催化特性

海藻酸钠(Sodium Alginate,SA)是由L-葡萄糖醛酸与D-甘露糖醛酸组成的高分子线性糖醛酸,常作为固定化酶包埋材料。本文研究了海藻酸钠水凝胶膜中的肌红蛋白在磷酸盐缓冲溶液中的直接电化学和酶催化性质,探讨了测定H2O2和NO2^-的可能性。     

细胞色素c在纳米氧化铝模板修饰电极上的直接电化学

细胞色素c(Cytochrome c,Cyt c)是生物体中最常见的氧化一还原蛋白质,研究其在电极上的直接电化学,对于理解和认识生命体内的电子转移机制具有重要意义。Cytc与裸固体电极表面的直接接触通常会使其失去生物活性,因此,Cytc的电化学研究常借助于媒介体以实现其与电极之间的电子转移。纳米金属氧化物模板的表面积大且化学和光化学性质稳定,被广泛应用于太阳能电池和金属沉积等领域,本文研究氧化铝(AAO)模板对4,4’-二硫二吡啶存在下Cytc直接电化学促进作用。     

壳聚糖-磷酸二氢胆碱凝胶固定肌红蛋白的直接电化学和电催化

使用壳聚糖和亲水性离子液体磷酸二氢胆碱形成的复合水凝胶固定肌红蛋白(Mb)制备修饰电极。在修饰电极表面,实现了Mb的直接电化学和对O2、H2O2的电催化。同时,该修饰电极表现出了较高的热稳定性。研究表明该新型复合水凝胶具备较好的生物相容性,使膜内的Mb保持了其天然构象和活性,并且很大程度地提高了修饰电极的导电性,促进了Mb和电极之间的电子传递,在直接电化学、生物催化和第三代生物传感器的制备等领域有良好的应用前景。     

肌红蛋白在碳纳米管修饰电极上的直接电化学和电催化性能

将肌红蛋白(Mb)通过吸附的方法固定在碳纳米管(CNT)表面, 用AFM、XPS、UV-Vis和FTIR对其进行了表征, 研究了CNT对Mb直接电子转移反应的促进作用. 循环伏安结果表明, Mb在CNT表面能进行有效和稳定的直接电子转移反应, 其循环伏安曲线上表现出一对良好的、几乎对称的氧化还原峰; 在20−160 mV•s−1的扫速范围内, 式量电位E0′几乎不随扫速而变化, 其平均值为(−0.343±0.001) V (vs SCE, pH 7.0); Mb在CNT表面直接电子转移的表观速率常数为(3.11±0.98) s−1; 式量电位E0′与溶液pH的关系表明, Mb的直接电化学过程是一个有H+参与的电极过程. 进一步的实验结果显示, 固定在CNT表面的Mb能保持其对H2O2和O2还原的生物电催化活性.     

基于纳米金胶标记DNA探针的电化学DNA传感器研究

以纳米金胶为标记物,将其标记于人工合成的5-端巯基修饰的寡聚核苷酸片段上,制成了具有电化学活性的金胶标记DNA电化学探针;在一定条件下,使其与固定在玻碳电极表面的靶序列进行杂交反应,利用ssDNA与其互补链杂交的高度序列选择性和极强的分子识别能力,以及纳米金胶的电化学活性,实现对特定序列DNA片段的电化学检测以及对DNA碱基突变的识别.     

酶法合成的葡萄糖氧化酶-纳米金复合物的直接电化学与生物传感

将NaAuCl₄、葡萄糖氧化酶（GOx）和葡萄糖混合,借一步酶促反应制得吸附GOx的金纳米颗粒（AuNPs）,再通过滴干修饰法研制了Nafion/GOx-AuNPs修饰的玻碳（GC）电极,并考察了该酶电极上GOx的直接电化学和生物传感性能. 这种酶法合成的GOx-AuNPs复合物有良好的酶直接电化学活性,也保持了GOx的生物活性,似可归因于酶法合成的纳米金更接近酶氧化还原活性中心的缘故. 该酶电极在-0.4 V（vs. SCE）电位下,其稳态电流下降与葡萄糖浓度（0.5 4 mmol·L^-1）成正比,检测下限0.2 mol·L^-1.     

基于硼酸-二醇特异性识别作用的层层组装薄膜对肌红蛋白的吸入及其电化学研究

合成了既含有苯硼酸(PBA)基团又含有羧酸基团的聚电解质PAA-PBA(PAA:聚丙烯酸).采用层层组装(Lb L)技术,利用PAA-PBA和葡聚糖(Dex)之间的硼酸-二醇特异性识别作用,在热解石墨电极(PG)表面构筑了{PAA-PBA/Dex}_nLb L薄膜,该薄膜从溶液中吸入肌红蛋白(Mb)形成{PAA-PBA/Dex}_n-Mb薄膜.采用循环伏安方法研究了{PAA-PBA/Dex}_n薄膜中Mb的直接电化学及对氧气和过氧化氢的电催化还原过程.结果表明,该薄膜为保持Mb的生物活性提供了良好的微环境,是一种新型的可固定蛋白质的Lb L薄膜,为设计基于酶的直接电化学生物传感器提供了新思路.     

Direct Electrochemistry and Electrocatalysis of Myoglobin Immobilized on Gold Nanoparticles/Carbon Nanotubes Nanohybrid Film

A novel nanohybrid material, constructed by gold nanoparticles (GNPs) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs), was designed for immobilization and biosensing of myoglobin (Mb). Morphology of the nanohybrid film was characterized by SEM. UV‐vis spectroscopy demonstrated that Mb on the composite film could retain its native structure. Direct electrochemistry of Mb immobilized on the GNPs/MWNTs film was investigated. The immobilized Mb showed a couple of quasireversible and well‐defined cyclic voltammetry peaks with a formal potential of about ?0.35 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) in pH 6.0 phosphate buffer solution (PBS) solution. Furthermore, the modified electrode also displayed good sensitivity, wide linear range and long‐term stability to the detection of hydrogen peroxide. The experiment results demonstrated that the hybrid matrix provided a biocompatible microenvironment for protein and supplied a necessary pathway for its direct electron transfer.     

Direct Electrochemistry and Electrocatalysis of Myoglobin Immobilized on Graphene‐CTAB‐Ionic Liquid Nanocomposite Film

This paper describes the direct electrochemistry and electrocatalysis of myoglobin immobilized on graphene‐cetylramethylammonium bromide (CTAB)‐ionic liquid nanocomposite film on a glassy carbon electrode. The nanocomposite was characterized by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and electrochemistry. It was found that the high surface area of graphene was helpful for immobilizing more proteins and the nanocomposite film could provide a favorable microenvironment for MB to retain its native structure and activity and to achieve reversible direct electron transfer reaction at an electrode. The ionic liquid may play dual roles here: it keeps the protein's activity and improves stability of the nanocomposite film; it also serves as a binder between protein and electrode, therefore, enhancing the electron transfer between the protein and the electrode. The nanocomposite films also exhibit good stability and catalytic activities for the electrocatalytic reduction of H₂O₂.     

Electrocatalysis via Direct Electrochemistry of Myoglobin Immobilized on Colloidal Gold Nanoparticles

The direct electron transfer between immobilized myoglobin (Mb) and colloidal gold modified carbon paste electrode was studied. The Mb immobilized on the colloidal gold nanoparticles displayed a pair of redox peaks in 0.1 M pH 7.0 PBS with a formal potential of –(0.108 ± 0.002) V (vs. NHE). The response showed a surface‐controlled electrode process with an electron transfer rate constant of (26.7 ± 3.7) s ^?1 at scan rates from 10 to 100 mV s^?1 and a diffusion‐controlled process involving the diffusion of proton at scan rates more than 100 mV s^?1. The immobilized Mb maintained its activity and could electrocatalyze the reduction of both hydrogen peroxide and nitrite. Thus, the novel renewable reagentless sensors for hydrogen peroxide and nitrite were developed, respectively. The activity of Mb with respect to the pseudo peroxidase with a K_M^app value of 0.65 mM could respond linearly to hydrogen peroxide concentration from 4.6 to 28 μM. The sensor exhibited a fast amperometric response to NO₂^? reduction and reached 93% of steady‐state current within 5 s. The linear range for NO₂^? determination was from 8.0 to 112 μM with a detection limit of 0.7 μM at 3σ.     

Direct Electrochemistry and Application in Electrocatalysis of Hemoglobin in a Polyacrylic Resin‐Gold Colloid Nanocomposite Film

A novel nanocomposite integrating the good biocompatibility of polyacrylic resin nanoparticles (PAR) and the good conductivity of colloidal gold nanoparticles was proposed to construct the matrix for the immobilization of hemoglobin (Hb) on the surface of a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). UV‐vis spectra demonstrated that Hb preserved its native structure after being entrapped into the composite film. The direct electrochemistry of hemoglobin (Hb) in this nanocomposite films showed a pair of well‐defined and quasi‐reversible cyclic voltammetric peaks with a formal potential of ?0.307 mV and a constant electron transfer rate of 2.51±0.2 s^?1. The resultant amperometric biosensor showed fast responses to the analytes with excellent detection limits of 0.2 µM for H₂O₂ and 0.89 µM for TCA (S/N=3), and high sensitivity of 1108.6 for H₂O₂ and 77.14 mA cm^?2 M^?1 for TCA, respectively. The linear current response was found in the range from 0.59 to 7.3 µM (R²=0.9996) for H₂O₂ and from 5 to 85 µM (R²=0.9996) for TCA, while the superior apparent Michaelis–Menten constant was 0.012 mM for H₂O₂ and 0.536 mM for TCA, respectively. Therefore, the PAR‐Au‐Hb nanocomposite as a novel matrix opens up a possibility for further study on the direct electrochemistry of other proteins.     

Direct Electrochemistry and Electrocatalysis of Hemoglobin Immobilized in a Polymeric Ionic Liquid Film

A polymer film based on polymeric ionic liquid, which was poly(1‐vinyl‐3‐butylimidazolium chloride) (poly(ViBuIm⁺Cl^?)for short), was firstly used as matrix to immobilize hemoglobin (Hb). FTIR and UV‐vis spectra demonstrated that the native structure of Hb was well preserved after entrapped into the polymer film. The Hb immobilized in the poly(ViBuIm⁺Cl^?) film showed a fast direct electron transfer for the Hb‐Fe^III/Fe^II redox couple. Based on the direct electron transfer of the immobilized Hb, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/Hb/poly(ViBuIm⁺Cl^?)/GC electrode displayed good sensitivity and wide linear range for the detection of H₂O₂. The linear range of the PVA/Hb/poly(ViBuIm⁺Cl^?)/GC electrode to H₂O₂ is from 3.5 to 224 μM with a limit of detection of 1.17 μM. Such an avenue, which integrated polymeric ionic liquid and redox protein via a simple method, may provide a novel and efficient platform for the fabrication of biosensors, biofuel cells and other bioelectrochemical devices.     

Electrochemistry of Multilayers of Graphene and Myoglobin Modified Electrode and Its Biosensing

A multilayers of graphene (GR) and myoglobin (Mb) modified electrode was fabricated with a layer of chitosan film. Electrochemical behaviors of the modified electrode were studied by cyclic voltammetry, which exhibited a couple of well‐behaved, stable and quasi‐reversible cathodic and anodic peaks, indicating that Mb realized its direct electron transfer on the biosensor. The experimental result may be accredited to the existence of multilayers conductive GR nanosheets that could provide big specific surface area, fine biological compatibility and ultrahigh electron transfer route for the immobilized Mb. The catalytic reduction peak currents of the biosensor to the detection of trichloroacetic acid were established from 0.6 to 26.0 mM accompanied with the detection limit as 0.15 mM (3σ). Therefore a novel third‐generation mediator‐free electrochemical sensor was successful prepared with the usage of multilayers of GR.     

Direct Electrochemistry Transfer and Electrocatalysis of Hemoglobin Immobilized in Porous Mn_2O_3

Novel porous Mn2O3 with good crystallinity was synthesized via hard-template method. Hb-Mn2O3 na-nocomposite was prepared and used for biosensor construction. The Hb-Mn2O3-Nafion modified electrode shows fast direct electron transfer and displays good electrocatalytic response to the reduction of H2O2. The response time is less than 5 s, the sensitivity is as high as 493 μA·L·mmol-1·cm-2 in a linear range of 1-100 μmol/L, and the detection limit is 0.16 μmol/L. This modified electrode also shows good stabil...     

Direct Electron Transfer and Electrocatalysis of Myoglobin Based on its Direct Immobilization on Carbon Ionic Liquid Electrode

Direct electron transfer of myoglobin (Mb) was achieved by its direct immobilization on carbon ionic liquid electrode (CILE) with a conductive hydrophobic ionic liquid, 1‐butyl pyridinium hexaflourophosphate ([BuPy][PF₆]) as binder for the first time. A pair of well‐defined, quasi‐reversible redox peaks was observed for Mb/CILE resulting from Mb redox of heme Fe(III)/Fe(II) redox couple in 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.0) with oxidation potential of ?0.277 V, reduction potential of ?0.388 V, the formal potential E°′ (E°′=(E_pa+E_pc)/2) at ?0.332 V and the peak‐to‐peak potential separation of 0.111 V at 0.5 V/s. The average surface coverage of the electroactive Mb immobilized on the electrode surface was calculated as 1.06±0.03×10^?9 mol cm^?2. Mb retained its bioactivity on modified electrode and showed excellent electrocatalytic activity towards the reduction of H₂O₂. The cathodic peak current of Mb was linear to H₂O₂ concentration in the range from 6.0 μM to 160 μM with a detection limit of 2.0 μM (S/N=3). The apparent Michaelis–Menten constant (K and the electron transfer rate constant (k_s) were estimated to be 140±1 μM and 2.8±0.1 s^?1, respectively. The biosensor achieved the direct electrochemistry of Mb on CILE without the help of any supporting film or any electron mediator.     

Direct Electrochemistry and Electrocatalysis of Myoglobin with Ionic Liquid through Multilayers Film on Carbon Ionic Liquid Electrode

Multilayers of myoglobin (Mb) with ionic liquid 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([EMIM]BF₄) was assembled on carbon ionic liquid electrode (CILE) based on the electrostatic attraction between the negatively charged Mb and the positively charged imidazolium ion of IL. The CILE was fabricated with 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium ethylsulfate ([EMIM]EtOSO₃) as the modifier, which exhibited imidazolium ion on the electrode surface. Then Mb molecules were assembled on the surface of CILE step‐by‐step to get a {IL/Mb}_n multilayer film modified electrode. UV‐Vis adsorption and FT‐IR spectra indicated that Mb remained its native structure in the IL matrix. In deaerated phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.0) a pair of well‐defined quasi‐reversible redox peaks appeared with the apparent formal potential (E^0′) as ‐0.212 V (vs. SCE), which was the characteristic of Mb heme Fe(III)/Fe(II) redox couples. The results indicated that the direct electron transfer of Mb was realized on the modified electrode. The {IL/Mb}_n/CILE displayed excellent electrocatalytic ability to the trichloroacetic acid reduction in the concentration range from 2.0 to 22.0 mmol/L with the detection limit of 0.6 mmol/L (3σ). The proposed method provides a new platform to fabricate the third generation biosensor based on the self‐assembly of redox protein with ILs.