水热处理对神华煤质的影响

结合水热处理煤的元素、灰分、挥发分分析以及IR光谱研究，讨论了水热处理对神华煤溶胀、抽提及液化性能的影响。结果表明，较高温度下水热处理存在明显的加氢作用，H/C摩尔比高于原煤；水热处理具有脱挥发分和脱灰作用，水热处理温度升高挥发分降低，灰分增加；水热处理的气态产物主要是CO2，250℃以上产生CO和CH4，其中CO2产率不受水热处理温度影响，CO和CH4产率则随水热处理温度升高而增加；水热处理降低了神华煤的溶胀性能，CS2/NMP混合溶剂抽提减小了抽余物在NMP溶剂中的溶胀度；适当温度水热处理能够提高CS2/NMP抽提率，但是索氏抽提性能有所降低；250℃~300℃水处理能够提高液化转化率，但是油气收率低于原煤，前沥青烯收率显著高于原煤。IR光谱分析表明,水热处理改变了煤分子中氢键等非共价键作用，其中较高温度水热处理将导致醚键、酯键等弱共价键水解和芳环侧链的断裂。     

低阶煤温和液化特征分析

利用管弹反应器考察了霍林郭勒褐煤在温和条件下的液化特征,探讨了温度、溶剂、压力、气氛、催化剂对液化产物分布的影响;分别利用程序升温热解技术和红外光谱分析了液化产物中己烷不溶物的气态烃逸出规律和结构特征;利用凝胶渗透色谱、同步荧光光谱和红外光谱分析了不同反应条件下产物沥青烯和前沥青烯的结构特征。结果表明,实验条件下霍林郭勒煤的起始热解液化温度在350℃左右;随温度的升高,液化转化率增大。较高温度时(450℃)缩聚反应加剧,液化转化率开始减小;溶剂对沥青烯类产物的生成极为重要,提高反应压力和添加催化剂主要促进油气的生成;温和条件下(350、400℃)对霍林郭勒煤的临氢处理,可获得热解反应性较原煤高的液化残渣(己烷不溶物);产物沥青烯和前沥青烯的分子量在液化温度为300和350℃时为最大;随反应温度升高,沥青烯和前沥青烯的芳烃结构特征增强,烷烃结构特征减弱。     

SO_4~(2-)/ZrO_2固体酸催化神华煤直接液化反应性研究

通过间歇式加氢液化实验,考察了THN溶剂中液化温度、液化时间、氢气初压以及催化剂用量等反应条件对SO42-/ZrO2固体酸催化神华煤液化性能的影响,并基于产物分布和IR光谱表征,探讨了SO42-/ZrO2固体酸催化神华煤液化反应性及催化作用。结果表明,提高液化温度有利于煤催化加氢裂解,提高转化率和油气收率;增大氢气压力能够促进煤向沥青烯与前沥青烯等中间产物转化,但不利于生成液化油气;延长反应时间有利于前沥青烯加氢裂解,提高液化油气收率;SO42-/ZrO2固体酸的催化作用主要表现为对煤大分子结构的催化裂解,转化率和油气收率随催化剂用量增加而增大。此外,提高液化温度和氢气初压有利于含氧结构转化。     

复杂多相体系煤加氢液化反应与氢传递的研究

研究新疆淖毛湖煤(NMH)在四氢萘为溶剂条件下的加氢液化反应行为,探究了液化过程氢传递规律,并借助XRD、饱和磁化强度和扫描电镜表征手段,研究了煤液化条件下铁系催化剂的相态变化对煤液化性能的影响。结果表明,NMH煤在420℃、17 MPa就具有良好的液化效果;催化剂的活性态Fe7S8在煤液化反应初期发挥了催化作用,加氢液化后期,转变为非活性态Fe_9S_(10)和FeS;提高催化剂加氢活性并延长反应时间有利于沥青烯和前沥青烯加氢轻质化;催化剂有利于活化气相氢向煤的热解产物和溶剂转移,也有利于活化溶剂中的氢向煤的热解产物转移;溶剂对液化反应的活性氢贡献更大,约为气相氢的两倍,气相氢向溶剂传递的氢量随温度的升高、压力的增大和时间的延长变化不大,气相氢和供氢溶剂供氢与煤和沥青质向油气转化呈正相关。     

煤基前沥青烯的FeS+S催化加氢动力学研究（英文）

为了优化煤直接液化工艺条件和提高油收率,本研究利用30 m L高压管式反应釜研究了煤直接液化重质产物前沥青烯加氢液化行为,考察了Fe S+S催化剂下反应温度(380、400、420和440℃)、液化时间(0、5、10、20、30和60 min)、5.0 MPa氢初压和四氢萘溶剂条件下前沥青烯液化转化行为,同时考察了前沥青烯的催化加氢液化反应动力学。利用集总动力学法建立了FeS+S催化前沥青烯加氢的动力学模型。研究表明,前沥青烯加氢直接生成沥青烯和焦渣,而沥青烯进一步加氢裂解生成油和气,高温下发生明显的逆向缩合反应,即前沥青烯生成焦渣和沥青烯生成前沥青烯。温度和反应时间的增加有利于提高前沥青烯的转化率和油气收率,440°C下反应60 min时,前沥青烯的转化率为79.45%,油气收率为34.7%。380-440℃温度下,动力学模型能够较好地描述小龙潭液化产物前沥青烯的加氢转化行为,各步转化均符合Arrhenius表观活化能公式,并且活化能变化为50-245 k J/mol。     

神府煤Ni-Mo-S/Al_2O_3催化液化动力学研究

对煤液化产物进行溶剂的分级处理,采用集总的方法得到Ni-Mo-S/Al2O3催化神府煤液化动力学模型。该模型包括了煤、前沥青烯、沥青烯和油气之间的相互转化,考虑了连串反应、平行反应和逆向转化以及结焦反应的影响,可以较好地模拟Ni-Mo-S/Al2O3催化神府煤液化过程。基于建立的Ni-Mo-S/Al2O3催化神府煤的动力学模型,求得神府煤催化液化的表观活化能为125~244 kJ/mol。通过对计算得到的模型参数分析表明,在高温阶段存在明显的油气向沥青烯以及沥青烯向前沥青烯的逆向转化。当温度高于420℃时,出现前沥青烯和沥青烯结焦反应现象。     

煤基前沥青烯的FeS+S催化加氢动力学研究

为了优化煤直接液化工艺条件和提高油收率,本研究利用30 mL高压管式反应釜研究了煤直接液化重质产物前沥青烯加氢液化行为,考察了FeS+S催化剂下反应温度(380、400、420和440℃)、液化时间(0、5、10、20、30和60 min)、5.0 MPa氢初压和四氢萘溶剂条件下前沥青烯液化转化行为,同时考察了前沥青烯...     

马家塔煤及其显微组分的加氢液化特征

用Fe2O3作催化剂,硫黄为助催化剂,脱晶蒽油为循环溶剂,在反应温度为450度,初始氢压为10MPa,反应时间为60min的实验条件下,在微型高压釜内对马家塔原料煤及其显微组分的加氢液化特征进行了系统研究,镜质组的液化反应性高于惰质组,在原料煤,镜质组和惰质组这三种实验原料中,原料煤的液化反应性是最高的,对总转化率和油收率而言,原料煤＞镜质组＞惰质组,对沥青烯产率而言,原料煤＞惰质组＞镜质组,水产率则是镜质组＞原料煤＞惰质组,气产率为惰质组＞镜质组＞原料煤,原料煤,镜质组和惰质组在加氢液化过程中所产生的气体在组成上也是有所差异的,各显微组分在加氢液化过程中可能存在着协同作用。     

神东煤液化残渣显微组分的特征与分类研究

在PSU处理能力为0.1t/d的小型连续液化装置上对神东煤进行了加氢液化试验，对其液化残渣进行了显微光学研究。结果表明，在液化过程中，原料煤中的壳质组和镜质组全部转化，惰质组部分转化，在残渣中可见未反应的惰质组，同时在残渣中出现中间相小球体和半焦等新生组分。矿物质大量富集，并基本保持煤中原有的形态特征。THF处理后残余惰质组反射率在2.0%~3.8%，略高于煤中高反射率惰质组反射率，煤中高反射率惰质组是残余惰质组的主要来源。     

胜利褐煤在合成气/复合溶剂体系下液化性能研究

在合成气(H_2+CO)/复合溶剂(THN+H_2O)体系和氢气/四氢萘(H_2/THN)体系下考察了胜利褐煤液化性能,并对液化产物沥青烯和前沥青烯进行了红外光谱分析。结果表明,合成气/复合溶剂体系下胜利褐煤液化转化率和油产率显著高于H_2/THN体系,当反应条件为H_2∶CO=1∶1(体积比)、THN∶H_2O=1∶1(体积比)、反应温度400℃、初压4 M Pa、时间30 min、催化剂添加量3%(Fe的质量计)和硫铁原子比1.2时,胜利褐煤液化转化率和油产率分别为88.79%和55.47%,比H_2/THN体系分别高出8.00%和7.54%。据此表明,在合成气/复合溶剂体系下,水煤气变换反应产生的氢活性更高,对煤和液化产物前沥青烯具有更好的加氢效果,同时四氢萘的存在稳定了煤热解自由基和溶解分散液化重质产物沥青烯和前沥青烯,这些因素的协同作用提高了煤液化转化率和油产率。实验表明,合成气/复合溶剂体系是一种新的褐煤直接液化技术。     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。