耗散系统的虚功变分不等式及其应用

对于保守系统,能量变分原理为推导力学系统控制方程提供了简洁的途径.对于耗散系统,控制方程的建立往往需要引入经验的或理性的假定,增大了建模的难度.针对耗散系统,引入系统局部稳定的概念,并在此基础上,提出一类虚功变分不等式.这一不等式事实上揭示了耗散系统的一类虚功不等原理.该原理的物理含义为:使系统状态稳定的必要条件是,在该状态附近所有可能的虚拟路径上系统释放的势能不大于系统耗散的能量.研究表明:仅需结合虚功不等原理和能量守恒原理,即可导出准静态系统力学状态量的全部控制方程.作为应用,文章重新讨论了塑性力学,结合虚功不等原理与能量守恒原理,导出经典塑性力学的全部控制方程,并证明了经典的最大塑性耗散原理可以作为虚功不等原理的推论导出;同时,以Mohr-Coulomb强度准则为例,讨论了虚功不等原理在强度理论中的应用,说明基于应力的强度准则可以是基于能量的稳定性准则的推论.上述例子说明了虚功不等原理的广泛适用性和在建立耗散系统控制方程中的有效性.     

再论变形体虚功原理

在现有结构力学教材中,关于虚功原理的表述大体上可以分为4大类: 虚功原理是一充分必要性命题; 虚功原理是一充分必要性命题但只证明必要性部分; 虚功原理仅仅是必要性命题,但它有2种``应用'------虚位移原理和虚力原理; 虚功原理仅仅是必要性命题,它和虚位移原理、虚力原理是有异同的. 即使是最近出版的``十一五'规划教材中,也还存在虚功原理是一充分必要性命题的提法. 为此,再次给出原理的正确阐述和证明,指出需要对虚功原理和虚位移原理加以区分,阐明它们之间的异同.     

A NEW STATIC MECHANICS MODEL TO SOLVE CONTACT PROBLEMS IN MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

The coupling of the local contact problems between the components and the deformation of the components in the mechanical system were discovered. A series of coordinate systems have been founded to describe the mechanical system with the contact proble.ms. The method of isolating the boundary of contact body from others has been used to describe the constraint between the contacting points. A more generalized static mechanics model of the mechanical system with the contact problems has been founded through the principle of virtual work, As an application, the model was used to study the multi-teeth engagement problems in the inner meshed planet gear systems. The stress distribution of contact gears was got. A test has verified that the static contact model and the computational method are right.     

有孔隙的耦合热弹性体动力学的一些基本原理

根据对偶互补的基本思想，通过作者在文［１］中所提出的一条简单而统一的新途径，系统地建立了有孔隙的耦合热弹性体动力学的一些基本原理．文中首先给出一个重要的以卷积表示的积分关系式，可以认为，在力学上它是一个广义虚功原理的表式．然后从该式出发，不仅可以得到有孔隙的耦合热弹性体动力学的虚功原理和互等定理，而且能系统地导出成互补关系的１１类变量、９类交量、６类变量及３类变量简化Ｇｕｒｔｉｎ型变分原理．同时，通过这条新途径，还能清楚地阐明这些原理之间的内在联系．     

UNCONVENTIONAL HAMILTON-TYPE VARIATIONAL PRINCIPLES FOR DYNAMICS OF REISSNER SANDWICH PLATE

According to the basic idea of classical yin-yang complementarity and modern dual-complementarity,in a simple and unified way proposed by Luo(1987),some uncon- ventional Hamilton-type variational principles for dynamics of Reissner sandwich plate can be established systematically.The unconventional Hamilton-type variation principle can fully characterize the initial-boundary-value problem of this dynamics.In this pa- per,an important integral relation is given,which can be considered as the generalized principle of virtual work in mechanics.Based on this relation,it is possible not only to obtain the principle of virtual work in dynamics of Reissner sandwich plate,but also to derive systematically the complementary functionals for five-field,two-field and one-field unconventional Hamilton-type variational principles by the generalized Legender trans- formations.Furthermore,with this approach,the intrinsic relationship among the various principles can be explained clearly.     

On some basic principles in dynamic theory of elastic materials with voids

According to the basic idea of dual-complementarity, in a simple and unified way proposed by the author^[1], some basic principles in dynamic theory of elastic materials with voids can be established systematically. In this paper, an important integral relation in terms of convolutions is given, which can be considered as the generalized principle of virtual work in mechanics. Based on this relation, it is possible not only to obtain the principle of virtual work and the reciprocal theorem in dynamic theory of elastic materials with voids, but also to derive systematically the complementary functionals for the eight-field, six-field, four-field and two-field simplified Gurtin-type variational principles. Furthermore, with this approach, the intrinsic relationship among various principles can be explained clearly. The project supported by the Foundation of Zhongshan University Advanced Research Center     

A new approach to the vakonomic mechanics

The aim of this paper was to show that the Lagrange–d’Alembert and its equivalent the Gauss and Appel principle are not the only way to deduce the equations of motion of the nonholonomic systems. Instead of them we consider the generalization of the Hamiltonian principle for nonholonomic systems with non-zero transpositional relations. We apply this variational principle, which takes into the account transpositional relations different from the classical ones, and we deduce the equations of motion for the nonholonomic systems with constraints that in general are nonlinear in the velocity. These equations of motion coincide, except perhaps in a zero Lebesgue measure set, with the classical differential equations deduced with the d’Alembert–Lagrange principle. We provide a new point of view on the transpositional relations for the constrained mechanical systems: the virtual variations can produce zero or non-zero transpositional relations. In particular, the independent virtual variations can produce non-zero transpositional relations. For the unconstrained mechanical systems, the virtual variations always produce zero transpositional relations. We conjecture that the existence of the nonlinear constraints in the velocity must be sought outside of the Newtonian mechanics. We illustrate our results with examples.     

On the Logical Status of the Virtual Work Law

The law of virtual work (VWL) is probably the first law in the history of mechanics; it is previous to the one on the lever, though not completely distinct from it. Here I will discuss the logical status of VWL, that is whether it is an autonomous principle or a theorem of some sort of mechanics. The problem is complicated by the fact that up to now no universally recognised expression has been accepted for it. From this article the problematical nature of VWL demonstrability is quite clear when the mechanics does not characterise completely the constraints. Italian schools in the XVIII century, even if we do not take Lagrange into consideration, had an important role, both in the development of VWL and in the discussion of its role.     

非连续变形计算力学模型的粘弹性分析方法Ⅰ:基本理论

基于粘弹性广义有限单元和接触力元，发展了适用于多体相互作用系统非连续变形分析的粘弹性数值分析方法，通过虚功原理，给出了其分区参变量最小势能原理，从而阐明了其理论基础。粘弹性广义有限单元的本构关系可由粘弹性退化为弹性或刚性，因此本文所提出的方法可对由刚体、弹性体和粘弹性体所构成的复杂多体系统在外荷载作用下的力学行为进行数值模拟，同时能够比本文精确地直接得到多体之间的接触应力。     

The principle of equivalent eigenstrain for inhomogeneous inclusion problems

In this paper, based on the principle of virtual work, we formulate the equivalent eigenstrain approach for inhomogeneous inclusions. It allows calculating the elastic deformation of an arbitrarily connected and shaped inhomogeneous inclusion, by replacing it with an equivalent homogeneous inclusion problem, whose eigenstrain distribution is determined by an integral equation. The equivalent homogeneous inclusion problem has an explicit solution in terms of a definite integral. The approach allows solving the problems about inclusions of arbitrary shape, multiple inclusion problems, and lends itself to residual stress analysis in non-uniform, heterogeneous media. The fundamental formulation introduced here will find application in the mechanics of composites, inclusions, phase transformation analysis, plasticity, fracture mechanics, etc.     

磁力耦合道路能量收集设计与动力学分析

通过在交通环境布置无线传感器等小型机电系统, 实现交通状况监测、交通系统管控、交通设施健康状态监测等, 可以使交通系统更加安全、有序、高效地运行. 但是, 如何为这些广泛分布的小型机电系统供能？本文提出了一种磁力耦合道路能量收集设计, 用以收集车辆滚压能量并转换成电能. 通过磁力耦合进行无接触能量传递, 减小了装置受到的冲击并使得装置具有良好密封性, 从而提升装置的鲁棒性. 通过升频齿轮机构、棘轮机构将车辆滚压激励转换为高速单向旋转, 并且通过换向齿轮机构能够继续收集复位弹性势能, 提高了收集装置的输出功率. 基于磁力耦合道路能量收集系统的工作原理建立了机电耦合动力学模型. 数值仿真探究了减速带限位距离和复位弹簧刚度等关键设计参数对能量采集系统动力学和电学性能的影响. 能量采集系统在车速为50 km/h时最大输出电压为76.28 V, 最大功率为59.94 W. 磁力耦合道路能量收集装置可以成为未来智慧交通系统的重要组成部分, 俘获交通环境能量为交通环境中小型机电系统提供可持续的绿色无碳电力.      

A principle of virtual work for combined electrostatic and mechanical loading of materials

The equations governing mechanics and electrostatics are formulated for a system in which the material deformations and electrostatic polarizations are arbitrary. A mechanical/electrostatic energy balance is formulated for this situation in terms of the electric enthalpy, in which the electric potential and the electric field are the independent variables, and charge and electric displacement, respectively, are the conjugate thermodynamic forces. This energy statement is presented in the form of a principle of virtual work (PVW), in which external virtual work is equated to internal virtual work. The resulting expression involves an internal material virtual work in which (1) material polarization is work-conjugate to increments of electric field, and (2) a combination of Cauchy stress, Maxwell stress and a product of polarization and electric field is work-conjugate to increments of strain. This PVW is valid for all material types, including those that are conservative and those that are dissipative. Such a virtual work expression is the basis for a rigorous formulation of a finite element method for problems involving the deformation and electrostatic charging of materials, including electroactive polymers and switchable ferroelectrics. The internal virtual work expression is used to develop the structure of conservative constitutive laws governing, for example, electroactive elastomers and piezoelectric materials, thereby determining the form of the Maxwell or electrostatic stress. It is shown that the Maxwell or electrostatic stress has a form fully constrained by the constitutive law and cannot be chosen independently of it. The structure of constitutive laws for dissipative materials, such as viscoelastic electroactive polymers and switchable ferroelectrics, is similarly determined, and it is shown that the Maxwell or electrostatic stress for these materials is identical to that for a material having the same conservative response when the dissipative processes in the material are shut off. The form of the internal virtual work is used further to develop the structure of dissipative constitutive laws controlled by rearrangement of material internal variables.     

微孔压电弹性动力学的能量原理

根据古典阴阳互补和现代对偶互补的基本思想,通过作者早已提出一条简单而统一的新途径,系统地建立了微孔压电弹性动力学的能量原理,给出一个重要的以卷积表示的积分关系式,可以认为,在力学上它是广义虚功原理的表式,从该式出发,不仅能得到微孔压电弹性动力学的虚功原理和互等定理,而且通过作者所给出的一系列广义Legendre变换,能系统地导出成互补关系的11类变量、9类变量、6类变量和3类变量简化Gurtin型变分原理的泛函,同时,通过这条新途径,还能清楚地阐明这些原理之间的内在联系。     

Elasto-plastic consolidation of soil

A theory of the behaviour of an ideal mass of two-phase soil is developed. This theory unites the usually separately considered aspects of analytical soil mechanics of settlement and deformation; time dependent consolidation; and yielding leading to collapse of the mass. The theory assumes the soil to be an elasto-plastic permeable material and a finite element approximation of the resulting equations is derived through the principle of virtual work. Two example problems are treated numerically.     

Dynamics and synchronization analysis of coupled fractional-order nonlinear electromechanical systems

A fractional-order (FO) nonlinear model is used to describe an electromechanical system. We make capital out of the fact that for realistic modeling, the electric characteristics of a capacitor include a fractional-order time derivative. The dynamics and synchronization of coupled fractional-order nonlinear electromechanical systems are analyzed. Detailed attention is granted to the bifurcations that can occur in the dynamics of a single uncoupled electromechanical system as the fractional-order varies. For example, the fractional-order counterparts of the chaotic 4-order system are periodic at orders less than 3.985. The effect of the fractional-order on the condition of occurrence of synchronization phenomena in the network of many mutually coupled fractional-order nonlinear electromechanical systems is analyzed, especially when they are chaotic. An insight on the overall dynamics of the network is provided. It is shown that the dynamics of both the uncoupled system and the network are very sensitive to changes in the order of the fractional derivative.     

SOME PROBLEMS IN THE TEACHING OF STRUCTURAL MECHANICS1)

结合结构力学的教学实践,给出了几何构造分析概念在求解静定结构内力、用机动法作梁的影响线、应用虚功原理求静定结构反力等方面的应用;分析了自由度、计算自由度、结构动力计算自由度、稳定性问题的自由度之间的区别与联系;汇总了力法、位移法等方法的特点及适用问题;介绍了部分结构力学内容应用多媒体、实验、数值仿真相结合的教学方法。将结构力学内容的内在联系、容易混淆的概念、各种方法的特点理清楚,从而提高教学效果。     

Free vibration analysis of quadrilateral nanoplates based on nonlocal continuum models using the Galerkin method: the effects of small scale

Free vibration analysis of quadrilateral single-layered graphene sheets (SLGS) is carried out employing nonlocal continuum mechanics. The equations of motion of the nonlocal theory are derived using the principle of virtual work. The Galerkin method in conjunction with the natural coordinates of the nanoplate is used as a basis for the analysis. The non-dimensional natural frequencies of skew, rhombic, trapezoidal and rectangular nanoplates considering various geometrical parameters and mode numbers are obtained and for each case the effects of the small length scale are investigated.     

A gradient theory of small-deformation, single-crystal plasticity that accounts for GND-induced interactions between slip systems

This paper develops a gradient theory of single-crystal plasticity based on a system of microscopic force balances, one balance for each slip system, derived from the principle of virtual power, and a mechanical version of the second law that includes, via the microscopic forces, work performed during plastic flow. When combined with thermodynamically consistent constitutive relations the microscopic force balances become nonlocal flow rules for the individual slip systems in the form of partial differential equations requiring boundary conditions. Central ingredients in the theory are densities of (geometrically necessary) edge and screw dislocations, densities that describe the accumulation of dislocations, and densities that characterize forest hardening. The form of the forest densities is based on an explicit kinematical expression for the normal Burgers vector on a slip plane.     

Birkhoff力学的研究进展

Birkhoff力学是Hamilton力学的一个自然发展,是分析力学发展的一个新阶段,它广泛应用于力学、物理学和工程.本文总结Birkhoff力学的形成和发展,特别是近二十年所取得的成就.首先,从Birkhoff的《动力系统》中的有关段落开始,叙述Birkhoff力学的起源.其次,叙述这个力学的基本原理——Pfaff-Birkhoff原理以及这个力学的基本方程——Birkhoff方程的形成和发展.第三,简述Birkhoff力学的一些专门问题,包括约束Birkhoff系统,Birkhoff方程的积分方法,Birkhoff动力学逆问题,Birkhoff方程的运动稳定性,Birkhoff系统的几何方法,Birkhoff系统的全局分析等.最后,对Birkhoff力学的未来研究提出一些建议.      

Variational Lagrangian-thermodynamics of nonisothermal finite strain mechanics of porous solids and thermomolecular diffusion

The nonisothermal finite strain dynamics of a porous solid containing a viscous fluid is developed on the basis of a new thermodynamics of open systems and irreversible processes. The same theory is applicable to the mechanics of a nonporous solid with thermomolecular diffusion of a substance in solution. New fundamental concepts of “thermobaric” and “convective” potentials are presented in the context of porous solids. Field equations and Lagrangian equations with generalized coordinates are derived directly from a variational principle of “virtual dissipation”. Inclusion of nonlinear viscoelasticity and plastic behavior is indicated. Partial saturation of pore fluid is discussed. The theory is applicable to the mechanics of a non porous solid with thermolecular diffusion of several molecular species in solution, and under certain conditions to the analogous case of a porous solid containg a fluid mixture. It is shown how the Lagrangian equations provide the foundation of finite element methods.