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1.
除经典碱基外, RNA中还包含许多化学修饰.迄今,已经在生命体的三域系统中鉴定出超过150种RNA修饰类型.这些RNA修饰不改变RNA的序列,但会改变其结构和生化特性,从而调节基因的时空表达. RNA修饰作为表观遗传学研究的一个重要领域,在调控植物的生长发育和胁迫应激中起到至关重要的作用.近年来,随着分析技术,特别是RNA修饰测序技术的不断进步,对植物RNA修饰的功能和机制获得了深入的认识.本文主要介绍了植物RNA修饰的功能,总结了针对这些植物中RNA修饰的分析方法,以便为今后系统地开展植物中RNA修饰的研究提供参考.  相似文献   

2.
生物个体中的所有体细胞享有相同的遗传信息,但具有不同的RNA表达亚群和蛋白组,在特定的时间,实际上只有部分基因被表达并执行其功能.近年来,表观遗传学研究的突破在一定程度上帮助人们理解了基因表达的调控. DNA、 RNA和蛋白质这3类生物大分子在合成后都会进行化学修饰,这些修饰几乎涉及所有生物过程的调控.迄今,已经在DNA和RNA中分别鉴定出超过17种和160种化学修饰,对DNA和RNA修饰的各种生物学功能的研究兴趣推动了表观基因组学和表观转录组学前沿领域的发展.开发化学和生物学工具来检测基因组或转录组中的特定修饰是表观基因组学和表观转录组学研究的关键,本文综述了一些常见的核酸修饰的高通量测序方法,提出现有方法中的一些瓶颈以及可能的创新方法.  相似文献   

3.
基因的时空表达通过转录、翻译和蛋白翻译后修饰这3个层面进行调控.目前在基因组DNA、RNA和蛋白质上发现了丰富的化学修饰.这些化学修饰被认为是调控基因时空表达的另一种新机制.截至目前,在核酸和蛋白质中已经分别发现了超过150和400种不同类型的修饰,阐明这些修饰的生理功能有助于促进对生命体调控机理和运行机制的认识和理解.包括基因组学、转录组学、蛋白质组学和代谢组学在内的组学研究已经蓬勃发展了几十年.鉴于DNA、RNA和蛋白质上含有丰富多样和具有调控作用的化学修饰,本文从修饰和组学的角度提出了新的概念:修饰组学.修饰组学主要是指对DNA修饰、RNA修饰和蛋白质修饰的系统和综合研究.本综述通过介绍DNA、RNA和蛋白质上的化学修饰,总结了它们的生物学功能,探讨了修饰之间的相互作用从而阐释修饰组学,希望为DNA、RNA和蛋白质修饰提供一个系统的蓝图,并促进对其功能的研究.  相似文献   

4.
光敏感基团作为光化学开关被广泛应用于各种生物过程的光调控中。特别是过去十几年内,核苷酸、寡聚核苷酸和DNA/RNA的光敏修饰策略得到了长足的发展,并在细胞信号传导和靶基因的功能调控等诸多生物学研究中发挥重要的作用。本文主要针对常用的光敏感基团、光敏感核酸及其化学生物学研究进展进行简要综述,并对未来核酸光化学生物学的研究进行了展望。  相似文献   

5.
除了经典碱基外,核酸(DNA和RNA)中还包含许多化学修饰。迄今为止,已经在核酸中鉴定了超过150多种化学修饰。这些化学修饰不会改变核酸的序列,但会改变它们的结构和生化特性,最终调节基因的时空表达。阐明这些修饰的功能可以促进对生命体生理调控机制的深入认识和理解。然而,核酸修饰在体内的丰度通常很低。因此,高灵敏和特异的检测方法对破译这些修饰的功能至关重要。化学衍生与质谱技术相结合对内源性低丰度核酸修饰展现出很好的分析能力。在过去几年中,研究者建立了多种基于化学衍生-质谱分析的分析方法,用于灵敏、高效地分析核酸修饰。该文总结了通过化学衍生-质谱分析方法来破译核酸修饰的最新进展,希望能促进未来对核酸修饰功能的深入研究。  相似文献   

6.
细胞中的mRNA和非编码RNA包含着大量的表观化学修饰.在这些修饰中, N4-乙酰胞苷(ac4C)是较为独特的一种,在真核生物和原核生物的tRNA, rRNA和mRNA中均有发现.研究表明, ac4C RNA可能具有多种生物学功能,包括调节蛋白的翻译过程、影响RNA的稳定性及改变RNA-蛋白相互作用等.但当前对其修饰路径的研究还不成熟,催化ac4C RNA形成的乙酰转移酶目前仅有NAT10被鉴定出来.不仅如此,目前对ac4C RNA进行检测和测序的技术手段还相当局限.本文综合评述了ac4C RNA的分布以及在基因表达调控中的作用和机制,重点介绍了ac4C RNA的检测技术,并对ac4C RNA当前研究中的不足和机遇进行了总结和展望.  相似文献   

7.
5?甲基胞嘧啶(5?Methylcytosine,5mC)作为DNA中研究最为广泛的表观遗传修饰,不改变基因的序列,但是可以调控基因表达,从而在生命体的生长、发育和疾病发生中发挥着重要作用.研究5mC的分布、变化及作用机制有助于加强对生命体活动本质的理解.阐明基因组DNA中5mC修饰的生物学功能主要依赖于精准破译其在基...  相似文献   

8.
张晓勤  陈川  方彩云  陆豪杰 《分析化学》2016,(11):1771-1779
半胱氨酸的巯基具有很高的反应活性,作为亲核、氧化还原催化反应、金属结合及变构调节位点等在蛋白质的结构和功能中发挥着非常重要的作用,且容易发生多种翻译后修饰,调控亦或损伤蛋白功能,与人类许多重要疾病关系密切,因此,定性与定量分析蛋白质半胱氨酸上的翻译后修饰组对理解其生物学功能具有重要意义。本文综述了近年来蛋白质半胱氨酸上常见的翻译后修饰组的质谱和蛋白质组学分析方法进展。  相似文献   

9.
唐朝  罗群 《化学通报》2024,87(1):27-35
DNA甲基化作为表观遗传修饰中一种重要的调控方式,通过调控基因的表达,从而影响机体内一系列的生物学过程。色谱-质谱法是研究DNA甲基化修饰的重要研究手段。随着对哺乳动物DNA甲基化的生物学功能的深入研究,应用于研究表观遗传修饰的手段与仪器设备越来越先进。为了对DNA修饰进行定性与定量的分析检测,除了高效液相色谱整合不同种类质量分析器的质谱联用(HPLC-MS)技术外,目前还开发应用了基质辅助激光解析质谱技术(MALDI-ToF-MS)和气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS),从而极大拓展了DNA甲基化修饰研究的手段。本文对分析表观遗传DNA甲基化修饰的质谱技术发展进行综述,希望为DNA甲基化修饰分析提供有价值的研究策略。  相似文献   

10.
RNA腺嘌呤编辑(Ade-to-Ino)是RNA上最丰富的转录后修饰之一.腺苷到肌苷的转变通过作用于RNA上的腺苷脱氨酶(ADARs)催化腺苷C6位上的氨基水解脱氨产生.RNA腺嘌呤编辑参与调控基因表达和蛋白功能.研究发现异常的RNA腺嘌呤编辑与多种人类疾病相关.深入研究RNA腺嘌呤编辑的生理功能需要高灵敏检测、准确定...  相似文献   

11.
On-line fermentation gas analysis is of general interest because it permits the determination of metabolic rates in almost any biological process using living organisms. The consumption and production of gases (O2, CO2, CH4, etc.) and volatile compounds may be determined without causing any risk of infection. Elemental balancing permits the determination of other metabolic rates if the stoichiometry is known. This was studied with the production of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) by Alcaligenes latus. Estimations were based on the measurement of gas partial pressure and flow-rates, pH and alkali consumption rate. Experiments with a small quadrupole mass spectrometer showed unacceptable error propagation. Therefore, dynamic error propagation for all rates was studied using simulation. It was found that, for example, a 1% relative offset-calibration error for oxygen can result in an error in PHB estimation of > 50%. It is suggested that this culture is used in combination with elemental balancing for thorough tests of the accuracy of on-line gas analysis equipment. An on-line process gas analyser based on a quadrupole mass spectrometer (Balzers PGM 407) gave the following precision values (abs. vol.?%) during cultivation of Bacillus subtilis: nitrogen (m/z 14), 0.024; oxygen (m/z 32), 0.020; argon (m/z 40), 0.0011; and carbon dioxide (m/z 44), 0.0034. These values, combined with automatic recalibration, would be sufficient for reasonable estimation of PHB, biomass and substrates.  相似文献   

12.
This study aims to examine the effect of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) treatment on the physico-chemical properties, structure, thermal, tensile and surface topography of Carica papaya fibers (CPFs). The surface of raw CPFs was modified by soaking with 5% NaOH solution for 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90?min. The results of thermo-gravimetric analysis revealed that the optimum treatment time for alkali treatment was 60?min. It was found that the alkali treatment improved the properties of the CPFs. The results of TGA, FT-IR, XRD and AFM suggest that the treated CPF is a suitable alternative as reinforcement in polymer composites.  相似文献   

13.
In order to bring out the nature of the factors influencing lake water composition, multivariate statistical analysis and trend analysis were performed based on the hydrochemical data of the study area, namely, South Chennai. Change in land use pattern and settlements along the banks of the lakes alters the quality and quantity of the surface water. In the present study, the R‐mode factor analysis and cluster analysis were applied to the geochemical parameters of the water to identify the factors affecting the chemical composition of the lake water. Dendograms of both the seasons give three major clusters, reflecting the groups of unpolluted to moderately polluted, polluted, and heavily polluted stations. The movement of stations from one cluster to another clearly brings out the seasonal variation in the chemical composition of the lake water. The complex hydrochemical data of the surface water were interpreted by condensing them into three major factors. Factor score analysis was used successfully to delineate the stations under study and the role of the contributing factors, and the nature of factors responsible for the variation in chemical composition of the water has been clearly brought out. Results of trend analysis using ArcGIS clearly indicate that the trend in water quality is deteriorating at a faster rate in the eastern part of the study area. It is understood that although natural shifts probably can account for some of the variation, it is most likely that human activities play a major role in affecting the water quality on a regional scale. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

14.
Analysis of time series tries to extract tendencies from measured values dependent on time. For this purpose the cusum technique has proved to be a very sensitive tool for the evaluation of both current and completed time series. Even very weak tendencies can be detected at a high level of noise. Time-series analysis further tries to predict values to come from hitherto performed measurements. As a very flexible model exponential smoothing could be successfully used. Even for processes with a high extent of non-stationarity this model allowed a good prediction owing to the dynamics of the process. Three types of time-series analysis, i.e., evaluation of current measurements, retrospective evaluation and prediction of data (also known as “in vivo”, “post mortem” and “in futurum” time-series analysis) are demonstrated for problems stemming from analytical process control.  相似文献   

15.
环境无机分析化学   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
牛春吉  汪炳武 《分析化学》1990,18(4):387-393
  相似文献   

16.
Determining the rank of a chemical matrix is the first step in many multivariate, chemometric studies. Rank is defined as the minimum number of linearly independent factors after deletion of factors that contribute to random, nonlinear, uncorrelated errors. Adding a matrix of rank 1 to a data matrix not only increases the rank by one unit but also perturbs the primary factor axes, having little effect on the secondary axes associated with the random errors in the measurements. The primary rank of a data matrix can be determined by comparing the residual variances obtained from principal component analysis (PCA) of the original data matrix to those obtained from an augmented matrix. The ratio of the residual variances between adjacent factor levels represents a Fisher ratio that can be used to distinguish the primary factors (chemical as well as instrumental factors) from the secondary factors (experimental errors). The results gleaned from model studies as well as those from experimental studies are used to illustrate the efficacy of the proposed methodology. The method is independent of the nature of the error distribution. Limitations and precautions are discussed. An algorithm, written in MATLAB format, is included. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

17.
多波长K系数法同时测定去痛片中四组分   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
陆晓华  李春华 《分析化学》1991,19(12):1415-1417
  相似文献   

18.
文章介绍了新材料的重要性及发展方向,分析化学在新材料研制中起着耳目的作用,另一方面新材料也为分析化学的进展提供了课题与条件。微量分析、微区分析、表面分析是此领域中的重点。在未来的发展中,分析化学在材料的发展中的地位不会改变,并期待着分析灵敏度与空间分辩率的进一步提高。  相似文献   

19.
An algorithm called automatic window factor analysis (AUTOWFA) is developed for the purpose of determining, efficiently and automatically, the concentration profiles of the spectroscopically active components present in evolutionary processes, such as chemical titration, chromatography and kinetics. The method not only yields windows and profiles in agreement with those reported in the literature, but also reveals components not detected by precursor techniques. The method, however, has not been optimized and may require user interaction to fine-tune the windows.  相似文献   

20.
《Analytical letters》2012,45(6):899-908
Abstract

To determine mercury in geological materials, samples are digested with nitric acid and sodium dichromate in a closed teflon vessel. After bringing to a constant weight, the digest is mixed with air and a sodium chloride-hydroxylamine hydrochloride-sulfuric acid solution and then Hg(II) is reduced to Hg with stannous chloride in a continuous flow manifold. The mercury vapor is then separated and measured using cold vapor atomic absorption spectrophotometry (CV-AAS). For a 100 mg sample the limit of detection is 20 parts per billion (ppb) Hg in sample. To obtain a 1% absorption signal, the described method requires 0.21 ppb Hg solution (equal to 16 ppb in sample). Precision is acceptable at less than 1.2% RSD for a 10 ppb Hg aqueous standard. Accuracy is demonstrated by the results of the analysis of standard reference materials. Several elements do interfere but the effect is minimal because either the digestion procedure does not dissolve them (e.g., Au or Pt) or the; are normally of low abundance (e.g., Se or Te).  相似文献   

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