EVO MA 15钨灯丝扫描电子显微镜的日常维护

钨灯丝扫描电子显微镜具有造价和运行成本低、样品适用性广的特点,在各研究机构的利用率很高,日常维护保养是保障其性能的必要手段.除了常规的扫描电子显微镜维护以外,因钨灯丝扫描电子显微镜结构特点,又有一些异于其它类型扫描电子显微镜的维护要点.以蔡司的EVO MA 15型钨灯丝扫描电子显微镜为例,从电子光学系统、真空系统、成像系统三个方面,阐述了钨灯丝扫描电子显微镜日常维护保养的具体办法,以供同行参考.     

MRI对基层医院CT扫描技术及诊断的影响促进及优化优选扫描方案初探

本文旨在探索MRI对基层医院CT扫描技术及诊断的影响促进,实施优化优选方案,提高病变检出率.运用先进的MRI扫描技术和理念,合理开单,规范扫描,灵活诊断,对4250例患者严格执行检查前准备工作、标准摆位并调整扫描参数,CT图像质量得到改善,扫描对称率提升66％,扫描野异物去除及胃肠道准备率提升69％,屏气训练及减少运动...     

Acousto-optical deflection-based whole channel scanning for microchip isoelectric focusing with laser-induced fluorescence detection

This paper describes the development of a technique amenable to the separation of proteins on a microchip by isoelectric focusing (IEF) with entire channel scanning laser-induced fluorescence detection using acousto-optical deflection (AOD). The ability to use AOD to scan the portions of or the entire length of an IEF separation channel allows for high-speed analysis since the mobilization step is circumvented with this technique. Employing no moving parts eliminates mechanical noise and, not only is there no loss of resolution, AOD scanning can potentially increase resolution. The ability of AOD to provide ultra-fast scanning rates (kHz timescale) allows for real-time imaging of the focusing process. This is demonstrated with the separation of naturally fluorescent proteins using entire channel (total scanning range of 2.4 cm) AOD-mediated scanning laser-induced fluorescence detection.     

In situ scanning tunneling microscopy: New insight for electrochemical electrode-surface investigations

The successful expansion which the scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) has had is dependent on its ability to examine surfaces on a sub-nanometric scale and on providing in situ (i.e. in the presence of bulk electrolyte) sample examination. In addition to the ability to study metals and semiconductors in vacuo, the application of the technique to surfaces in contact with an electrolytic solution has prompted increased interest amongst electrochemists. We discuss herein the technique, with particular reference to advances in electrochemical applications. A new scanning tunneling microscope for operation in electrolytic environments is described. Atomic force microscopy, scanning electrochemical microscopy and scanning ion-conducting microscopy are compared with the STM.     

Localising the electrochemistry of corrosion fatigue

The damage to a metal is significantly enhanced when simultaneously exposed to a corrosive solution and a cyclic mechanical stress. However, decoupling the contributions from each damage mechanisms is difficult. Localised electrochemical techniques, in particular scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM), scanning kelvin probe force microscopy (SKPFM), and scanning vibrating electrode technique (SVET), can be advantageous when determining corrosion fatigue damage mechanisms and local phenomena, such as the transition between a corrosion pit and a fatigue crack. The recent corrosion fatigue literature is reviewed to highlight the usefulness of each localised electrochemical technique and how they can contribute to advancing the corrosion fatigue field.     

Quantitative Densitometry in Situ of Lipids Separated by thin Layer Chromatography

Abstract

Operating parameters are described for a densitometric method to determine in situ eight lipid classes separated by thin layer chromatography. The separated lipids, visualized on the TLC plate by a cupric acetate-phosphoric acid charring method, were quantitatively determined by spectrodensitometry using the Shimadzu CS-910 Dual Wavelength TLC Scanner. Plates were scanned in either a linear scanning mode or in a zigzag scanning mode (flying spot).

Reproducibility of a) sample application (spotting) and b) the lipid separation procedure was determined by scanning. Transmittance measurements yielded response areas that were 2.8 X higher than reflectance measurements. Operating parameters such as scanning direction, wavelength, single and dual-wavelength measurement, scanning speed, and slit geometry were studied. Optimal conditions were established for quantitative densitometry of lipids on thin layer plates.     

有机涂层／金属界面腐蚀的微区电化学

以扫描开尔文探针，局部交流阻抗和扫描电化学显微镜为代表的微区电化学技术以其高精度、高空间解析度的定域分析优势被广泛应用。本文简要介绍了这三种技术的测量原理和关键问题，并着重归纳了这些技术应用于有机涂层／金属界面腐蚀行为的研究成果，包括界面微区表观形貌的获取，不同界面腐蚀机制的推理验证及其影响因素的作用机理等，并对三种技...     

Increased apparent sensitivity by means of constant-energy synchronous spectrofluorimetry

Synchronous fluorescence scanning at constant wavenumber (i.e., energy) difference between excitation and emission brings several improvements when compared to the classical spectrofluorimetry or to the method of synchrnous wavelength scanning. When quantitative results are required, the constant energy-difference technique should be used whenever the difference between the excitation and emission wavelengths exceeds the difference between the wavelengths of the Rayleigh and Raman peaks. Otherwise, the technique brings only minor advantages in comparison with synchronous wavelength scanning.     

Environmental scanning electron microscopy and microanalysis

It is shown that the environmental scanning electron microscope is the natural extension of the scanning electron microscope. The former incorporates all of the conventional functions of the latter and, in addition, it opens many new ways of looking at virtually any specimen, wet or dry, insulating or conducting. The environmental scanning electron microscope is characterised by the possibility of maintaining a gaseous pressure in the specimen chamber. All operational parameters can be varied within a range which is a function of pressure. It can be used with all types of gun and all basic modes of detection and, hence, it can be applied both to morphological and to microanalytical studies. It has opened many novel ways of looking at specimens and phenomena not previously accessible with scanning electron microscopy.     

用 DSC 鉴定高分子材料组成的研究

本文用DSC研究了标致汽车保险杆的组成。研究了试样从熔体淬火,加热速率,冷却速率,部分扫描,部分扫描→等温扫描对DSC曲线的影响,从而确定试样是两种高分子材料的共混物。经用Barta的添加热分析法鉴别,证实是聚丙烯和高密度聚乙烯的共混物,然后用红外光谱予以佐证。建立了用DSC确定高分子材料组成的一套方法。     

Dissecting the Engrailed homeodomain-DNA interaction by phage-displayed shotgun scanning

Phage-displayed alanine shotgun scanning was used to dissect contributions by engrailed homedomain (En-HD) residues 17 through 46, which indirectly influence recognition of DNA. The relative contributions of such indirect contacts, quantified by shotgun scanning, highlight previously unexplored En-HD residues. Two motifs dominate En-HD function in this region. First, two surface-exposed aromatic residues (F20 and Y25) bracket the hydrophobic core. Second, two sets of turn-forming residues are highlighted, including carboxamide-requiring residues E22/N23 and a leucine/isoleucine splint. The En-HD hydrophobic core exhibits a surprising degree of malleability, as demonstrated by homolog shotgun scanning. Most selectants from in vitro shotgun scanning mirror the consensus human homeodomain sequence. Thus, natural evolution and in vitro selection use similar selection criteria: affinity, specificity, and stability. However, homolog shotgun scanning identified mutations capable of improving the affinity and specificity of En-HD.     

Circumvention of fluorophore photobleaching in fluorescence fluctuation experiments: a beam scanning approach.

Photobleaching is a fluorophore-damaging process that commonly afflicts single-molecule fluorescence studies. It becomes an especially severe problem in fluorescence fluctuation experiments when studying slowly diffusing particles. One way to circumvent this problem is to use beam scanning to decrease the residence time of the fluorophores in the excitation volume. We report a systematic study of the effects of circular beam scanning on the photobleaching of fluorescent particles as observed in single-photon excitation fluorescence fluctuation experiments. We start by deriving a simple expression relating the average detected fluorescence to the photobleaching cross section of the fluorophores. We then perform numerical calculations of the spatial distribution of fluorescent particles in order to understand under which conditions beam scanning can prevent the formation of a photobleaching hole. To support these predictions, we show experimental results obtained for large unilamellar vesicles containing a small amount of the fluorescent lipophilic tracer DiD. We establish the required scanning radius and frequency range in order to obtain sufficient reduction of the photobleaching effect for that system. From the detected increase in fluorescence upon increase in scanning speed, we estimate the photobleaching cross section of DiD.     

蔡司Axio Scan.Z1全自动数字玻片扫描系统的应用

全自动切片扫描技术优势大，应用范围广，已逐步成为形态学和病理学研究的一种变革性辅助手段。本文介绍了蔡司Axio Scan.Z1切片扫描系统的配置参数（光学系统、物镜、分辨率、扫描速度、相机等）和成像特点，阐述了蔡司Axio Scan.Z1在大批量全组织扫描、组织病理学、神经生物学等研究领域的重要应用。总结了仪器在使用过程中遇到的问题，分析了原因并提出解决方案，为科研工作提供更好的共享服务。     

Recent advances of scanning electrochemical microscopy and scanning ion conductance microscopy for single-cell analysis

Single-cell analysis is important for understanding fundamental biological processes and mechanisms. Scanning electrochemical microscopy and scanning ion conductance microscopy as two kinds of scanning probe microscopy, with high temporal and spatial resolutions as well as in situ and noninvasive characterization capabilities, emerge as strong tools for single-cell analysis. In this review, we introduce the latest advances of scanning electrochemical microscopy and scanning ion conductance microscopy for single-cell analysis, including characterizations of cell morphology dynamics, membrane properties and mechanics, and monitoring cell surface charge, extracellular pH, and intracellular substances.     

Relationship between Hot Spot Residues and Ligand Binding Hot Spots in Protein-Protein Interfaces

In the context of protein-protein interactions, the term "hot spot" refers to a residue or cluster of residues that makes a major contribution to the binding free energy, as determined by alanine scanning mutagenesis. In contrast, in pharmaceutical research, a hot spot is a site on a target protein that has high propensity for ligand binding and hence is potentially important for drug discovery. Here we examine the relationship between these two hot spot concepts by comparing alanine scanning data for a set of 15 proteins with results from mapping the protein surfaces for sites that can bind fragment-sized small molecules. We find the two types of hot spots are largely complementary; the residues protruding into hot spot regions identified by computational mapping or experimental fragment screening are almost always themselves hot spot residues as defined by alanine scanning experiments. Conversely, a residue that is found by alanine scanning to contribute little to binding rarely interacts with hot spot regions on the partner protein identified by fragment mapping. In spite of the strong correlation between the two hot spot concepts, they fundamentally differ, however. In particular, while identification of a hot spot by alanine scanning establishes the potential to generate substantial interaction energy with a binding partner, there are additional topological requirements to be a hot spot for small molecule binding. Hence, only a minority of hot spots identified by alanine scanning represent sites that are potentially useful for small inhibitor binding, and it is this subset that is identified by experimental or computational fragment screening.     

Background correction in atomic emission spectrometry using repetitive harmonic wavelength scanning and applying Fourier analysis—I. Theory

Repetitive wavelength scanning can be used as a means of detecting and correcting for unwanted background in atomic emission spectrometry (AES). This paper deals with the theory underlying such harmonic wavelength scanning in time and stresses the relative importance of the relevant parameters. A set of integrated Turbo Pascal programs for an IBM PC was developed to provide a numerical simulation for the deconvolution of a detected spectral profile during repetitive harmonic wavelength scanning. By applying this numerical analysis the theory for separating the net spectral emission signal and the background radiation by filtering specific frequency components is investigated. It is concluded that, barring the dc component, repetitive scanning over a symmetric spectral profile leads to the generation of even-numbered Fourier harmonics at the modulation frequency, while an asymmetric spectral profile generates odd-numbered Fourier harmonics.     

Quantitative evaluation of thin-layer chromatograms. 1. The calculation of remission and transmission using multilayer models

Quantitative evaluation of TLC by direct photometric scanning is a promising method, in view of the development of cheap microprocessors: soon instruments for digital scanning will be commercialy available. In this paper we describe a multilayer model which seems to be a good approximation for solving the radiation transfer equation in the case of layer models with a gradient in an inward direction. Changes of remitted and transmitted light, in cases where a band lies in different layers, are presented. Examples shown are: the absorbance profile of a chromatographed band in the direction of scanning is approximated to that of an isosceles triangle; the concentration of the band is uniform, e.g. 0.3 A. U.; the concentration of the band is changing from 0 to 2.0 A. U. These results will serve to set up the correct algorithms for digital scanning and simultaneous determination in TLC.     

Mechanisms of reorganization of lamellae in syndiotactic polystyrene

The multiple melting behavior of syndiotactic polystyrene (sPS) and its possible mechanisms via preexisting lamella types and/or scanning-induced lamellar reorganization were investigated by using X-ray diffraction, DSC, and scanning electron microscopy. Melt-crystallized sPS samples, upon DSC scanning, exhibited three melting peaks (I, II, III). A morphological analysis showed that flat-on lamellae develop first, which yield P-I and P-II melting, and during scanning recrystallize to thickened edge-on lamellae with a P-III melting peak. Upon scanning, melting of P-I (crystal of the lowest melting peak) is followed by repacking into thickened P-III crystal, the lamella of which also reoriented to a perpendicular orientation. The P-II crystal, however, melts at temperatures too close to the melting temperature of P-III; thus, during scanning up, the P-II crystal simply melts without sufficient time to repack into the thickened P-III crystal. In addition to the P-III crystal species that can be added by melting P-I and repacking to P-III, it is believed that preexistence of different lamella crystals was jointly responsible for the multiple melting. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 38: 3210–3221, 2000     

Structural analysis of rapamycin and related compounds using [M + Li]+ ions generated by liquid secondary ion mass spectrometry

Cationization of the macrocyclic immunosuppressant rapamycin with lithium ion upon liquid secondary ion mass spectrometric ionization yields a number of fragment ions, which are observable in the full-scan spectrum. These are clearly assigned using B/E linked scanning (fragment ion scanning), B²/E linked scanning (precursor ion scanning) and peak matching for accurate mass measurement. Many of the fragments are produced by processes that open the macrocyclic ring, and it is possible to observe several different pieces of the molecule as fragment ions. The diversity of fragments produced facilitates the elucidation of new rapamycin-like structures through mass spectrometry. Three structurally modified rapamycin analogues have been examined by this technique, and the modifications to the molecule may be located based on the nominal masses of their fragments.     

Formation of the pore structure in xerogel films based on ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene and multiwall carbon nanotubes

The fundamental aspect of the pore structure formation in composite films based on ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene and multiwall carbon nanotubes were studied by IR spectroscopy, mercury porosimetry, scanning electron microscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry in relation to the degree of filling.