Time reversal acoustic communication for multiband transmission

In this letter, multiband acoustic communication is proposed to access a relatively wide frequency band. The entire frequency band is divided into multiple separated sub-bands, each of which is several kilohertz in width. Time reversal decision feedback equalizers are used to compensate for inter-symbol interference at each sub-band. The communication scheme was demonstrated in a shallow water acoustic experiment conducted in Kauai, Hawaii during the summer of 2011. Using quadrature phase-shift keying signaling at four sub-bands over the frequency band of 10-32 kHz, a data rate of 32 k bits/s was achieved over a 3 km communication range.     

改进的多输人多输出正交频分复用水声通信判决反馈信道估计算法

针对最小均方误差准则下(Minimum Mean Square Error,MMSE)判决反馈信道估计算法在多输入多输出正交频分复用(Multiple-input Multiple-output Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing,MIMO-OFDM)低信噪比水声通信环境下存在误码遗传缺陷,提出了一种基于压缩感知理论的改进的MMSE判决反馈信道估计算法。通过结合浅海水声信道的稀疏性特点,利用编码校验后的信息与原始信息实现了对信道估计的判决反馈更新,采用匹配追踪算法改进MMSE判决反馈追踪信道估计技术,实现了抑制传统判决反馈信道估计算法在迭代更新及传递过程中存在的误码遗传的目的。仿真和水池实验结果证实:改进的MMSE判决反馈追踪信道估计算法不仅可以有效的抑制误码遗传,对抗突发噪声,跟踪信道的缓慢时变,同时大幅降低了导频占用率,提高了通信质量。     

Bandwidth-efficient frequency-domain equalization for single carrier multiple-input multiple-output underwater acoustic communications

This paper proposes a single carrier (SC) receiver scheme with bandwidth-efficient frequency-domain equalization (FDE) for underwater acoustic (UWA) communications employing multiple transducers and multiple hydrophones. Different from the FDE methods that perform FDE on a whole data block, the proposed algorithm implements an overlapped-window FDE by partitioning a large block into small subblocks. A decision-directed channel estimation scheme is incorporated with the overlapped-window FDE to track channel variations and improve the error performance. The proposed algorithm significantly increases the length of each block and keeps the same number of training symbols per block, hence achieving better data efficiency without performance degradation. The proposed scheme is tested by the undersea data collected in the Rescheduled Acoustic Communications Experiment (RACE) in March 2008. Without coding, the 2-by-12 MIMO overlapped-window FDE reduces the average bit error rate (BER) over traditional SC-FDE schemes by 74.4% and 84.6% for the 400 m and 1000 m range systems, respectively, at the same data efficiency. If the same BER performance is required, the proposed algorithm has only 8.4% transmission overhead, comparing to over 20% overhead in other existing UWA OFDM and SC-FDE systems. The improved data efficiency and/or error performance of the proposed FDE scheme is achieved by slightly increased computational complexity over traditional SC-FDE schemes.     

时间反转滤波器组多载波水声通信方法

针对水声滤波器组多载波(Filter Bank MultiCarrier,FBMC)传统均衡方法效率低、复杂度高等问题,提出了单阵元无源时间反转镜(Passive Time Reversal Mirror,PTRM)和虚拟时间反转镜(Virtual Time Reversal Mirror,VTRM)的均衡算法,该算法利用时间聚焦原理可以降低水声信道带来的符号间干扰(Inter Symbol Interference,ISI),并且不需要在FBMC符号中插入导频,进一步提高了通信速率.通过仿真和外场实验验证了水声FBMC系统采用单阵元PTRM和VTRM的有效性,结果表明,这两种均衡方法能够有效减少ISI,提高系统可靠性能。     

时间反转滤波器组多载波水声通信方法

针对水声滤波器组多载波(Filter Bank MultiCarrier,FBMC)传统均衡方法效率低、复杂度高等问题,提出了单阵元无源时间反转镜(Passive Time Reversal Mirror,PTRM)和虚拟时间反转镜(Virtual Time Reversal Mirror,VTRM)的均衡算法,该算法利用时间聚焦原理可以降低水声信道带来的符号间干扰(Inter Symbol Interference,ISI),并且不需要在FBMC符号中插入导频,进一步提高了通信速率.通过仿真和外场实验验证了水声FBMC系统采用单阵元PTRM和VTRM的有效性,结果表明,这两种均衡方法能够有效减少ISI,提高系统可靠性能。     

Shannon information capacity of time reversal wideband multiple-input multiple-output system based on correlated statistical channels

Utilizing channel reciprocity, time reversal(TR) technique increases the signal-to-noise ratio(SNR) at the receiver with very low transmitter complexity in complex multipath environment. Present research works about TR multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO) communication all focus on the system implementation and network building. The aim of this work is to analyze the influence of antenna coupling on the capacity of wideband TR MIMO system, which is a realistic question in designing a practical communication system. It turns out that antenna coupling stabilizes the capacity in a small variation range with statistical wideband channel response. Meanwhile, antenna coupling only causes a slight detriment to the channel capacity in a wideband TR MIMO system. Comparatively, uncorrelated stochastic channels without coupling exhibit a wider range of random capacity distribution which greatly depends on the statistical channel. The conclusions drawn from information difference entropy theory provide a guideline for designing better high-performance wideband TR MIMO communication systems.     

无边带信息的多输入多输出正交频分复用水声通信图样选择峰均比抑制算法

针对多输入多输出正交频分复用 图样选择 峰均比(peak-to-average-power-ratio PAPR)抑制算法需要传递边带信息的缺点, 提出了一种无边带信息传输的图样选择峰均比抑制算法. 该算法利用不同分布图样的梳状导频携带加扰相位序列选择信息, 结合浅海水声信道的稀疏特性在接收端对加扰图样进行自主区分, 实现了无边带信息的图样选择峰均比抑制.仿真和水池实验结果证实: 无边带信息传输的图样选择峰均比抑制算法可以在不损失PAPR抑制性能的前提下, 准确解算出传输相位序列选择信息、对抗突发噪声、实现无边带信息传输的可靠水声通信. 关键词： 水声通信 正交频分复用 峰均功率比 边带信息     

视听系统声干扰的自适应抵消

对一个用语音遥控的视听系统而言，视听系统本身所发出的声音常常造成语音识别的错误，本文所采用的自适应声干扰低消技术能有效地降低这种声干扰，基于自适应声干扰抵消最佳性能的分析，导出了抵消性能与权系数的个数以及混响时间的表达式，并实时地实现了带有１０２４个权系数的自适应声干扰抵消系统。在一般居室中，声干扰的抵肖可达２６ｄＢ。     

Time reversal acoustic communication receivers: DSP implementation and fast channel estimation

A communication system is implemented on digital signal processors (DSPs) for the underwater acoustic environment. The implemented receiver uses time reversal multi-channel combining followed by a single-channel decision feedback equalizer. Periodic channel estimation is employed to track the channel fluctuations. These techniques are used to mitigate time-varying inter-symbol interference, which is the main challenge in the underwater acoustic channel at operating frequencies greater than 10 kHz. Various optimization tasks are performed to reduce the receiver computational complexity. A fast implementation of the matching pursuit algorithm is tested on the DSP platform. Its performance, in terms of accuracy and run-time, is compared with that of the basic matching pursuit algorithm. Experimental results of the transmission and demodulation of binary phase-shift keying signals at three different symbol rates were obtained in the local Delaware Bay. The low bit error rates demonstrate the effectiveness of our implementation.     

Adaptive multiple-input multiple-output mode switching for indoor visible light communication system with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing modulation

We propose and experimentally demonstrate an adaptive multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO) mode switching scheme for an indoor visible light communication system combined with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing modulation.Only requiring 1 bit feedback from the receiver,the MIMO mode at the transmitter switches between spatial multiplexing and transmit diversity adapting to the channel correlation.In such a way,we can take advantage of both spatial multiplexing and transmit diversity,where the spatial multiplexing benefits for its multiplexing gain in the low channel correlation environment,and the transmit diversity is robust to high channel correlation.Experimental results validate the performance improvement over the pure spatial multiplexing or transmit diversity system.With the increasing of the channel correlation,the measured bit error rates of the proposed system are below the 7% pre-forward error correction(pre-FEC) limit of 3.8 × 10~(-3)when the transmitted data rate is 50 Mb/s,and below the 20% pre-FEC threshold of 5.0 × 10~(-2) when the transmitted data rate is raised up to 100 Mb/s.     

时频编码水声通信技术研究

时频编码技术是利用信号码元不同时隙的不同频率进行二维信息编码的调制技术，具有较强的抗多途抗衰落能力，已被广泛应用于无线电短波信道和大气对流层散射信道，将其应用于多途效应严重的水声通信领域是一有价值的探索。     

Time reversal communication in a time-varying sparse channel

Recently time reversal (TR) communications has been extended to time-varying channels. The basic idea is to implement it on a block-by-block basis such that within each block the channel remains time-invariant and subsequently is updated using detected symbols (decision-directed mode). Using experimental data (12-20 kHz) collected in shallow water, this letter investigates three different block-based TR approaches: (1) without explicit phase tracking, (2) with phase tracking, and (3) exploiting channel sparsity. The TR approaches then are compared to a conventional adaptive multichannel equalizer. It is found that approach (3) generally provides the best performance and robustness.     

无源时间反转镜在水声通信中的应用

提出单阵元无源时间反转镜(PTRM),在对声信道没有任何先验知识的情况下可与信道自动匹配,实现自适应聚焦。并将其应用于Pattern时延差编码(PDS)水声通信体制,构成无源时间反转镜Pattern时延差编码水声通信系统(PTRM- PDS)。通过计算机仿真研究及湖试,验证了PTRM-PDS系统能够抑制声信道多途扩展产生的码间干扰,可在时变、空变的声信道中实现低误码率通信,具有很好的鲁棒性。     

Experimental demonstration of indoor interfered visible light communication system employing successive interference cancellation

Multipath interference induced power fading occurs when the transmission path lengths from the light emitting diodes to a single receiver are different in a visible light communication system. To solve this problem, we apply a QR-decomposition-based channel equalizer(QR-CE) to achieve successive interference cancellation for a discrete Fourier transform spreading(DFT-S) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDM) signal.We experimentally demonstrate a 200 Mb/s DFT-S OFDM over a 2 m free-space transmission. The experimental results show that a DFT-S OFDM with QR-CE attains much better bit error rate performance than a DFT-S OFDM with conventional CEs. The impacts of several parameters on a QR-CE are also investigated.     

基于时间反转扩频的隐蔽水声通信方法

针对低信噪比条件下水下小尺度平台与通信浮标间进行隐蔽水声通信时,强多径干扰导致通信困难的问题,提出了一种基于时间反转技术的直接序列扩频隐蔽通信方法。该方法利用多通道主/被动时间反转的空时聚焦效应,提高了低信噪比条件下直接序列扩频通信的抗多径干扰能力,并且具有良好的低检测概率通信能力。仿真和水池实验结果表明:该方法满足水下小尺度平台处理结构简单、低功耗的要求,实现了水下单阵元平台与通信浮标之间的双向隐蔽通信。     

虚拟时间反转镜啁啾率键控的水声多用户通信

针对频率选择性衰落严重的浅海信道多用户通信问题,提出了一种虚拟时间反转镜(VTRM,Virtual Time Reversal Mirror)啁啾率键控(CRK,Chirp-Rate Keying)的水声多用户通信方式。该算法采用啁啾信号作为载波,接收端利用啁啾信号中心频率与分数阶傅里叶变换域的关系还原出原始信息,并使用虚拟时间反转镜技术减少了多径环境对系统的影响,采用啁啾调频率分集作为多址接入方式。在10 kHz的带宽内,可支持4个用户进行可靠通信,每用户通信速率425 bps。水池及海洋实验结果表明:该算法能够有效地传输数据,并且误码率在10~(-3)数量级以下。     

虚拟时间反转镜啁啾率键控的水声多用户通信

针对频率选择性衰落严重的浅海信道多用户通信问题,提出了一种虚拟时间反转镜(VTRM,Virtual Time Reversal Mirror)啁啾率键控(CRK,Chirp-Rate Keying)的水声多用户通信方式。该算法采用啁啾信号作为载波,接收端利用啁啾信号中心频率与分数阶傅里叶变换域的关系还原出原始信息,并使用虚拟时间反转镜技术减少了多径环境对系统的影响,采用啁啾调频率分集作为多址接入方式。在10 kHz的带宽内,可支持4个用户进行可靠通信,每用户通信速率425 bps。水池及海洋实验结果表明:该算法能够有效地传输数据,并且误码率在10^-3数量级以下。     

基于时反镜能量检测法的循环移位扩频水声通信

海面的起伏和多普勒效应使得接收信号的载波相位发生跳变以及水声信道的多途扩展使得接收信号波形发生畸变,这严重影响循环移位扩频系统的性能.本文提出循环移位能量检测器算法,通过检测循环移位匹配滤波器的输出能量对系统进行解码,可有效解决载波相位跳变对循环移位扩频系统的影响;将时间反转镜技术与循环移位能量检测器相结合,进一步提出时反镜能量检测器算法,利用已检测到的符号对信道进行实时估计并进行时反处理,抑制了水声信道多途扩展的影响,保证了循环移位扩频系统可在低信噪比条件下工作.通过大连海上试验以及莲花湖湖上试验验证,在复杂水声信道多途扩展、载波相位跳变和低信噪比条件下实现了低误码水声通信.     

Analysis of acoustic communication by ants

An analysis is presented of acoustic communication by ants, based on near-field theory and on data obtained from the black imported fire ant Solenopsis richteri and other sources. Generally ant stridulatory sounds are barely audible, but they occur continuously in ant colonies. Because ants appear unresponsive to airborne sound, myrmecologists have concluded that stridulatory signals are transmitted through the substrate. However, transmission through the substrate is unlikely, for reasons given in the paper. Apparently ants communicate mainly through the air, and the acoustic receptors are hairlike sensilla on the antennae that respond to particle sound velocity. This may seem inconsistent with the fact that ants are unresponsive to airborne sound (on a scale of meters), but the inconsistency can be resolved if acoustic communication occurs within the near field, on a scale of about 100 mm. In the near field, the particle sound velocity is significantly enhanced and has a steep gradient. These features can be used to exclude extraneous sound, and to determine the direction and distance of a near-field source. Additionally, we observed that the tracheal air sacs of S. richteri can expand within the gaster, possibly amplifying the radiation of stridulatory sound.