An intense cold beam of metastable helium

We have produced and characterised a slow, bright and intense atomic beam of metastable helium atoms, suitable for atomic physics experiments. The maximum continuous flux attained was 2×10¹⁰ atoms/s, while a typical longitudinal peak velocity of the beam was ∼26 m/s with a divergence in the range of 15 mrad to 30 mrad. PACS 32.80.Pj; 32.80.Lg; 39.10.+j     

Generation of an intense low-velocity metastable-neon atomic beam

A metastable neon (1S ₅) atomic beam with a velocity of 394 m/s (373 K) and an intensity of 1.1×10¹⁵ s^–1 sr^–1 is produced with a novel construction using a dc glow discharge.     

Generation of long-living entanglement using cold trapped ions with pair cat states

With the reliance in the processing of quantum information on a cold trapped ion, we analyze the entanglement entropy in the ion-field interaction with pair cat states. We investigate a long-living entanglement allowing the instantaneous position of the center-of-mass motion of the ion to be explicitly time-dependent. An analytic solution for the system operators is obtained. We show that different nonclassical effects arise in the dynamics of the population inversion, depending on the initial states of the vibrational motion. We study in detail the entanglement degree and demonstrate how the input pair cat state is required for initiating the long-living entanglement. This long-living entanglement is damp out with an increase in the number difference q. Owing to the properties of entanglement measures, the results are checked using another entanglement measure (high order linear entropy). PACS 03.67.Nm; 03.65.Yz; 42.50.Dv     

矩形栅慢波系统的高频特性分析

对于矩形栅这一经典的慢波结构，采用场匹配法来分析其慢波特性，进而得到其耦合阻抗。其中对槽区内的场处理，保留其高次项，表示为一无限本征驻波之和的形式。然后通过数值实例具体分析了矩形栅的两种典型结构:浅槽栅和深槽栅。当增大槽深后，色散增强，系统通带变窄，同时耦合阻抗有明显增大，工作点移向前向波区，适合用在放大器的慢波结构上。     

An intense, slow and cold beam of metastable Ne(3s) 3 P 2 atoms

We employ laser cooling to intensify and cool an atomic beam of metastable Ne(3 s) atoms. Using several collimators, a slower and a compressor we achieve a ²⁰Ne^* flux of 6×10 ¹⁰ atoms/s in an 0.7 mm diameter beam traveling at 100 m/s, and having longitudinal and transverse temperatures of 25 mK and 300μK, respectively. This constitutes the highest flux in a concentrated beam achieved to date with metastable rare gas atoms. We characterize the action of the various cooling stages in terms of their influence on the flux, diameter and divergence of the atomic beam. The brightness and brilliance achieved are 2.1 ×10 ²¹ s^-1m^-2sr^-1 and 5.0 ×10 ²² s^-1m^-2sr^-1, respectively, comparable to the highest values reported for alkali-metal beams. Bright beams of the ²¹Ne and ²²Ne isotopes have also been created. Received 22 June 2001     

Plasma-wakefield acceleration of an intense positron beam

Plasma wakefields are both excited and probed by propagating an intense 28.5 GeV positron beam through a 1.4 m long lithium plasma. The main body of the beam loses energy in exciting this wakefield while positrons in the back of the same beam can be accelerated by the same wakefield as it changes sign. The scaling of energy loss with plasma density as well as the energy gain seen at the highest plasma density is in excellent agreement with simulations.     

Dissociation of molecules in intense laser beam

Dissociation of molecules in the strong laser beam at the intensity of 10¹³–10¹⁴ W/cm² is investigated. Experimentally, the fragmentation of neutral molecules, CH₄, C₂H₄, C₄H₈; and the disintegration of molecular ions, CH ₄ ⁺ are studied by fluorescence spectroscopy and mass spectroscopy respectively. Some new phenomena, the strong dependence on the laser intensity, the universal dissociation, and the thorough fragmentation, are found in the fragmentation, and cannot be explained by the existing theories, as Coulomb Explosion theory or Re-scattering theory. We have suggested two new theories. The Super-excited State (SES) theory interprets the neutral fragmentation of molecules, which is stimulated to the SES by intense laser pulse. The Morse potential energy surface of the SES shows that either direct dissociation or pre-dissociation can take place in the SESs. Another theory, the theory of Field-assisted Dissociation (FAD) interprets the fragmentation of ionic molecules. According to this theory, the electric field of the laser pulse is involved directly to the dissociation process. QCT calculations for the trajectories moving on the dressed PES are performed. The result shows that the chemical bond which is parallel to the laser field vector undergo dissociation spontaneously. The dissociation takes place around 100 fs, which is in agreement with the ultrafast measurement in the pump-probe experiment.     

Focusing of an intense neutralized proton beam

An intense low-energy (15–20 keV) proton beam is focused in two stages: ballistic focusing is followed by magnetic compression. The beam is formed by an MAIS wide-aperture source, in which a plasma is generated by many discharge elements via a discharge over the polyethylene surface. In the presence of an external magnetic field, the beam turns out to be overneutralized by electrons coming from the cathode grids of the source and from the target. The maximal focusing efficiency (>70%) is observed within 10 μs after the pulse has been applied if the target is negatively biased. The degree of beam compression in terms of cross-sectional area is 1.6×10³. The numerical simulation of the focusing agrees well with the results of measurement.     

Generation of intense pulsed low-kinetic-energy molecular beams

A method for the generation of intense pulsed low-kinetic-energy molecular beams is described. The method is based on the formation of a cold (≈77 K) pressure shock as a result of interaction between an intense pulsed gas-dynamically cooled molecular beam with a solid surface. The pressure shock is used as a source of a secondary beam for generating low-energy molecules. The suggested method was used to obtain intense molecular beams of H₂, He, CH₄, N₂, and Kr with kinetic energies lower than or equal to 10 meV and H₂/Kr and He/Kr molecular beams with kinetic energies of H₂ and He molecules lower than 1 meV. The energy (velocity) of molecules in low-energy beams can be controlled by varying the intensity of the initial beam or temperature in the pressure shock.     

Ionization of atoms and ions by intense laser radiation

The ionization of negative ions by ultrashort electromagnetic pulses, the multiphoton ionization of atoms beyond the perturbation theory taking into account the Coulomb interaction, and the relativistic theory of tunneling in application to the ionization problems have been analyzed. The main results have been obtained using the imaginary time method.     

Experiments with intense secondary beams of radioactive ions

Electromagnetic mass separation applied on-line to accelerators and nuclear reactors is now a standard technique for producing preselected isotopic beams (A, Z selection) of nuclear reaction products. The development, performance and anatomy of a large on-line isotope separator facility, the CERN-ISOLDE, is discussed. As a result of recent technical developments it is now possible to study individual nuclei of about 40 elements, in many cases out to where the limits of nucleon binding are approached and half-lives become as short as 10 ms. It is shown that the nuclear reaction processes induced with the high-intensity several hundred MeV proton beam can provide secondary radioactive beams in almost all regions of the nuclidic chart with intensities which are not matched by any other method. The intense beams of 10⁸–10¹¹ atoms/s have opened up a number of new experimental possibilities like laser spectroscopy on radioactive atoms, radioactive targets for nuclear reaction spectroscopy, and precision X-ray shift measurements.     

Drift compression of an intense neutralized ion beam

Longitudinal compression of a velocity-tailored, intense neutralized beam at 300 keV, 25 mA has been demonstrated. The compression takes place in a 1-2 m drift section filled with plasma to provide space-charge neutralization. An induction cell produces a head-to-tail velocity ramp that longitudinally compresses the neutralized beam, enhancing the beam peak current by a factor of 50 and producing a pulse duration of about 3 ns. This measurement has been confirmed independently with two different diagnostic systems.     

强流电子束聚焦数值模拟

采用粒子模拟（PIC）方法模拟了强流电子束在薄磁透镜中的聚焦。建立了强流电子束的聚焦模型,模拟了神龙一号加速器某次实验的结果,得到的模拟结果非常接近实验值,证明采用建立的PIC模型模拟强流束经过磁透镜时的聚焦是可信的。应用此模型模拟了电子束参数（入射半径、发射度、能散度、相位角等）对焦斑直径的影响, 结果表明:在模拟条件下,电子束平行入射时最佳束包络半径位于20.0~22.5 mm;发射度和能散度对焦斑直径的影响和理论公式吻合得较好;只有入射电子束包络半径和相位角匹配时才能得到小的焦斑直径。     

Energetics and dynamics of decaying cluster ions

The recent addition of (i) a third sector field to our two sector field mass spectrometer (resulting in a BE1E2 field configuration) and of (ii) a high performance electron gun enables us now to study in detail the time dependence of the kinetic energy release distribution (KERD) over a relatively wide range of cluster ion lifetimes. Using this newly constructed device we have studied here for the first time KERDs and deduced binding energies BEs (using finite heat bath theory) of large rare gas cluster ions (an upper size limit in earlier studies arose from the fact that different naturally occurring isotopes will contribute to a chosen metastable peak when the size exceeds a certain value) and in addition of fullerene ions smaller and larger than (here again contaminating coincidences did not allow such studies earlier). Moreover, high precision KERD measurements for the decay of rare gas dimer ions in conjunction with model calculations (using recently calculated potential energy curves for the rare gas dimer ions) also enable us to obtain information on the dynamics and the mechanisms of the underlying spontaneous decay reactions . In addition, we are also reporting here a novel method (unified breakdown graph method) to determine cluster ion binding energies using a recently constructed tandem mass spectrometer BESTOF allowing us to measure fragmentation patterns arising from the unimolecular decay of molecular cluster ions induced by surface collisions. The fragmentation and reaction patterns of protonated ethanol cluster ions investigated here clearly demonstrate in contrast to some of the earlier cluster ion studies that unimolecular dissociation kinetics determines the formation of product ions in the surface-induced decomposition.     

强流束二极管绝缘子结构设计与实验研究

 介绍了一种应用于强流束二极管的径向绝缘结构,并对其在纳秒脉冲条件下的沿面闪络放电现象进行了研究。使用计算机模拟静电场的方法,对锥形结构绝缘子表面的电场分布进行了研究,优化了几何结构参数。在脉宽为40 ns,重复频率100 Hz的脉冲功率源上对绝缘子进行了实验研究。在历时18个月及100 000次脉冲实验后,发现绝缘子表面具有明显的树枝状放电现象,树枝状放电的根部碳化严重,绝缘子深度方向被完全击穿碳化,出现孔洞。基于固-液交界面闪络特性,对树枝状放电的可能原因进行了探讨。     

Atomic and molecular ions in intense ultra-fast laser fields

The interaction of a 60 fs 790 nm laser pulse with beams of Ar⁺, C⁺, H₂ ⁺, HD⁺ and D₂ ⁺ are discussed. Intensities up to 10¹⁶ Wcm^-2 are employed. An experimental z-scanning technique is used to resolve the intensity dependent processes in the confocal volume.Received: 6 January 2003, Published online: 15 July 2003PACS: 32.80.Fb Photoionization of atoms and ions - 33.80.Rv Multiphoton ionization and excitation to highly excited states (e.g., Rydberg states) - 42.50.Hz Strong-field excitation of optical transitions in quantum systems; multiphoton processes; dynamic Stark shift     

Isomer-selected photoreactions of gas-phase cluster ions

We have developed an apparatus for investigating isomer-selected photodissociation reactions by ion mobility spectrometry coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry. By using this apparatus we optimized ion intensities under isomer-separation condition for carbon cluster ions. Among ions having linear and cyclic isomers, we demonstrated dissociation of isomer-selected C₉ ⁺ ion at 355-nm photon irradiation. As a result we observed marked difference in the dissociation pathways between from linear isomer and from cyclic isomer. For the purpose of adopting this technique to metal-ligand cluster ions, we also investigated mobility spectrometry of vanadium metal ions with Ar, in addition to electronic state separation for free atomic ions.     

强激光在磁化等离子体中的调制不稳定性

采用洛伦兹变换推导出左旋椭圆偏振强激光在磁化等离子体中的非线性色散关系,根据Karpman方法推导出激光场包络的非线性控制方程,分析了在磁化等离子体中左旋椭圆偏振激光的调制不稳定性,得到了调制不稳定的时间增长率。分析结果表明,磁化等离子体中自调制不稳定的极大增长率较非磁化情况明显减小,且在激光等离子体临界面附近处调制不稳定性的时间增长率显著增大。