有机催化不对称Michael加成反应

有机催化的不对称合成反应是目前研究最为活跃的领域之一. 不对称Michael加成反应是合成众多重要的手性合成子和药物中间体的有效手段. 目前报道的催化Michael加成反应的有机催化剂主要有脯氨酸及其衍生物、手性咪唑啉酮、手性(硫)脲、金鸡纳碱衍生物等. 对各类有机催化剂在有机催化不对称Michael加成反应中的应用, 以及不对称诱导反应的机理、催化剂分子结构及反应条件对其催化活性和不对称诱导作用的影响进行了评述.     

有机小分子不对称催化Michael加成的研究进展

有机小分子催化成为现在最热门的研究领域之一.不对称Michael加成反应是合成具有一个或多个手性中心合成砌块和药物中间体的重要方法.介绍了近3年来有机小分子伯胺衍生物、吡咯烷衍生物、(硫)脲、手性方酰胺和磷酸等在不对称催化Michael加成中的应用研究进展.对各种小分子结构和催化活性的关系、催化剂诱导活化机理以及各种催化体系在药物和关键中间体合成中的应用也进行详细的评述.     

可回收有机小分子催化不对称Michael加成的研究进展

手性有机小分子催化不对称Michael加成反应是现在最热门的研究领域之一。手性有机小分子催化剂在拥有诸多优点的同时,也存在用量较大、回收利用难等的问题,因此,手性有机小分子催化剂的回收利用这一课题成为了近几年的一个研究热点。本文根据催化剂的回收方法介绍了它们在不对称Michael加成反应中的应用研究进展。     

有机小分子催化的烯酮的不对称环加成反应

重点从立体选择性和催化机理方面,总结了不同的有机小分子催化剂在烯酮的[2+2]和[4+2]不对称环加成反应中的应用.     

手性钛衍生物催化的有机金属试剂的不对称加成反应

对手性钛衍生物作为路易斯酸催化的几种有机金属试剂与羰基化合物的不对称加成反应进行了综述。     

有机催化不对称Henry加成反应

有机催化不对称合成反应是目前国内外研究最为活跃的领域之一.不对称Henry反应是合成光学活性硝基化合物的有效手段,目前报道的催化不对称Henry反应的有机催化剂主要有手性胍、手性(硫)脲衍生物、金鸡纳碱衍生物等,取得了良好的催化活性和对映选择性.对各类有机催化剂在有机催化不对称Henry反应中的应用研究进展,以及不对称诱导反应的机理、催化剂的分子结构及反应条件对其催化活性和不对称诱导活性的影响进行了评述.     

有机催化丙二酸酯与β-硝基烯烃的不对称Michael加成反应

将金鸡纳生物碱衍生物用于催化丙二酸酯和β-硝基芳基乙烯的不对称Michael加成反应。考察溶剂、温度及催化剂用量对反应催化性能的影响。结果表明,最佳催化条件为5 mol%催化剂1e,甲苯为溶剂,0℃反应。得到了86～93%的化学产率和最高达99%ee的对映选择性。     

硫脲衍生物有机催化蒽酮与硝基烯烃的不对称Michael加成反应

将硫脲衍生物用于有机催化蒽酮和β-硝基烯烃的不对称Michael加成反应.考察溶剂、温度及催化剂用量等对反应催化性能的影响.结果表明,最佳催化条件为5%(摩尔百分数)催化剂1f,二氯甲烷为溶剂,室温反应.得到了80%~97%的化学产率和最高达99%ee的对映选择性.     

查尔酮参与的不对称Michael加成反应研究进展

综述了近十年来,金鸡纳碱、硫脲、手性离子液体、季铵盐、脯氨酸和葡萄糖类衍生物等有机小分子在催化查尔酮的不对称Michael加成反应中的应用.有机小分子催化的机理大部分都是通过氢键、离子键等与底物相互作用而使其有较好的对映选择性.     

手性有机小分子和钯联合不对称催化

有机小分子和金属联合催化是指用有机小分子和金属等多种催化剂同时或连续活化不同底物、官能团或中间体,从而完成催化反应。该策略可以实现单一催化剂无法完成的反应。根据催化剂活化模式的不同,有机小分子和金属联合催化可以分为协同催化、接力催化与连续催化。近年来,随着有机小分子催化的快速发展以及人们对金属和有机催化的理解越来越深入,有机小分子和金属联合催化方面的报道逐年增加,正在发展成为均相不对称催化中受到广泛关注的新兴研究领域。钯配合物是重要的过渡金属催化剂,钯催化在有机合成中具有十分广泛的应用。本文重点总结了钯和手性有机小分子联合不对称催化方面的进展,主要包括手性胺、手性布朗斯特酸以及手性亲核催化剂等有机催化剂与钯联合催化,同时指出了该领域内一些亟待解决的问题,并对未来的发展作了展望。     

Highly efficient bifunctional organocatalysts for the asymmetric Michael addition of ketones to nitroolefins

A type of secondary-secondary-tertiary triamine bifunctional organocatalysts have been properly designed and synthesized. In our study, the designed catalyst (S)-N-(pyrrolidin-2-ylmethyl)pyridin-2-amine 5 has been shown to be highly efficient to promote the asymmetric Michael addition of ketones to nitroolefins at room temperature, which afforded the corresponding adducts in excellent diastereoselectivities (up to 99:1 dr) and enantioselectivities (up to >99% ee).     

A new type of organocatalyst for highly stereoselective Michael addition of ketones to nitroolefins on water

(S)-2-((Naphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)methyl)pyrrolidine, prepared in three steps from (S)-N-Boc-2-[((4-toluenesulfonyl)oxy)methyl]pyrrolidine in 62% overall yield, was used as a new type of organocatalyst bearing a pyrrolidine and a sulfone moiety. It shows very high catalytic activity toward the direct asymmetric Michael reaction of cyclohexanone and nitroolefins. All the corresponding adducts can be furnished in 90-99% yields and with up to 98% ee and over 99:1 dr on water in the presence of this catalyst (15 mol %) without any additive.     

Recyclable cinchona alkaloid catalyzed asymmetric Michael addition reaction

A highly enantioselective and diastereoselective Michael addition reaction of α-fluoro-β-ketoesters with maleimides is catalyzed by fluorous cinchona alkaloid to afford two adjacent chiral centers. The catalyst attached with a perfluroalkyl tag can be recovered by fluorous solid-phase extraction (F-SPE).     

Pyrrolidine-carbamate based new and efficient chiral organocatalyst for asymmetric Michael addition of ketones to nitroolefins

The novel ((S)-pyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl phenylcarbamate was synthesized and used as an efficient organocatalyst for the asymmetric Michael addition of cyclic/acyclic ketones to nitroolefins. Interestingly, the resulting Michael adducts were obtained in good to high yields (up to 96%) with excellent stereoselectivity (ee up to >99%, dr up to >99:1) without using any additive.     

Highly efficient organocatalytic asymmetric Michael addition of homoserine lactone derived cyclic imino esters to nitroolefins

An efficient stereoselective Michael addition reaction of homoserine lactone derived cyclic imino esters to nitroolefins promoted by a bis(cinchona alkaloid) (DHQD)₂AQN was achieved. This catalytic system features a wide substrate scope, furnishing the corresponding products with excellent diastereoselectivity (>95:5 dr) and good enantioselectivity (up to 87% ee) under mild conditions, and the Michael adducts could be easily transformed into highly functionalized spirocyclic γ-butyrolactone-pyrrolidines through a sequential nitro-Mannich reaction.     

An enantioselective Michael addition of malonate to nitroalkenes catalyzed by low loading demethylquinine salts in water

An enantioselective Michael addition of malonate to nitroalkenes is efficiently catalyzed by low loading demethylquinine salts in water; the yield range from 49% to 93% and the ee up to 90%.     

Highly enantioselective Michael addition of aldehydes to nitroolefins catalyzed by primary amine thiourea organocatalysts

Asymmetric Michael addition reactions of aldehydes to nitroolefins have been successfully initiated by a series of primary amine thiourea bifunctional catalysts, with high enantioselectivities (90-98% ee) and excellent yields (80-96%). The privileged quinine scaffold was found to be essential to the reaction efficiency and enantioselectivity.     

Polystyrene-immobilized pyrrolidine as a highly stereoselective and recyclable organocatalyst for asymmetric Michael addition of cyclohexanone to nitroolefins

Polystyrene-immobilized pyrrolidine 4 has been developed as a highly efficient, reusable, and stereoselective organocatalyst for the asymmetric Michael addition of cyclohexanone to nitroolefins. In the presence of trifluoroacetic acid, 4 catalyzed the reaction of cyclohexanone to a variety of nitroolefins with high yields (up to >99%) and excellent diastereoselectivities (up to >99:1 dr), and enantioselectivities (up to >99% ee). Furthermore, 4 could be recovered and recycled by a simple filtration of the reaction solution and used for more than 10 consecutive trials without significant loss of its catalytic activity.     

Pyrrolidine-linker-camphor assembly: bifunctional organocatalysts for efficient Michael addition of cyclohexanone to nitroolefins under neat conditions

A simple and convenient strategy was developed to synthesize a new class of pyrrolidinyl-camphor based bifunctional organocatalysts possessing varying functional linkers. Catalytic screening of these camphor-pyrrolidine linked derivatives for asymmetric Michael reaction of cyclohexanone with β-nitrostyrene was carried out. Various aryl- and heteroaryl-nitroolefins, ketones as well as aldehydes gave the corresponding Michael adducts in high chemical yields (up to 95%) and exceptionally high diastereo-(syn/anti up to 99:1) and enantioselectivity (up to 95%) using catalyst 6 under solvent-free conditions.