核苷及其类似物的三磷酸化方法研究进展

三磷酸核苷是一种具有三个磷酸基团的核苷酸,不仅在细胞的能量代谢中起着重要作用,也可用于心脑血管和神经系统等许多疾病的治疗和辅助治疗,随着分子生物学的发展,三磷酸核苷在许多生物检测技术中也应用广泛。新冠疫情爆发以来,抗病毒核苷类药物成为研究的热点,这类药物大多在体外不具有活性,而是在细胞内代谢为三磷酸形式发挥作用,在对这类化合物的抗病毒机理研究中,研究其抗病毒活性、抗病毒机制等都需要将核苷类药物进行三磷酸化,因此开发一种高效的核苷三磷酸化方法是十分必要的。本文根据三磷酸核苷的合成历史进程,综述了迄今为止三磷酸核苷的化学合成方案。旨在为核苷及其类似物的三磷酸化以及相关药物的研发提供参考。     

硫代核苷类似物合成研究进展

4′-硫代核苷类似物是核糖环中的氧原子被硫原子取代的核苷类似物。许多硫代核苷具有良好的抗病毒和抗肿瘤活性。4′-硫代核苷具有更稳定的糖基键和针对各种病毒或细胞酶的代谢稳定性的提升等固有优点。因此,对硫代核苷类似物的设计与合成,筛选出安全有效的抗病毒试剂应受到更多药物化学家们的关注,本文综述了近年来硫代核苷的合成研究进展。     

腺嘌呤核苷的环磷酰化反应

腺嘌呤核苷3’,5’-环磷酸(c-AMP)的磷酸衍生物可能作为c-AMP在体内的模拟物或贮存形式,因此研究c-AMP磷酸衍生物的合成及其生物活性,有可能为发现新药开辟途径.作者曾报道c-AMP的磷酯和磷酰胺的合成,并发现这类衍生物对肿瘤细胞的DNA和RNA的合成有较强抑制作用.本文讨论了含有不同离去基团的三价磷试剂与2'-保护的核苷反应,可以直接环合生成各种核苷3’,5’-环亚磷酸衍生物,后者进一步与碘或硫反应可     

碳核苷类似物的合成与生物活性

利用杂环金属盐法,通过呋喃碳核苷中间体,合成了哒嗪、哒嗪酮等碳核苷,讨论了反应机理;提高了呋喃汞盐法合成碳核苷的收率及立体选择性.     

离子液体中核苷类似物的化学合成

核苷类似物因其显著的抗病毒、抗肿瘤活性,已作为化疗药物在临床上得到了广泛应用.核苷类似物的高效绿色合成是有机化学和药物化学领域的重要课题.本文对近年来离子液体介质中的核苷改造进行了综述,主要包括羟基和氨基的保护、糖基的改造、碱基的改造、糖基与碱基的耦合和寡核苷酸的合成.离子液体作为一类物理化学性能可设计的绿色软介质...     

复分解反应在核苷类似物合成中的应用

核苷类似物可以参与并干扰细菌（病毒）的DNA或RNA过程,抑制其生长和繁殖,从而有希望发展为抗肿瘤抗病毒药物。一些天然的核苷化合物虽然表现出一定的生理活性,在体内缺乏酶稳定性和靶向选择性却限制了其在医药领域的应用,合成具有生物活性的化学修饰的核苷及其衍生物是核酸药物化学中的重要课题。一类在金属卡宾复合物催化下的分子内或分子间烯烃重组反应-----复分解反应的发展使核苷类似物的合成进入了新阶段, 烯烃复分解反应成为核苷类似物合成的主要途径之一。随着施洛克催化剂、格拉布催化剂等复分解反应催化剂的发现和不断改进,烯烃复分解反应,尤其是关环复分解和交叉复分解反应被广泛应用于构建核苷类似物的糖环(或伪糖)结构或连接核苷类似物单体而形成核苷多聚物。本文对烯烃复分解反应在核苷类似物包括碳环核苷,2’,3’-双脱氧核苷,无环核苷,多环核苷及核苷二聚体或三聚体的合成中的应用进行了综述。     

一个亲脂的环腺苷酸类似物的合成及其活性

基于高度亲脂的分子可能增强对神经细胞膜的渗透力的设想,合成了一种新的环腺苷酸的类似物2'-O-oleoy1-2-(?)aza-adenosine 3',5'-cyclic phosphate(3),发现在10~(-3),10~(-4)和10~(-5)M时,该化合物对小鼠神经胶质癌组织培养细胞的杀灭率分别是97%,86%和60%。     

虎纹捕鸟蛛毒中次黄嘌吟核苷的分离与鉴定

本文从虎纹捕鸟蛛(Selenocosmia hu wena)粗毒中经高效液相色谱分离纯化出一种组分,通过场解吸质谱(FDMS)和电子电高质谱(EIMS)鉴定为次黄嘌呤核苷,其含量为3.9%.同时,进一步用标准样品进行紫外、液相色谱对照验证,并对次黄嘌呤核苷以毒液中的一种成分的形式存在的作用进行了简单的讨论.     

近年碳环核苷类似物的合成研究进展

碳环核苷是呋喃糖环部分被碳环基团取代的核苷类似物.作为天然核苷的类似物,许多碳环核苷具有良好的抗病毒、抗肿瘤活性.同时,由于不存在典型的糖苷键,碳环核苷较天然核苷对于磷酸化酶和水解酶具有更高的代谢稳定性.因此,对碳环核苷类似物进行设计与合成,并筛选出安全有效的抗病毒试剂成为近年来药物化学家们研究的重点.按照碱基种类的不同综述了近5年来碳环核苷的合成研究进展,分为嘌呤类碳环核苷、嘧啶类碳环核苷以及碳环C-核苷等三部分,重点介绍了嘌呤类碳环核苷的合成研究,并对碳环核苷未来的研究趋势进行了展望.     

新型4-氨基喹唑啉衍生物的合成与抗癌活性研究

以香草醛(香兰素)为起始原料,合成了5个未见报道的化合物8a～8e。所得化合物由MS、IR、1H NMR、13C NMR和元素分析表征确认。其中,化合物8c和8e在10μmol/L药剂浓度下对人乳腺癌细胞Bcap-37的抑制率分别为88.1%和72.9%,值得进一步研究。     

微波在核苷类化合物合成中的应用

核苷类化合物由于其显著的抗病毒、抗癌等生理活性而受到广泛关注. 利用微波促进核苷类化合物的合成与传统合成方法相比, 有明显的优势. 对近年来微波在核苷类化合物合成中的应用进行综述, 着重介绍了微波作用于几种重要核苷类化合物合成反应类型的研究状况.     

Benzothiazole and Chromone Derivatives as Potential ATR Kinase Inhibitors and Anticancer Agents

Despite extensive studies and the great variety of existing anticancer agents, cancer treatment remains an aggravating and challenging problem. Therefore, the development of novel anticancer drugs with a better therapeutic profile and fewer side effects to combat this persistent disease is still necessary. In this study, we report a novel series of benzothiazole and chromone derivatives that were synthesized and evaluated for their anticancer activity as an inhibitor of ATR kinase, a master regulator of the DDR pathway. The cell viability of a set of 25 compounds was performed using MTT assay in HCT116 and HeLa cell lines, involving 72 h incubation of the compounds at a final concentration of 10 µM. Cells incubated with compounds 2c, 7h and 7l were found to show viability ≤50%, and were taken forward for dose–response studies. Among the tested compounds, three of them (2c, 7h and 7l) showed higher potency, with compound 7l exhibiting the best IC₅₀ values in both the cell lines. Compounds 2c and 7l were found to be equally cytotoxic towards both the cell lines, namely, HCT116 and HeLa, while compound 7h showed better cytotoxicity towards HeLa cell line. For these three compounds, an immunoblot assay was carried out in order to analyze the inhibition of phosphorylation of Chk1 at Ser 317 in HeLa and HCT116 cells. Compound 7h showed inhibition of pChk1 at Ser 317 in HeLa cells at a concentration of 3.995 µM. Further analysis for Chk1 and pChk1 expression was carried out in Hela cells by treatment against all the three compounds at a range of concentrations of 2, 5 and 10 µM, wherein compound 7h showed Chk1 inhibition at 2 and 5 µM, while pChk1 expression was observed for compound 7l at a concentration of 5 µM. To support the results, the binding interactions of the compounds with the ATR kinase domain was studied through molecular docking, wherein compounds 2c, 7h and 7l showed binding interactions similar to those of Torin2, a known mTOR/ATR inhibitor. Further studies on this set of molecules is in progress for their specificity towards the ATR pathway.     

Imidazoles as Potential Anticancer Agents: An Update on Recent Studies

Nitrogen-containing heterocyclic rings are common structural components of marketed drugs. Among these heterocycles, imidazole/fused imidazole rings are present in a wide range of bioactive compounds. The unique properties of such structures, including high polarity and the ability to participate in hydrogen bonding and coordination chemistry, allow them to interact with a wide range of biomolecules, and imidazole-/fused imidazole-containing compounds are reported to have a broad spectrum of biological activities. This review summarizes recent reports of imidazole/fused imidazole derivatives as anticancer agents appearing in the peer-reviewed literature from 2018 through 2020. Such molecules have been shown to modulate various targets, including microtubules, tyrosine and serine-threonine kinases, histone deacetylases, p53-Murine Double Minute 2 (MDM2) protein, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), G-quadraplexes, and other targets. Imidazole-containing compounds that display anticancer activity by unknown/undefined mechanisms are also described, as well as key features of structure-activity relationships. This review is intended to provide an overview of recent advances in imidazole-based anticancer drug discovery and development, as well as inspire the design and synthesis of new anticancer molecules.     

Synthesis of Sugar and Nucleoside Analogs and Evaluation of Their Anticancer and Analgesic Potentials

Chemical modification of sugars and nucleosides has a long history of producing compounds with improved selectivity and efficacy. In this study, several modified sugars (2–3) and ribonucleoside analogs (4–8) have been synthesized from α-d-glucose in a total of 21 steps. The compounds were tested for peripheral anti-nociceptive characteristics in the acetic acid-induced writhing assay in mice, where compounds 2, 7, and 8 showed a significant reduction in the number of writhes by 56%, 62%, and 63%, respectively. The compounds were also tested for their cytotoxic potential against human HeLa cell line via trypan blue dye exclusion test followed by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. Compound 6 demonstrated significant cytotoxic activity with an IC₅₀ value of 54 µg/mL. Molecular docking simulations revealed that compounds 2, 7, and 8 had a comparable binding affinity to cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzymes. Additionally, the bridged nucleoside analogs 7 and 8 potently inhibited adenosine kinase enzyme as well, which indicates an alternate mechanistic pathway behind their anti-nociceptive action. Cytotoxic compound 6 demonstrated strong docking with cancer drug targets human cytidine deaminase, proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src, human thymidine kinase 1, human thymidylate synthase, and human adenosine deaminase 2. This is the first ever reporting of the synthesis and analgesic property of compound 8 and the cytotoxic potential of compound 6.     

Targeting SARS-CoV-2 Polymerase with New Nucleoside Analogues

Despite the fact that COVID-19 vaccines are already available on the market, there have not been any effective FDA-approved drugs to treat this disease. There are several already known drugs that through drug repositioning have shown an inhibitory activity against SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. These drugs are included in the family of nucleoside analogues. In our efforts, we synthesized a group of new nucleoside analogues, which are modified at the sugar moiety that is replaced by a quinazoline entity. Different nucleobase derivatives are used in order to increase the inhibition. Five new nucleoside analogues were evaluated with in vitro assays for targeting polymerase of SARS-CoV-2.     

核苷类抗病毒药物的研究进展

本文综述了近年来核苷类抗病毒药最新研究进展。介绍了核苷类抗病毒药物的种类，着重介绍了核苷化合物的改造方式。从目前临床应用的及有应用前景的各类核苷类似物出发归纳了核苷类抗病毒剂的改造原则。     

Synthesis of Novel 1,3-Dioxolane Nucleoside Analogues

Novel 1,3-dioxolane C-nucleoside analogues of tiazofurin 2-(2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)-1,3-thiazole4-carboxamide as well as N-nucleoside analogues of substituted imidazoles 1-(2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-dioxolan4-yl)-4-nitroimidazole and 1-(2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)-4,5-dicyanoimidazole were synthesized from methyl acrylate through a multistep procedure. Their structures were confirmed by IR,^1H NMR,^13C NMR spectraand elemental analysis.     

Polymeric Thioxanthones as Potential Anticancer and Radiotherapy Agents

Thioxanthone (TX) and its derivatives, which are widely used as photoinitiators in UV curing technology, hold promising research interest in biological applications. In particular, the use of TXs as anticancer agent has recently been manifested as an outstanding additional property of this class of molecules. Incorporation of TX molecules into specially designed polymers widens their practical use in such applications. In this study, two water‐soluble, biocompatible, and stable polymers, namely poly(vinyl alcohol) and poly(ethylene glycol), possessing TX moieties at the side chains and chain ends, respectively, are prepared and used as anticancer and radiotherapy agents. The findings confirm that both polymers are potential candidates for therapeutic agents as they possess useful features including water‐solubility, radiosensitizer effect, and anticancer activity in a polymeric scaffold.

     

Membrane‐permeable Triphosphate Prodrugs of Nucleoside Analogues

The metabolic conversion of nucleoside analogues into their triphosphates often proceeds insufficiently. Rate‐limitations can be at the mono‐, but also at the di‐ and triphosphorylation steps. We developed a nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) delivery system (TriPPPro‐approach). In this approach, NTPs are masked by two bioreversible units at the γ‐phosphate. Using a procedure involving H‐phosphonate chemistry, a series of derivatives bearing approved, as well as potentially antivirally active, nucleoside analogues was synthesized. The enzyme‐triggered delivery of NTPs was demonstrated by pig liver esterase, in human T‐lymphocyte cell extracts and by a polymerase chain reaction using a prodrug of thymidine triphosphate. The TriPPPro‐compounds of some HIV‐inactive nucleoside analogues showed marked anti‐HIV activity. For cellular uptake studies, a fluorescent TriPPPro‐compound was prepared that delivered the triphosphorylated metabolite to intact CEM cells.     

Medicinal Organometallic Chemistry: Designing Metal Arene Complexes as Anticancer Agents

The field of medicinal inorganic chemistry is rapidly advancing. In particular organometallic complexes have much potential as therapeutic and diagnostic agents. The carbon‐bound and other ligands allow the thermodynamic and kinetic reactivity of the metal ion to be controlled and also provide a scaffold for functionalization. The establishment of structure–activity relationships and elucidation of the speciation of complexes under conditions relevant to drug testing and formulation are crucial for the further development of promising medicinal applications of organometallic complexes. Specific examples involving the design of ruthenium and osmium arene complexes as anticancer agents are discussed.