Effect of the calcination temperature on the properties of Fe2O3/SiO2 catalysts for oxidation of hydrogen sulfide

The effect of the calcination temperature on the properties of supported iron oxide catalysts for hydrogen sulfide oxidation prepared by impregnation of silica with iron(III) nitrate has been studied. An increase in the calcination temperature was found to diminish the catalytic activity of the Fe₂O₃/SiO₂ catalysts in hydrogen sulfide oxidation. This behavior can be explained by the agglomeration of iron oxide particles and by a decrease in the surface concentration of active sites. It has been shown that an increase in the calcination temperature makes the catalyst more stable towards the sulfidation of the active component (Fe₂O₃) to the iron disulfide phase.     

Catalytic Combustion of Methane on Fe-TiO2 Catalysts Prepared by Sol-Gel Method

Two different series of titania-supported iron catalysts prepared by the sol-gel method have been characterised and tested in the combustion of methane at atmospheric pressure. In each series, the effect of metal loading (1, 5 and 10 wt%) and gelation pH (3 and 9) were studied. Characterisation data of calcined catalysts, carried out by specific area measurement, TPR, X-ray diffraction, XPS and EPR revealed no significant changes in metal dispersion. The catalytic activity of the solids were evaluated in the combustion of methane under stoichiometric mixture of CH₄/O₂ from 473 K up to the temperature required for total combustion. The best performance was shown by catalysts having 5 wt.%, which is ascribed to a balance of factors like the presence of a sufficient concentration of iron at the surface, achievement of relatively high dispersion state for iron and the presence of Fe⁺³ ions incorporated to the lattice of titania.     

不同RuO2含量对RuO2-Fe2O3催化剂氨选择性催化氧化性能的影响

采用溶胶-凝胶法（sol-gel）制备了一系列具有不同RuO₂含量的RuO₂-Fe₂O₃催化剂,并将其应用于氨选择性催化氧化（NH₃-SCO）研究中。结果表明,所有RuO₂-Fe₂O₃催化剂都表现出较好的低温活性,且RuO₂含量对催化剂的NH₃催化氧化活性影响显著。此外,利用BET、XRD、H₂-TPR和DRIFTS等表征手段研究了催化剂的物理化学性质和催化活性之间的关系。结果表明,RuO₂的加入增大了催化剂的比表面积。RuO₂与Fe₂O₃之间存在的协同效应提高了催化剂的氧化还原能力,从而提高了催化剂的氨氧化活性。同时,RuO₂含量对催化剂表面酸性影响很大,且催化剂表面主要存在Lewis酸性位点。     

Gas-phase phenyl acetate conversion on AlPO4, γ-Al2O3 and SiO2 catalysts

The conversion of phenyl acetate over AlPO₄ (Al/P=1), γ-Al₂O₃ and SiO₂ catalysts generated phenol, by deacetylation, ando-hydroxycetophenone, by Fries rearrangement, as the main reaction products. The activity for Fries rerrangement was in accordance with the acidity data measuredversus cyclohexene skeletal isomerization. Thus, AlPO₄ showed the highest activity. Moreover,o-hydroxy-acetophenone formation increased with the reaction temperature. Besides, in AlPO₄ catalysts 4-methylcoumarin and 2-methylchromone were also found, although in low amounts.     

CeO2‐Based Pd(Pt) Nanoparticles Grafted onto Fe3O4/Graphene: A General Self‐Assembly Approach To Fabricate Highly Efficient Catalysts with Magnetic Recyclable Capability

New Pd(Pt) catalysts have been fabricated by assembling multicomponents of Fe₃O₄ and CeO₂/Pd(Pt) on the surface of reduced graphene oxide (RGO) nanosheets in layers. The as‐obtained Pd(Pt) catalysts exhibit extremely high catalytic activity in the selective hydrogenation reaction of nitrobenzene. Owing to the presence of Fe₃O₄, the catalysts can be easily recycled from the catalytic system through magnetic separation. Their high activity, stability, and magnetic recyclability make the as‐obtained hybrids very promising as catalysts in catalytic applications. Compared to other traditional multishell magnetic catalysts that were prepared by means of layer‐by‐layer technology, our process is much more facile and more easily controlled.     

Conversion of anisole in the presence of methanol over AlPO4?Al2O3 catalysts modified with fluoride and sulfate anions

The gas-phase microcatalytic conversion of anisole in the presence of methanol (methanol/anisole molar ratio=4) was studied at temperatures ranging from 523 to 673 K over anion treated (1–3 wt.% F or SO ₄ ^2– ) AlPO₄–Al₂O₃ (25 wt.% Al₂O₃) catalysts. Anisole conversion gave a mixture of dealkylated and C-alkylated products (C-alkylation preferentially in ortho-position) where dealkylation always predominates. The influences of the reaction temperature and both anion type and anion loading upon the conversion of anisole and the selectivities of the products were investigated. The higher increase in surface acidity by fluoride loading increases both the C-alkylation selectivity (mainly to 2-methylanisole) and dealkylation to phenol; so that a lower anisole conversion (smaller pseudokinetic constant) and higher methylanisoles selectivity is found for APAI-P-F catalysts related to unmodified one.     

八面体四氧化三铁亚微米晶负载铂催化剂用于室温催化氧化甲醛（英文）

空气中低浓度甲醛的治理和消除一直备受关注.在较低的反应温度下将甲醛转化为CO_2和H_2O的催化氧化法具有能耗低、效率高和环境友好等优点,被认为是一种最具应用发展前景的甲醛消除技术.在各种催化剂体系中,一些铁基氧化物(Fe_2O_3,FFe_3O_4或ferrihydrite)负载的Pt催化剂表现出较为优异的催化性能,能够在室温下实现甲醛的完全氧化.越来越多的研究表明,载体材料的结构及形貌是影响贵金属催化剂性能的主要因素.因此,深入研究Pt物种在不同类型铁基氧化物表面的分散情况及界面间相互作用,对理解催化剂活性中心的性质,设计制备性能更加优异的负载型贵金属催化剂具有重要科学意义.本文采用共沉淀法一步合成出八面体Fe_3O_4亚微米晶负载Pt催化剂(Pt/Fe_3O_4),考察了不同热处理温度对催化剂催化甲醛氧化反应性能的影响.结果表明,在80°C下热处理的催化剂(Pt/Fe_3O_4-80)具有很高的催化活性,在室温下甲醛的转化率可接近100%.随着催化剂热处理温度的升高,催化剂活性有所降低.此外,Pt/Fe_3O_4催化剂还表现出良好的稳定性,经长时间存放或连续运行后催化剂的活性基本保持不变.此外,在一定湿度范围内(RH=30%–80%),水的存在能够显著提高Pt/Fe_3O_4催化剂的甲醛催化氧化性能.采用各种表征技术对Pt/Fe_3O_4的结构、形貌、价态及氧化还原性等物理化学性质进行了研究.结果表明:采用该合成方法能够得到粒径较为均一、具有尖晶石结构和八面体形貌的Fe_3O_4亚微米晶,尺寸较小的Pt纳米粒子(平均2.5 nm)均匀分布在八面体Fe_3O_4晶体的表面,且Fe_3O_4载体表面还存在一定量的羟基物种.随着热处理温度的升高,催化剂表面的Pt物种和Fe物种的价态均发生明显变化.结果证实,Pt纳米粒子与Fe_3O_4载体间的相互作用力会随着热处理温度的升高而发生明显变化.对于性能较为优异的Pt/Fe_3O_4-80催化剂,Pt纳米粒子与Fe_3O_4载体之间存在着强度适宜的相互作用,能够产生相对较多的Pt-O-Fe Ox和Pt-OH-Fe Ox界面活性位,从而使其能够在较低的反应温度下表现出较强的活化分子氧的能力.此外,反应体系中引入的水分子能够与氧分子在界面活性位上共同活化,形成表面活性-OH物种,从而有效促进催化剂反应性能的提升.     

Alkylation of phenol with dimethyl carbonate over AlPO4, Al2O3 and AlPO4-Al2O3 catalysts

The vapor-phase catalytic alkylation of phenol with dimethyl carbonate over different AlPO₄ (Al/P=1), Al₂O₃ and AlPO₄-Al₂O₃ (5–25 wt.% Al₂O₃) catalysts produces anisole (O-alkylation) as the major reaction product althougho-cresol (C-alkylation) and methylanisoles were also found. The reaction is first order in phenol while O-and C-alkylation follow parallel processes. As compared with methanol, DMC is far more effective as a methylating agent, and the methylation proceeds at a lower temperature and with higher O-alkylation selectivity.     

Fe/Al-PILC催化C_3H_6选择性还原NO的实验研究

采用浸渍法制备了负载于铝柱撑黏土的铁基催化剂(Fe/Al-PILC),在固定床反应器上测试其催化C3H6选择性还原NO的性能。通过N2吸附-脱附、X射线衍射(XRD)、H2的程序升温还原(H2-TPR)、紫外可见光谱(Uv-vis)、吡啶吸附红外光谱(Py-FTIR)等手段对催化剂的物理化学性质进行表征。结果表明,9Fe/Al-PILC在400-550℃能够还原98%以上的NO,而且SO2和水蒸气对其催化性能的影响很小。XRD、N2吸附-脱附表征结果表明,Fe/Al-PILC催化剂中铁氧化物高度分散在载体表面,催化剂有较大的比表面积和孔容。H2-TPR结果表明,催化剂的活性主要由Fe_2O_3物相的还原性能决定。Uv-vis结果表明,催化剂的活性与铁氧低聚物种FexOy呈正相关性。Py-FTIR结果表明,催化剂表面同时存在Lewis酸和Brnsted酸,L酸性位是NO和C3H6反应的主要催化活性中心。     

Effect of support and cobalt precursors on the activity of Co/AlPO4 catalysts in Fischer–Tropsch synthesis

Cobalt supported on amorphous aluminum phosphate (Co/AlPO₄) catalysts were prepared by the impregnation method using three different cobalt precursors such as cobalt nitrate, acetate and chloride to elucidate the activity of Fischer–Tropsch synthesis. The use of AlPO₄ as a support for cobalt-based catalysts exhibits better catalytic performance during FTS reaction than the corresponding Co/Al₂O₃ catalyst. TPR results also suggest that the reducibility of the catalysts varies with the nature of cobalt precursors employed during the impregnation on AlPO₄ support. The Co/AlPO₄ catalyst prepared from cobalt nitrate shows higher CO conversion and C₈+ selectivity than the others due to the facile formation of homogeneous cobalt particles with proper electronic characters and high reducibility. Interestingly, all Co/AlPO₄ showed a growth of filamentous carbon initiated from the large mobile cobalt particles during the reaction. The differences in catalytic properties of Co/AlPO₄ are mainly attributed to the cobalt particle size, reducibility with different electronic states of metallic cobalt, pore diameter of AlPO₄ and formation of filamentous carbon.     

Catalytic conversions of chloroolefins over iron oxide nanoparticles 2. Isomerization of dichlorobutenes over iron oxide nanoparticles stabilized on the surface of ultradispersed poly(tetrafluoroethylene)

Nanosized iron oxides stabilized on the surface of ultradispersed poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (UPTFE) granules were synthesized by the thermal destruction of iron formate in boiling bed of UPTFE on the surface of heated mineral oil. The particle size of nanoparticles (∼6 nm) containing 5, 10, and 16 wt.% Fe depends weakly on the temperature of synthesis and iron to polymer ratio. The metal state is determined by the synthesis conditions. The nanoparticles synthesized at 280 °C consist mainly of the Fe₃O₄ and Fe₂O₃ phases. The samples obtained at 320 °C also contain iron(II) oxide. The catalytic properties of the obtained samples were tested in dichlorobutene isomerization. Unlike isomerization on the iron oxide nanoparticles supported on silica gel, reaction over the UPTFE supports proceeds without an induction period. The sample with 10 wt.% Fe containing magnetically ordered γ-Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles possesses the highest catalytic activity. Fast electron exchange between the iron ions in different oxidation states and high defectiveness of the nanoparticles contribute, most likely, to the catalytic activity. Published in Russian in Izvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1383–1390, June, 2005.     

Monolithic FeO<Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis></Subscript>/Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> catalysts for ammonia oxidation and nitrous oxide decomposition

(1.2–8.3)%FeO_х/Al₂O₃ monolith catalysts have been prepared by impregnating alumina with aqueous solutions of iron(III) nitrate and oxalate and have been tested in NH₃ oxidation and in the selective decomposition of N₂O in mixtures resulting from ammonia oxidation over a Pt–Rh gauze pack under conditions of nitric acid synthesis (800–900°C). In the case of the support calcined at 1200°C, the catalyst is dominated by bulk Fe₂O₃ particles localized on the Al₂O₃ surface. The activity of these samples in both reactions decreases with a decreasing active component content, thus limiting the potential of Fe₂(C₂O₄)₃ · 5H₂O, an environmentally friendlier but poorly soluble compound, as a substitute for Fe(NO₃)₃ · 9H₂O. Decreasing the support calcination temperature to 1000°C or below leads to the formation of a highly defective Fe–Al–O solid solution in the (1.2–2.7)%FeO_х/Al₂O₃ catalysts. The surface layers of the solid solution are enriched with iron ions or stabilize ultrafine FeO_х particles. The catalytic activity of these samples in both reactions is close to the activities measured for ~8%FeO_х/Al₂O₃ samples prepared using iron nitrate.     

One Step Preparation of Reduced Graphene Oxide/Pd–Fe3O4@Polypyrrole Composites and Their Application in Catalysis

The simple preparation of catalysts with superior catalytic activity and good reusability is highly desirable. Herein, we report a novel strategy to construct reduced graphene oxide (rGO)/Pd–Fe₃O₄@polypyrrole (PPy) catalysts with Pd and Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles anchored on a rGO nanosheet surface and wrapped in a PPy shell. The synthesis and assembly of both the Pd and Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles, the preparation of the PPy layer, and the reduction of graphene oxide nanosheets were finished in one step. In the system, the PPy layer not only prevented aggregation of Pd and Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles, but also generated a synergistic effect with precursor Pd²⁺ ions, which led to a high dispersity of as‐prepared Pd nanoparticles. Although the procedure was simplified to one step, the catalytic activity and reusability were not sacrificed. In the reduction of 4‐nitrophenol, their catalytic performance was better than that in recent reports. Moreover, the catalysts showed good reusability owing to their magnetic properties.     

Structural and Catalytic Activity of V2O5-Supported on AlPO4 Catalysts

Summary. A series of AlPO₄-V₂O₅ (APV) systems with various vanadia amounts 1–30mol% were prepared by the impregnation method and calcinated at 400 and 600°C for 4h. The catalysts were characterized by TG/DTG, DSC, IR spectroscopy, XRD, N₂ adsorption, and electrical conductivity measurements. The surface acidity and basicity of the catalysts were studied by the dehydration-dehydrogenation of isopropyl alcohol and the adsorption of pyridine. The catalytic gas phase esterification of acetic acid with ethyl alcohol was carried out at 210°C in a flow system at 1atm using air as a carrier gas. The results showed that the catalysts calcinated at 400°C were active and selective towards the formation of ethyl acetate whereas the calcination of samples at 600°C led to a drastic reduction in both activity and selectivity. Good correlations were obtained between catalytic activities towards ester formation and acidity of the prepared catalysts.     

AlPO4?Al2O3 catalysts with low alumina content, VII. Anisole conversion in the presence of methanol

The conversion of anisole in the presence of methanol (anisole/methanol molar ratio=4) over AlPO₄–Al₂O₃ (5–15 wt.% Al₂O₃) catalysts gave a mixture of dealkylated and C-alkylated products (C-alkylation preferentially inortho-position) in which dealkylation to phenol always predominated. The catalytic activity, which increased with alumina content and decreased on increasing the calcination temperature from 773 to 1073 K, was fairly well related to the change in surface acidic characteristics. Furthermore, anisole conversion followed the requirements of the Bassett-Habgood kinetic treatment for first order processes, with a single common interaction mechanism and, consequently, a common transition state for all catalysts. Poisoning by pyridine and 2,6-dimethylpyridine confirmed that anisole conversion occurs on acid sites.     

Study of Fe-doped V<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>5</Subscript>/TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> catalyst for an enhanced NH<Subscript>3</Subscript>-SCR in diesel exhaust aftertreatment

Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) with ammonia has been considered as the most promising technology, as its effect deals with the NO_X. Novel Fe-doped V₂O₅/TiO₂ catalysts were prepared by sol–gel and impregnation methods. The effects of iron content and reaction temperature on the catalyst SCR reaction activity were explored by a test device, the results of which revealed that catalysts could exhibit the best catalytic activity when the iron mass ratio was 0.05%. It further proved that the VTiFe (0.05%) catalyst performed the best in denitration and its NO_X conversion reached 99.5% at 270 °C. The outcome of experimental procedures: Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area, X-ray powder diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, temperature-programmed reduction and adsorption (H₂-TPR, NH₃-TPD) techniques showed that the iron existed in the form of Fe³⁺ and Fe²⁺ and the superior catalytic performance was attributed to the highly dispersed active species, lots of surface acid sites and absorbed oxygen. The modified Fe-doped catalysts do not only have terrific SCR activities, but also a rather broad range of active temperature which also enhances the resistance to SO₂ and H₂O.     

铜物种对Cu/Fe2O3水煤气变换反应催化剂性能的影响

采用共沉淀法制备了系列铜负载量不同的Cu/Fe₂O₃水煤气变换(WGS)催化剂,并考察了铜负载量对催化剂结构和水煤气变换反应性能的影响. 结果表明,Cu/Fe₂O₃催化剂呈现出良好的水煤气反应性能,当CuO质量分数为20%时,催化剂的WGS性能最优,250 ℃时CO转化率高达97.2%,同时热稳定性也最好. 运用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、N₂物理吸脱附和H₂程序升温还原(H₂-TPR)等手段对Cu/Fe₂O₃催化剂的物相、织构特征及还原性能进行了表征,结果表明,CuFe₂O₄物种的存在极大地改善了催化剂的还原性能和WGS反应活性. 这是由于CuFe₂O₄特殊的尖晶石结构有利于Cu微晶的稳定;同时,CuFe₂O₄在低温下即被还原为单质铜,有利于促进催化剂体系中电子的转移. 此外,通过(NH₄)₂CO₃溶液处理,研究了独立相CuO对Cu/Fe₂O₃催化剂WGS反应性能的影响,结果发现,独立相CuO的存在,有利于H原子在各组分传递,从而促进催化剂的CuFe₂O₄的还原,改善Cu/Fe₂O₃催化剂的WGS反应性能.     

Fe3O4修饰的Pt-Ru/C纳米催化剂的制备及其在无溶剂条件下邻氯硝基苯选择性加氢的催化性能

采用浸渍法制备了一系列Pt/Ru质量比不同的Fe₃O₄修饰的Pt-Ru/Fe₃O₄/C催化剂, 运用透射电镜(TEM)、能量弥散X射线谱(EDX)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、X射线粉末衍射(XRD)等手段对Pt-Ru/Fe₃O₄/C一系列催化剂进行了表征, 并考察了Pt/Ru质量比不同对催化剂Pt-Ru/Fe₃O₄/C在无溶剂条件下催化邻氯硝基苯(o-CNB)选择性加氢制备邻氯苯胺(o-CAN)催化性能的影响. 研究结果表明, 催化剂的催化活性和对目标产物的选择性跟活性组分Pt、Ru比例有关. 随着Pt/Ru比例的减小, 目标产物o-CAN的选择性有所升高, 然而反应物o-CNB的转化率有所下降. 当Pt/Ru的质量比为2时, o-CNB的转化率降为76.5%, 而目标产物o-CAN的选择性仍然为100%. 与此同时, 我们还对Pt-Ru/Fe₃O₄/C催化剂高的催化活性和目标产物的高选择性可能的原因进行了分析.     

Effect of La2O3 on a Precipitated Iron Catalyst for Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis

A series of La₂O₃-promoted precipitated iron catalysts (100Fe/2.8Si/nLa, n = 0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4, atomic ratio) were prepared and characterized by in situ X-ray diffraction, CO temperature-programmed reduction, and N₂ adsorption-desorption. The catalytic performance for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis was studied in a fixed-bed reactor. It was found that the addition of a small amount of La₂O₃ (La/Fe ≤ 0.01) gave a large decrease in the particle size of Fe₂O₃, which increased the specific surface area and dispersion of the catalysts. This also favored the formation of iron carbides, which gave a high catalytic activity in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. With increasing La₂O₃ content (La/Fe ≥ 0.02), a high La₂O₃ coverage and the formation of a LaFeO₃ compound decreased the formation of iron carbides, and the reaction activity decreased. The optimum La₂O₃ content was La/Fe = 0.01. The addition of La₂O₃ increased the selectivity for methane and suppressed the formation of C₅₊ hydrocarbons.