Dependence of gas/solid energy transfer on lattice chain length

Effects of the length of one-dimensional semi-infinite lattice chains on atom/chain energy transfer processes have been studied through calculations of time evolution of the dynamical variables in classical mechanics. The amount of energy transfer varies strongly with number of lattice atoms. For a given atom/chain system, the chain length needed to determine energy transfer can be very long at low collision energies, but length rapidly decreases with rising energy. The presence of a light surface impurity atom can significantly reduce the required length.     

Dependence on chain length of NMR relaxation times in mixtures of alkanes

Many naturally occurring fluids, such as crude oils, consist of a very large number of components. It is often of interest to determine the composition of the fluids in situ. Diffusion coefficients and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxation times can be measured in situ and depend on the size of the molecules. It has been shown [D. E. Freed et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 067602 (2005)] that the diffusion coefficient of each component in a mixture of alkanes follows a scaling law in the chain length of that molecule and in the mean chain length of the mixture, and these relations were used to determine the chain length distribution of crude oils from NMR diffusion measurements. In this paper, the behavior of NMR relaxation times in mixtures of chain molecules is addressed. The author explains why one would expect scaling laws for the transverse and longitudinal relaxation times of mixtures of short chain molecules and mixtures of alkanes, in particular. It is shown how the power law dependence on the chain length can be calculated from the scaling laws for the translational diffusion coefficients. The author fits the literature data for NMR relaxation in binary mixtures of alkanes and finds that its dependence on chain length agrees with the theory. Lastly, it is shown how the scaling laws in the chain length and the mean chain length can be used to determine the chain length distribution in crude oils that are high in saturates. A good fit is obtained between the NMR-derived chain length distributions and the ones from gas chromatography.     

Effect of substituents and alkoxy chain length on the phase behaviour and optical properties of 4-substituted-phenyl 4-alkoxybenzoates

The refractive indices as functions of temperature were measured for 4-substituted-phenyl 4-alkoxybenzoates in which one substituent is a terminal alkoxy group with the number of carbon atoms kept constant (at n=6, 8, 14, or 16), while the other terminal substituent was either CH₃O, CH₃, Cl, CN or NO₂. Polarizing optical microscopy was also used to identify mesophases and measure their transition temperatures. The results are discussed in terms of electronic polarizability effects.     

Effect of chain length and asymmetry on material properties of bilayer membranes

Dissipative particle dynamics is used to extract the material parameters (bending and area stretch moduli) of a bilayer membrane patch. Some experiments indicate that the area stretch modulus of lipid vesicles varies little as the chain length of the lipids composing the bilayer increases. Here we show that making the interactions between the hydrophilic head groups of the model amphiphiles proportional to the hydrophobic tail length reproduces the above result for the area stretch modulus. We also show that the area stretch modulus of bilayers composed of amphiphiles with the same number of tail beads but with asymmetric chains is less than that of bilayers with symmetric chains. The effects on the bilayer density and lateral stress profiles of changes to the amphiphile architecture are also presented.     

Dependence of surface properties of silylated silica on the length of silane arms

Amorphous precipitated Zeosil 1165 MP silica was silylated with low grafting degrees of organosilicons bearing different alkoxy and hydrocarbon tails, like monomethoxy(dimethyl)octadecylsilane (DMODMS), monomethoxytrimethylsilane (TMMS), trimethoxymercaptopropylsilane (MPTS), and 3-octanoylthio-1-propyltriethoxysilane (NXT^?). Thermogravimetry and Elemental Analysis were used to determine the degree of silane grafting and the final number of free silanol OH groups/nm² on the modified Zeosil surface. Free energy, enthalpy and entropy of adsorption of hydrocarbon probes were determined by Inverse Gas Chromatography at infinite dilution and dispersive component, $\gamma_{s}^{d}$ , and specific interaction parameter, I ^sp , of the surface tension of the silica surface were calculated. Silylation changes the hydrophilic character of Zeosil silica to the hydrophobic one, on increasing the grafting degree and, mainly, the length of hydrocarbon tail of the silane molecule (DMODMS and NXT^?). The long hydrocarbon tails practically shield the silica particle surface and the adsorbed probes preferentially interact with them. In the case of TMMS-Zeosil the adsorbed probes practically interact with the silica surface, with loss of entropy well above that of the bare silica, while being equal the values of the enthalpy of adsorption. All the other modified silicas show loss of entropy lower than that of bare silica. Steric hindrance, played by the presence of methyl groups of TMMS, is suggested to reduce the freedom of translational and rotational movements of the adsorbed probe.     

Effect of chain length on transfection properties of spermine-based gemini surfactants

The synthesis and associated structure-activity relationships for gene transfection of a series of spermine-derived cationic gemini surfactants incorporating diamino acid headgroups and either identical (symmetrical) or different (unsymmetrical) lipophilic tailgroups is described. Transfection activity is found to depend critically upon the structural elements present.     

The influence of PPV chain aggregated structure on optical properties

A comparison has been made on the fluorescence of the poly (p-phenylenevinylene) (PPV) that without filtering the low molecular weight molecules (sample A) with the PPV of the low molecular weight molecules filtered (sample B). Although there is no obvious difference found in the FT-IR and Raman spectra between two samples, in the photoluminescence spectrum of the sample A, the peak at 510 nm is not appeared and the fluorescence intensity for the peak at 550 nm is increased. Under the high pressure condition the fluorescence peak at 520 nm, which corresponds to the peak at 510 nm of the usual PPV, is observed. Applying high pressure to the sample A or by filtering the low molecular weight molecules, the chain aggregated structure is modified, resulting in a change in the PPV chain distortion degree.     

Influence of carbon chain length on physical properties of 3FmHPhF homologues

ABSTRACT

Four compounds from 3FmHPhF homologous series of chiral smectogenic fluorinated compounds (m = 2, 4, 5, 6) were studied by frequency domain dielectric spectroscopy, electro-optic measurements, X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry. Values of the relaxation time and dielectric increment of relaxation processes versus temperature and bias field were determined. The temperature-dependent tilt angles, spontaneous polarisations, switching times, rotational viscosities, and average intermolecular distances and correlation lengths within smectic layers were obtained. Experimental results were supplemented by density functional theory calculations of isolated 3FmHPhF molecular geometries, and the relationship between the molecular structures and the transverse component of their dipole moments was studied for the mesogens with m = 2, 4, 5, 6, 7. The results are discussed in terms of the length of the C_mH_2m flexible carbon chain of the homologues.     

Effects of alkyl chain length on surface and micellar properties of octaethyleneglycol-n alkyl ethers

Summary Surface and micellar properties of a homologous series of Octaethylene glycol-n-alkyl ethers (C _n E₈;n = 9 to 15) have been studied in aqueous solutions by the surface tension measurements. The effects of the alkyl chain length comprising even and carbon numbers have been examined in order to evaluate the surface free energy G _A-W and the standard free energy G _m for the micellization obtained from their surface tension data. The areas per molecule and the equilibrium surface tension values at the CMC decreased with an increasing carbon number and they showed zigzag curves by the difference in even and odd carbon numbers.These findings may be attributed to the differences in the molecular orientation between the molecules with even carbon number and ones with odd carbon number on the air-water interface at CMC. G _A-W values decreased linearly with an increasing alkyl chain length but did not show a zigzag line by the differences in even and odd carbon numbers. This suggests that the molecular orientation is not influenced by the difference between their even and odd carbon numbers in the alkyl chain on the surface of the very diluted solution, and their molecules form some stable adsorbed films with an increase of the alkyl chain length. A division of G _A-W into the contribution made both by the hydrophilic group G _A-W (-W) and by the hydrophobic group G _A-W (-CH₂-) was attempted as follows; G _A-W (-CH₂-) = – 0.80 kcal/mol and G _a-W (-W) = + 0.15 kcal/mol.The free energy changes G _m of micellization were discussed on the basis of the CMC data obtained from the surface tension measurements by treating the formation of micelles as analogous to phase separation, and the contribution from the each moieties in the molecule were calculated as follows; G _m (-CH₂-) = – 0.68 kcal/mol and G _m (-W) = + 1.54 kcal/mol. The difference between G _A-W and G _m is discussed using their data.     

外缘烷基链长对共轭有机小分子聚集行为及光电性质影响

改变分子化学结构和调控分子结构聚集态行为从而影响或改变材料的化学和物理性质, 是开发新型高效有机光电功能材料的重要手段. 在共轭有机分子外缘引入烷基链一般是为了改进材料溶解性能, 但近来的一些研究表明, 烷基链长对一些共轭有机小分子固态聚集行为和光电性质具有重要影响, 烷基链扮演着显著调控材料光电性质的“功能基团”作用. 本文以聚集诱导发光（aggregation-induced emission, AIE）/聚集强化荧光（aggregation enhanced emission, AEE）发射共轭有机小分子为重点, 对近年来有关烷基链长对共轭有机分子聚集形态和光电性质影响的一些典型事例进行评述, 旨在使人们在进行共轭有机分子设计合成及其结构与性能关系研究中能够关注烷基链的因素, 使烷基链变化作为功能导向晶态共轭有机材料设计合成及其可控制备的一种手段.     

Synthesis and the effect of alkyl chain length on photochromic properties of diarylethene derivatives

A new class of photochromic diarylethenes bearing pyrrole and thiophene units with different length of alkyl chains at 2-position of thiophene rings have been synthesized. Their characteristics, including photochromism and fatigue resistance were investigated systematically, and each diarylethene derivative showed good photochromic properties whether in solution or in PMMA films. The alkyl group moiety was connected directly to the central cyclopentene ring as a heteroaryl unit and availably participated in photoisomerization reaction. And some properties, for example, the conversion ratio in the photostationary state(PSS) and the absorption coefficient of the ring-closed isomers in acetonitrile were significantly affected by the alkyl chain length. The results revealed that substituents of alkyl chain played an important role in the photoisomerization process of diarylethenes.     

Influence of alkyl chain length of alpha olefin sulfonates on surface and interfacial properties

Alpha olefin sulfonates (AOS) with various alkyl chain lengths have been used to investigate the influence of alkyl chain length on the interfacial properties at air–water, liquid paraffin–water, and parafilm–water interfaces. It was found that the critical micelle concentration decreased with increasing alkyl chain length, while the efficiency of reducing surface tension was inverse relationship with alkyl chain length. The diffusion coefficient obviously reduced with an increase of surfactant concentration and alkyl chain length. The C_14-16AOS shows better wettability and emulsification than C_16-18AOS and C_20-24AOS. For foaming properties, the foamability and foam stability dramatically decreased with increasing alkyl chain length.     

Synthesis and the effect of alkyl chain length on optoelectronic properties of diarylethene derivatives

Photochromic symmetrical diarylethene derivatives 1a-6a bearing different long alkyl chains at 2-position of thiophene rings have been synthesized and their structures have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The effect of alkyl chain length on their optoelectronic properties, such as photochromism in solution as well as in the crystalline phase and electrochemical performance was investigated in detail. These diarylethenes have showed good photochromic behavior both in solution and in the single crystalline phase. Introduction of the long alkyl chains at 2-position of bis(5-formyl-3-thienyl)perfluorocyclopentene increased the absorption coefficients of both open- and closed-ring isomers and induced bathochromic shifts of the maximal wavelength absorption of the closed-ring isomers. The long alkyl chains can also decrease the cyclization/cycloreversion quantum yields and the oxidation potentials. The cyclic voltammetry indicated that the band gap of these diarylethene derivatives was significantly affected by the alkyl chain length.     

Adsorption and thermal reactions of alkanethiols on pt(111): Dependence on the length of the alkyl chain

The adsorption and thermal decomposition of alkanethiols (R-SH, where R = CH3, C2H5, and C4H9) on Pt(111) were studied with temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) with synchrotron radiation. Dissociation of sulfhydryl hydrogen (RS-H) of alkanethiol results in the formation of alkanethiolate; the extent of dissociation at an adsorption temperature of 110 K depends on the length of the alkyl chain. At small exposure, all chemisorbed CH3SH, C2H5SH, and C4H9SH decompose to desorb hydrogen below 370 K and yield carbon and sulfur on the surface. Desorption of products containing carbon is observed only at large exposure. In thermal decomposition, alkanethiolate is proposed to undergo a stepwise dehydrogenation: R'-CH2S --> R'-CHS --> R'-CS, R' = H, CH3, and C3H7. Further decomposition of the R'-CS intermediate results in desorption of H2 at 400-500 K and leaves carbon and sulfur on the surface. On the basis of TPD and XPS data, we conclude that the density of adsorption of alkanethiol decreases with increasing length of the alkyl chain. C4H9SH is proposed to adsorb mainly with a configuration in which its alkyl group interacts with the surface; this interaction diminishes the density of adsorption of alkanethiols but facilitates dehydrogenation of the alkyl group.     

Influence of the length of side substituents on optical and electro-optical properties of polydialkoxyphosphazenes

The electro-optical and dynamo-optical properties of dilute solutions of polydialkoxyphosphazenes with different lengths of side substituents are studied. Sign inversion of the specific Kerr constant and of the reduced flow birefringence for the number of carbon atoms in side aliphatic chains, m, varying from 3 to 7 is ascertained. The anisotropy of optical polarizability of a monomer unit changes in the studied series of polydialkoxyphosphazenes. It attains the minimum values and changes its sign from positive to negative at m = 5?C6. The resulting data provide an explanation for the mesomorphism of these polydialkoxyphosphazenes, which is connected with the possibility of alternative orientation of monomer units.     

Effect of the chain length on the thermal and analytical properties of laterally biforked nematogens

Three laterally substituted liquid crystals were synthesized in order to investigate the effect of a lateral biforked chain on the thermal and analytical properties. The mesogenic molecules have the same core containing four aromatic rings connected by two ester and one diazo linkages, they differ by the length of one chain within the lateral biforked substituent. The phase transition temperatures were obtained by polarized light microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The clearing temperature and the nematic range decrease with increasing length of the lateral biforked chain. The stationary phases derived from these nematogens provide excellent resolution of various classes of compounds, including aromatic hydrocarbons (AH), substituted benzenes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), phenols and volatile organic compounds (VOC) present in the essential oils. The selectivities of the stationary phases were found to decrease according to the length of the side chain.     

Synthesis and optical properties of triangular gold nanoplates with controllable edge length

Gold triangular nanoplates with a uniform size were synthesized by a simple seeds-growth method in a lamellar lyotropic liquid crystal (LLC) medium consisting of F127, n-C₄H₉OH and H₂O. The edge length of gold nanoplates can be adjusted from tens to several hundreds nanometers (and even a few micrometers) by varying the concentration of Au³⁺ and the seeds solution volume. The optical properties of the synthesized gold nanoplates were studied. The vis-NIR spectra of the synthesized gold nanoplates exhibited a good linear correlation between the in-plane plasmon resonance λ_max and the average edge length of the corresponding nanoplates.

     

Dependence of the conformational equilibrium of alkyl azidoformates on the length of the carbon chain of the alkyl group

Conclusions An empriical dependence of the conformational equilibrium constant of alkyl azidoformates on the length of the alkyl group carbon chain was derived on the basis of an experimental study.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2, pp. 452–455, February, 1989.