乳酸链球菌素Z纯化脱色小试工艺研究

Nisin Z的工业生产中利用细胞菌体吸附Nisin Z,离心后的发酵上清液(Nisin Z效价1000IU/m L左右)则通常被当成废液处理。本文建立大孔吸附树脂富集浓缩,丙酮-盐双水相脱色及中压制备型高效液相色谱精制三步法,从低浓度的发酵液上清液中回收较高纯度Nisin Z的方法。经过HZM-3树脂吸附和解吸,乳链菌肽Z的纯度由0.28%提高了95倍至26.65%,双水相脱色后Nisin Z纯度进一步提高至55.43%,经过制备分离后Nisin Z纯度达到94.12%。总回收率为71.39%,脱色率为95.7%。     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定食品中多杀菌素A和D的残留量

建立了食品中多杀菌素(spinosyn) A和D残留的液相色谱-串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)检测方法。甘蓝等食品样品经乙腈-水(50:50, v/v)提取、HLB固相萃取柱净化后,采用HPLC-MS/MS进行检测分析,利用外标法定量。质谱分析采用电喷雾电离,正离子扫描,多反应监测模式。结果表明,柱净化后无明显的基质效应,多杀菌素在1～20 μg/L内具有较好的线性关系,其相关系数可达0.9999;样品中添加1～10 μg/kg的多杀菌素,其回收率为76.2%～114.0%,相对标准偏差(n=10)小于10%;检出限(信噪比（S/N）=3): 多杀菌素A为0.2 μg/kg,多杀菌素D为0.5 μg/kg;定量限(S/N=10): 多杀菌素A为0.5 μg/kg,多杀菌素D为1.0 μg/kg。在最佳实验条件下,对来自福建厦门的969份食品样品进行了检测,其中15份样品检测结果呈阳性。实验结果表明,该方法提取效果好,具有良好的灵敏度、回收率和重复性。     

HPLC-MS/MS法测定婴幼儿果蔬米粉中17种新烟碱类杀虫剂及代谢物

建立了婴幼儿果蔬米粉中17种新烟碱类杀虫剂及代谢物的高效液相色谱-串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)分析方法。样品经含1%(体积分数)甲酸的乙腈提取,QuEChERS净化,氮气吹干后,用含0.1%甲酸的乙腈水溶液(1∶4,体积比)定容。采用Acquity BEH C₁₈色谱柱(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.7μm)分离,0.1%甲酸水溶液和乙腈作为流动相梯度洗脱,高效液相色谱-串联质谱检测。结果表明,17种目标物在对应的质量浓度范围内线性良好,相关系数(r)均大于0.995 4;方法检出限(LOD)为0.02～0.15μg/kg,定量下限(LOQ)为0.06～0.50μg/kg;在LOQ、2.0μg/kg、10.0μg/kg 3个加标水平下,17种目标物在水果米粉中的平均回收率为62.5%～103%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为3.5%～17%;蔬菜米粉中的平均回收率为66.4%～108%,RSD为4.3%～13%。该方法灵敏、准确,简便、可靠,适用于婴幼儿果蔬米粉中17种新烟碱类杀虫剂及代谢物的同时检测。     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测发酵液中的印楝素A

建立了一种高效液相色谱-电喷雾电离串联质谱联用仪(HPLC-MS/MS)检测发酵液中印楝素A的方法。样品经有机溶剂萃取,旋转蒸发浓缩,乙腈溶解定容,以Kinete C_(18)色谱柱(2.1 mm×100 mm,2.6μm)分离。流动相0.1%甲酸乙腈溶液和0.1%甲酸水溶液,体积比为45:55,总流速为0.2 mL·min~(-1)。电喷雾正离子电离(ESI~+)方式,多反应监测(MRM)模式下进行质谱检测,基质匹配外标法定量。目标物在6～48 ng·mL~(-1)之间线性关系良好,相关系数R=0.9993,检出限(3S/N)为0.5 ng·mL~(-1),日间重复性RSD=1.279%(n=3)。三个添加水平下(6、24、48 ng·mL~(-1))平均回收率为81.5%～87.4%,RSD为3.1%～4.4%。该方法样品前处理简单,分析时间短,准确度、精确度高,可用于发酵液中印楝素A的痕量检测。     

分散固相萃取净化/高效液相色谱法测定婴幼儿奶粉与米粉中15种多环芳烃

建立了高效液相色谱-荧光检测法同时测定婴幼儿奶粉和米粉中15种多环芳烃的检测方法。样品经乙腈提取,PSA分散固相萃取净化;乙腈-水梯度洗脱,Waters PAH专用柱分离,荧光检测器检测,外标法定量。在最优条件下,15种多环芳烃均得到有效分离,线性范围为1.0~50μg/L,相关系数均大于0.995,方法检出限(LODs,S/N=3)为0.05~0.3μg/kg,回收率为86.5%~106.8%,精密度(RSD,n=6)为0.7%~7.5%。该方法操作简单、灵敏度高,适用于婴幼儿奶粉和米粉中多环芳烃的检测。     

固相膜萃取/气相色谱-质谱法检测水体中痕量酚类化合物

建立了固相膜萃取/气相色谱-质谱法同时测定水体中多种痕量酚类化合物的分析方法。采用固相膜萃取技术提取水中的痕量酚类化合物,对洗脱液种类、洗脱液体积、水样初始p H值和洗脱速率等萃取条件进行优化,并用DB-5MS色谱柱分离,气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS/SIM)进行定量测定。实验结果表明,在p H 2.0的初始条件下,选择10 m L乙酸乙酯-二氯甲烷混合溶液(体积比1∶1)作为洗脱剂,控制洗脱速率为1 m L/min时,酚类化合物的平均回收率高达82.3%~97.1%。在1~800μg/L质量浓度范围内,酚类化合物的峰面积与对应质量浓度呈良好线性关系,相关系数(r2)均在0.996以上,检出限均不大于0.017μg/L,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=8)为1.6%~4.3%。将方法应用于我国北江流域水样检测,结果可靠。该方法萃取时间短、灵敏度和准确度高、简单易行,满足实际水体中对痕量酚类化合物的检测要求,可显著提高水中痕量酚类化合物的分析效率。     

高效液相色谱手性固定相法拆分和测定乳酸左氧氟沙星中乳酸对映体

建立了高效液相色谱手性固定相法拆分和测定乳酸左氧氟沙星中乳酸对映体的方法。考察了CuSO₄溶液浓度和异丙醇比例对乳酸对映体和左氧氟沙星分离情况的影响。采用Phenomenex 3126(D)-Penicillamine手性色谱柱，优化流动相为2.5 mmol/L CuSO₄溶液-异丙醇(体积比为93∶7),乳酸对映体达到基线分离。以L-乳酸锂和水解后的D-乳酸为标准品，解决了直接采用乳酸为标准品导致测定结果有偏差的问题。L-乳酸和D-乳酸在20～400μg/mL范围内线性良好，相关系数R²分别为09999和0.9998。重复性实验得到的相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.7%～0.8%,回收率为98.77%～100.1%(RSD≤1.0%),准确度和精密度良好。该方法简便，适用于乳酸左氧氟沙星中乳酸对映体含量的测定。     

混合溶剂中酶促合成维生素A乳酸酯

研究了混合溶剂中脂肪酶催化合成维生素A乳酸酯.首先对催化合成维生素A乳酸酯反应的脂肪酶和反应介质进行了研究,其次对影响合成维生素A乳酸酯反应的因素(温度、底物摩尔比、反应时间和酶量等)进行了探讨,优化了反应条件:在5 mL混合溶剂(叔丁醇/正己烷(v/v)=3:2)中,0.167 g维生素A醋酸酯和0.150g乳酸在25 mg脂肪酶Novozym 435催化下,在35℃、150 r/m in下反应6 h,产率可以达到52.19%,固定化酶可连续使用5次以上,产率仍达45%以上.     

高效液相色谱法同时测定苏木中的巴西苏木素和原苏木素B

建立了同时测定苏木中巴西苏木素和原苏木素B的高效液相色谱检测方法。采用Agela Venusil XBP-C18(4.6 mm×150 mm,5μm)色谱柱,以甲醇-0.2%甲酸溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速1.0 mL/min,测定温度为35℃,检测波长285 nm。巴西苏木素和原苏木素B的质量浓度均在0.005～1.0 mg/mL时与色谱峰面积之间线性关系良好,相关系数都为0.9999;回收率范围分别为96.7%～101.4%和99.4%～103.0%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.0%和1.3%。该法可以用于苏木药材的鉴定。     

卡那霉素A酶联适配体检测方法研究

通过EDC法偶联辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)和卡那霉素A(Kanamycin,KaA)分子制备酶标记物,采用棋盘滴定法确定链霉亲和素(Streptavidin,SA)的包被浓度为8 mg/L,通过单因素实验优化了检测条件,建立了卡那霉素A酶联适配体检测(Enzyme-linked aptamer assay,ELAA)方法。本方法半抑制浓度(IC50)为2.2"g/L,检出限(LOD)为0.04"g/L,检测范围(IC20～IC80)为0.07～71.5"g/L,与结构类似物无明显交叉反应;对牛奶、猪肉、猪肝、鸡肉、蜂蜜样品加标回收率在78%～100%之间,平均相对标准偏差小于11.1%。本方法特异性强、灵敏度高,适用于食品中卡那霉素A的快速检测。     

Stimulation of Nisin production from whey by a mixed culture of Lactococcus lactis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The production of nisin, a natural food preservative, by Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis (ATCC 11454) is associated with the simultaneous formation of lactic acid during fermentation in a whey-based medium. As a result of the low concentration and high separation cost of lactic acid, recovering lactic acid as a product may not be economical, but its removal from the fermentation broth is important because the accumulation of lactic acid inhibits nisin biosynthesis. In this study, lactic acid removal was accomplished by biological means. A mixed culture of L. lactis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae was established in order to stimulate the production of nisin via the in situ consumption of lactic acid by the yeast strain, which is capable of utilizing lactic acid as carbon source. The S. cerevisiae in the mixed culture did not compete with the nisin-producing bacteria because the yeast does not utilize lactose, the major carbohydrate in whey for bacterial growth and nisin production. The results showed that lactic acid produced by the bacteria was almost totally utilized by the yeast and the pH of the mixed culture could be maintained at around 6.0. Nisin production by the mixed culture system reached 150.3 mg/L, which was 0.85 times higher than that by a pure culture of L. lactis.     

Production of Nisin Z by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lactococcus lactis</Emphasis> Isolated from Dahi

Lactococcus lactis CM1, an isolate from homemade “Dahi,” a traditional fermented milk from India, used maltose as carbon source to produce a high level of bacteriocin. The bacterial cell mass and the bacteriocin production correlated with the initial pH of the medium and were highest when the initial pH was 11.0. The level of bacteriocin reached its peak at the late log phase with concomitant reduction of culture pH to 4.2, regardless of the initial pH of the medium. A combination of maltose and an initial medium pH of 11 resulted in the highest bacteriocin production. The antibacterial spectrum of the bacteriocin was closely similar to that of nisin and it inhibited a number of food spoilage and pathogenic bacteria. Upon sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the compound migrated close to the position of nisin (3.5 kDa). However, it had higher stability than nisin at a wide range of pH and temperature. PCR amplification using nisin gene-specific primers and sequencing of the amplified DNA revealed the structural gene for the bacteriocin to be identical to that of nisZ.     

Variable Volume Fed-Batch Fermentation for Nisin Production by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lactococcus lactis</Emphasis> subsp<Emphasis Type="Italic">. lactis W28</Emphasis>

A feeding technology that was suitable for improving the nisin production by Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis W28 was established. The effects of initial sucrose concentration (ISC) in the fermentation broth, feeding time, and feeding rate on the fermentation were studied. It was observed that a fed-batch culture (ISC = 10 g l⁻¹) with 100 ml sucrose solution (190 g l⁻¹) being evenly fed (9–10 ml h⁻¹) into the fermenter after 3-h fermentation gave the best performance in terms of biomass and nisin yield. Under these conditions, the total biomass and the total nisin yield were approximately 23% and 51% higher than those in batch fermentation, respectively. When the sucrose concentration was controlled at 5–10 g l⁻¹ in variable volume intermittent fed-batch fermentation (VVIF) with ISC = 10 g l⁻¹, the total biomass and the total nisin yield were 29% and 60% above those in batch fermentation, respectively. The VVIF proved to be effective to eliminate the substrate inhibition by maintaining sucrose at appropriate levels. It is also easy to be scaled up, since various parameters involved in industrial production were taken into account.     

Value-Added Production of Nisin from Soy Whey

The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of low/negative value soy whey (SW) as an alternative, inexpensive fermentation substrate to culture Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis for nisin production. Initially, a microtiter plate assay using a Bioscreen C Microbiology Plate Reader was used for rapid optimization of culture conditions. Various treatments were examined in efforts to optimize nisin production from SW, including different methods for SW sterilization, ultrasonication of soy flake slurries for possible nutrient release, comparison of diluted and undiluted SW, and supplementation of SW with nutrients. In subsequent flask-based experiments, dry bacterial mass and nisin yields obtained from SW were 2.18 g/L and 619 mg/L, respectively, as compared to 2.17 g/L and 672 mg/L from a complex medium, de Man–Rogosa–Sharpe broth. Ultrasonication of soybean flake slurries (10% solid content) in water prior to production of SW resulted in ∼2% increase in biomass yields and ∼1% decrease in nisin yields. Nutrient supplementation to SW resulted in ∼3% and ∼7% increase in cell and nisin yields, respectively. This proof-of-concept study demonstrates the potential for use of a low/negative value liquid waste stream from soybean processing for production of a high-value fermentation end product.     

Stress Response Kinetics of Two Nisin Producer Strains of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lactococcus lactis</Emphasis> spp. <Emphasis Type="Italic">lactis</Emphasis>

The purpose of this study is to determine the survival and nisin production behaviors of two strains of Lactococcus lactis under different stress conditions that represent the food ecosystem. In this respect, the survival ratios of two nisin producers were determined under different pH, temperature, NaCl, and bile salt concentrations. Then, nisin production levels of the strains were determined at each stress conditions. Both strains had similar growth or inactivation patterns under the same stress conditions. NaCl and bile salt stresses on the survival ratio of the strains could be successfully described by the exponential decay function, whereas Gaussian function produced good fits for temperature and pH stresses. The nisin activity of two nisin producers (in their mid-exponential and/or early stationary phase) decreased dramatically under all stress conditions, except osmotic (NaCl) and low temperature applications. The results of this study showed that two nisin producers had similar adaptive responses under severe stress conditions, which could be described by appropriate mathematical equations. Moreover, the effect of harsh environment on the nisin activity of L. lactis strains depends on the stress factors applied.     

分光光度法快速测定乳链菌肽效价

为了解决琼脂扩散法测定乳链菌肽效价时间长的问题,引进了分光光度测定法.确定的测定工艺为藤黄微球菌接种接种龄为指数期的中后期、接种量为10%的,加入待检样品在温度33℃、转速150 r/min的摇床培养5 h,600 nm波长下测定吸光度值,通过乳酸菌肽浓度与检测菌吸光度之间的函数关系准确测量乳酸菌肽的效价.重复测定的最大相对误差在±5%以内.     

Lantibiotics as surface active agents for biomedical applications

The unique physical structure of lantibiotics, (e.g. double bonds, thioethers rings, and unusual amino acid residues), makes these antimicrobial peptides highly reactive, and thus different in mode-of-action from clinical antibiotics. Members of the lantibiotic group have been successfully tested against pathogenic organisms for decades. Some lantibiotics have been studied for use in treating skin infections, and several have been characterized for their anti-viral activity. In addition to their antimicrobial capabilities, lantibiotics possess amphiphilic characteristics, making them potentially valuable as emulsifiers in drug formulations. The small size and surface activity of these peptides also may allow them to enhance the transport of therapeutic compounds across cell membranes. Over 30 lantibiotics are presently known, and more are being discovered each year. With the rising incidence of resistant bacteria, lantibiotics offer considerable potential as safe, antimicrobial barriers for use on synthetic material surfaces, as emulsifiers in formulation of hydrophobic drugs, and as absorption promoters for selected compounds across mucosal membranes. The major hindrance to research in this area is that lantibiotics are difficult to obtain. But with improved methods for production and purification of these unusual antimicrobial agents, the promise of cost-effective application of lantibiotics may eventually be realized.     

Nisin production utilizing skimmed milk aiming to reduce process cost

Nisin is a natural additive for conservation of food, pharmaceutical, and dental products and can be used as a therapeutic agent. Nisin inhibits the outgrowth of spores, the growth of a variety of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. This study was performed to optimize large-scale nisin production in skimmed milk and subproducts aiming at low-costs process and stimulating its utilization. Lactococcus lactis American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) 11454 was developed in a rotary shaker (30 degrees C/36 h/100 rpm) in diluted skimmed milk and nisin activity, growth parameters, and media components were also studied. Nisin activity in growth media was expressed in arbitrary units (AU/mL) and converted to standard nisin concentration (Nisaplin, 25 mg of pure nisin is 1.0x10(6) AU/mL). Nisin activity in skimmed milk 2.27 g(total solids) was up to threefold higher than transfers in skimmed milk 4.54 g(total solids) and was up to 85-fold higher than transfers in skimmed milk 1.14 g(total solids). L. lactis was assayed in a New Brunswick fermentor with 1.5 L of diluted skimmed milk (2.27 g(total solids)) and airflow of 1.5 mL/min (30 degrees C/36/200 rpm), without pH control. In this condition nisin activity was observed after 4 h (45.07 AU/mL) and in the end of 36 h process (3312.07 AU/mL). This work shows the utilization of a low-cost growth medium (diluted skimmed milk) to nisin production with wide applications. Furthermore, milk subproducts (milk whey) can be exploited in nisin production, because in Brazil 50% of milk whey is disposed with no treatment in rivers and because of high organic matter concentrations it is considered an important pollutant. In this particular case an optimized production of an antimicrobial would be lined up with industrial disposal recycling.     

In vitro and in vivo evaluation of the antibacterial properties of a nisin-grafted hydrated mucin multilayer film

Microbial infection is one of the most serious problems in the field of medical devices, particularly in implants. Herein, we have designed and constructed a (mucin/poly(ethyleneimine))_n ((mucin/PEI)_n) multilayer film using a layer-by-layer self-assembly method and the grafting of antimicrobial peptides to enhance the bactericidal efficacy. Water contact angle measurements and atomic force microscopy images revealed that the hydrated multilayer film created a highly hydrophilic surface with a low roughness. The functionalized polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) surfaces were shown to be effective in preventing bovine serum albumin (BSA) adsorption and in reducing bacterial adhesion. Bactericidal activity of the (mucin/PEI)_n-nisin coatings, measured by scanning electron microscopy and a LIVE/DEAD bacterial viability kit, was remarkably effective against S. aureus owing to the grafting of nisin. In vivo subcutaneous incisions were made in New Zealand white rabbits and were implanted with multilayer-film-modified and uncoated PDMS. Both the evaluation of the appearance of the wound and the histopathology analysis demonstrated that implantation of the antibacterial-coating-modified PDMS promoted wound healing and showed an anti-inflammatory effect. The multilayer film proved to be nontoxic towards human lens epithelial cells, which can potentially be widely used to modify biomedical implants.