High-field, multifrequency EPR spectroscopy using whispering gallery dielectric resonators

High-field/high frequency EPR spectroscopy measurements are shown. Experiments were carried out at 240- and 316-GHz frequencies. The employed apparatus uses a novel combination of far infrared molecular lasers and of probehead exploiting dielectric resonators working in the whispering gallery modes. This approach constitutes a relatively simple method of multifrequency EPR spectroscopy and opens appealing perspectives in high-sensitivity EPR spectroscopy up to the THz regime.     

Dynamics and structure of biopolyelectrolytes in repulsion regime characterized by dielectric spectroscopy

We overview the study of biopolyelectrolytes by dielectric spectroscopy technique by primarily focusing on the case of repulsive regime of intersegment interactions mediated by univalent counterions. Two observed dielectric relaxations in 100 Hz–100 MHz frequency range due to diffusive motion of counterions are related to polyelectrolyte structural properties: the high frequency mode probes the structural organization of the polyion network in solution, while the low frequency mode is correlated with single polyion conformational properties. Open issues are highlighted and prospects for further research with polyvalent counterions are designated in order to study the crossover from repulsive to attractive regime of intersegment interactions.     

Mechanistic model for the dielectric spectrum of a simple dielectric material

ABSTRACT

In this paper, we perform molecular dynamics simulations of a dielectric fluidic material composed of permanent molecular dipoles. The dielectric spectrum features two peaks at lower frequencies than the system phonon frequency. The primary peak is observed at all temperatures studied and shifts toward lower frequencies as the temperature decreases. During this shift, the secondary peak emerges with a higher peak frequency than the primary peak. The secondary peak amplitude increases as the temperature decreases. Both peaks are dependent on the wavevector; in the small wavevector regime, the primary peak is shifted to higher frequencies as the wavevector squared and the secondary peak amplitude increases as the wavevector increases, but shows no shift in frequency. From the polarisation balance equation, we propose a model for the dielectric spectrum. This captures the spectrum features, and we conjecture that the primary peak is due to dipole moment correlations (Debye-type) and the secondary peak is due to the correlation between the dipole moment and a microscopic local field.     

On the theory of dielectric spectroscopy of protein solutions

We present a theory of the dielectric response of solutions containing large solutes, of the nanometer size, in a molecular solvent. It combines the molecular dipole moment of the solute with the polarization of a large subensemble of solvent molecules at the solute-solvent interface. The goal of the theory is two-fold: (i)?to formulate the problem of the dielectric response avoiding the reliance on the cavity-field susceptibility of dielectric theories and (ii)?to separate the non-additive polarization of the interface, jointly produced by the external field of the laboratory experiment and the solute, from specific solute-solvent interactions contributing to the dielectric signal. The theory is applied to experimentally reported frequency-dependent dielectric spectra of lysozyme in solution. The analysis of the data in the broad range of frequencies up to 700?GHz shows that the cavity-field susceptibility, critical for the theory formulation, is consistent with the prediction of Maxwell's electrostatics in the frequency range of 10-200?GHz, but deviates from it outside this range. In particular, it becomes much smaller than the Maxwell result, and shifts to negative values, at small frequencies. The latter observation implies a dia-electric response, or negative dielectrophoresis, of hydrated lysozyme. It also implies that the effective protein dipole recorded by dielectric spectroscopy is much smaller than the value calculated from the protein's charge distribution. We suggest an empirical equation that describes both the increment of the static dielectric constant and the decrement of the Debye water peak with increasing protein concentration. It gives fair agreement with broad-band dispersion and loss spectra of protein solutions, but misses the δ-dispersion region.     

Study on Planar Whispering Gallery Dielectric Resonators. II. A Multiple-Band Device

The basic theory underlying the realization of simple multiple-band non-homogeneous dielectric resonators, whose spectral response is the overlap of single-resonator frequency bands, is developed exploiting a general approach discussed in the previous companion paper. The limit frequencies of the proposed devices, given only by the dielectric properties of the involved materials, can differ in principle by several decades. Experimental confirmations have been obtained on a composite structure built up with teflon and polyethylene; as predicted by the theory, the overall band includes frequencies which range about from 20 GHz to more than 400 GHz, when high frequency resonances are selectively excited. The localization of the higher frequency radiation between the positive steps of the dielectric constant, which is the basic properties of these non-homogeneous resonators, has been experimentally verified by mapping the electromagnetic field intensity. Possible applications of multiple-band Whispering Gallery dielectric resonators are finally outlined.     

金属/电介质颗粒复合介质的非线性交流响应

推广T矩阵法来研究二组分颗粒复合介质的非线性交流响应，解析推导出基频、三次及五次谐波频率下的有效线性介电常数及三阶和五阶非线性极化率的解析表达式.当组分颗粒的介电常数为实数时，表达式同以前微扰理论完全一致.进一步数值计算了金属-电介质复合介质的有效非线性交流响应，数值结果表明，体系的三阶、五阶非线性极化率在表面等离子共振频率附近有明显增强，而且，随着体积分数提高，共振峰增强且伴随着共振频率红移现象.还进一步讨论了维度效应对体系非线性交流响应的影响. 关键词： T矩阵方法 复合介质 非线性交流响应     

Comments on frequency dependent AC conductivity in polymeric materials at low frequency regime

The AC conductivity response in a broad frequency range of disordered materials is of great interest not only for technological applications, but also from a theoretical point of view. The Jonscher's power exponent value, and its temperature dependence, is a very important parameter in dielectric data analysis as well as the physical interpretation of conduction mechanisms in disordered materials. In some cases the power exponent of AC conductivity has been reported to be greater than 1 at the low frequency regime. This fact seems to contradict the universal dynamic response. The present work focuses on the analysis of dielectric spectroscopy measurements in polymeric materials, below ～100 MHz. The apparent power exponent n gets values in the range 0 < n < 1 and is directly related to the characteristics of mobile charges at shorter time scales, in the case of the occurrence of DC conduction and the slowest polarization mechanism that is due to the charge motions within sort length scales, in logε''-logω plot. The emergence of apparent n values in the range 1 ≤ n ≤ 2, for a relatively narrow frequency range, may be attributed to an additional molecular dipolar relaxation contribution at higher frequencies, in logε''-logω plot. The appearance of apparent n values in the range 1 < n ≤ 2, can be assigned to the existence of a well defined minimum between DC conductivity contribution and a molecular dipolar dispersion or between two well separated dielectric loss mechanisms, in logε''-logω plots, above the crossover frequency. In these latter cases, the apparent power exponent n is merely related to the Havriliak-Negami equation shape parameters of the higher frequencies molecular dipolar relaxations.     

Stable 120-mW green output tunable over 2 THz by a second-harmonic generation process in a KTP crystal at room temperature

We report on 120-mW directly measured cw power at 532 nm from a tunable alpha -distributed-feedback laser diode near 1.064 microm frequency doubled in a KTP crystal operating room temperature inside a ring cavity. Our experimental setup allows us to scan frequencies up to 2 THz in the green-light domain and thus is extremely useful for iodine spectroscopy. We show good agreement between experimental results and theoretical predictions for the second-harmonic generation process.     

The conduction regime in a nematic liquid crystal with negative dielectric anisotropy at frequencies above the dielectric relaxation frequency

Due to the relaxation of the longitudinal dielectric constant, the dielectric anisotropy in a nematic liquid crystal may change sign and become negative. This gives rise to a conduction regime with negative dielectric anisotropy at high frequencies. The width and cutoff frequency of this conduction regime are calculated.     

Viscoelastic and Dielectric Behavior of Poly(1‐Butene)/Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites

Linear viscoelastic properties and dielectric behavior of poly(1‐butene)/multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) nanocomposites were investigated. Dynamic mechanical analysis showed significant increase in storage modulus in the rubbery regime. The tan δ peak temperature remained constant; however, the peak intensity was lowered for the nanocomposites. In melt rheological studies the nanocomposites showed a shift in crossover frequency to the lower side, suggesting delayed relaxation of the molecular chains in the presence of MWCNT and this shift was found to depend on the content of MWCNT. The dielectric constant increased from 2.2 to 70 for the nanocomposite with 7 wt. % MWCNT. The electrical conductivity increased significantly, from 10^?15 to 10^?3 S/cm. The results of rheology and dielectric studies indicate that a percolation network is formed that is responsible for the observed changes.     

Dielectric behavior and transport properties of ZnO nanorods

Highly optical, good crystalline and randomly aligned ZnO nanorods were synthesized by the hydrothermal method. The dielectric properties of ZnO nanorods were attributed to the interfacial polarization at low frequencies (below 10 kHz) and orientational polarization at higher frequencies. The observed ω^(n?1) dependence of dielectric loss was discussed on the basis of the Universal model of dielectric response. Dielectric loss peak was composed of the Debye like loss peak at higher frequencies and interfacial loss peak at lower frequencies. Charge transport through the grain and grain boundary region was investigated by impedance spectroscopy. At higher temperatures the conductivity of the nanorod was mainly through the grain interior and the overall impedance was contributed by the grain boundary region. The activation energy of nanorod was calculated as 0.078 eV, which is slightly higher than the reported bulk value.     

Pulse behaviour of a compact RF discharged CO2 slab laser

We present the measurements made on a medium power, 35 cm long, radio-frequency discharge CO₂ slab laser operated in a pulsed regime obtained by switching the RF discharge. In this way, pulses with peak power up to 480 W at pulse repetition frequencies in the range 1 to 10 kHz have been obtained. Pulse energy and average extracted power have been experimentally characterized with respect to the pulse repetition frequency and to the pulse duration, and the pulse shape and characteristic times have been measured. We also investigated the propagation properties of the beam emerging from our laser.     

Dielectric behaviour of Cu---Cr ferrites

Samples of the system CuFe_2−xCr_xO₄ where x = 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8 were prepared. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss were measured at different frequencies and temperatures from room temperature to 600 K. The dielectric constant was measured using the phase detector technique (lock-in amplifier). The results showed that the dielectric loss decreases with increasing frequency and Cr substitution. The dielectric constant decreases with both increasing frequency and Cr substitution at room temperature. At moderate temperatures, the dielectric constant shows a dispersion peak ′_max, and this peak shifted to higher frequency with increasing temperature. The results are explained in the light of the fact that the dielectric polarization process is similar to that of conduction. The appearance of the dispersion peak is related to the contribution of two types of charge carriers.     

Instabilities in the vortex matter and the peak effect phenomenon

In single crystals of 2H-NbSe2, we identify for the first time a crossover from a weak collective to a strong pinning regime in the vortex state which is not associated with the peak effect phenomenon. Instead, we find the crossover is associated with an anomalous history dependent magnetization response. In the dc magnetic field (Bdc)-temperature (T) vortex matter phase diagram we demarcate this pinning crossover boundary. We also delineate another boundary which separates the strong pinning region from a thermal fluctuation dominated regime, and find that a peak effect appears on this boundary.     

Pulsed dielectric spectroscopy of supercooled liquids

Pulsed dielectric spectroscopy is introduced as a technique for selectively emphasizing specific components of the non-exponential dielectric response of matter. Samples studied include supercooled liquid propanol, propylene carbonate, and poly(lauryl-methacrylate). It is shown that particular sequences of pulses can be used to emphasize the fast response regime, to produce a cross-over or memory effect, or to eliminate the response of selected components. Furthermore, for materials characterized by broad distributions of relaxation times, the technique facilitates the investigation of a relatively narrow band from that distribution. It is also shown that the time domain spectroscopy can be combined with conventional frequency domain techniques to provide the characterization of dielectric response over an extraordinarily broad spectral range.     

Glass transitions and dynamics in thin polymer films: dielectric relaxation of thin films of polystyrene

The glass transition temperature T(g) and the temperature T(alpha) corresponding to the peak in the dielectric loss due to the alpha process have been simultaneously determined as functions of film thickness d through dielectric measurements for polystyrene thin films supported on glass substrate. The dielectric loss peaks have also been investigated as functions of frequency for a given temperature. A decrease in T(g) was observed with decreasing film thickness, while T(alpha) was found to remain almost constant for d>d(c) and to decrease drastically with decreasing d for d相似文献   

A wide-band Whispering Gallery Mode dielectric resonator having multiple high-Q cavities for high-field ESR spectroscopy

The behaviour of a disc-shaped dielectric resonator made of sintered alumina and working in the Whispering Gallery Mode (WGM) has been studied in the frequency interval from about 8 up to about 26 GHz. Many equidistant resonances have been detected in this frequency interval each of which being characterized by a satisfactoryQ-value due to the very good self-confinement of the microwave field which is typical of WGM propagation. Particular care has been devoted to the optimization of the coupling between the resonating disc and the microwave source. Examples of ESR spectra obtained on each of the detected resonances are reported which show the variation of the lineshape with the increase of the frequency. The obtained results allow one to foresee that the same dielectric disc can be used for ESR spectroscopy also at frequencies much higher than those up to now exploited.     

水合TiO2的太赫兹特性和介电动力学研究

用太赫兹时域光谱技术研究不同加热时间后水合TiO₂在0.2～1 THz波段的THz时域谱、频域谱、吸收谱、折射率谱和复介电常数。结果表明水合TiO₂在THz波段出现明显吸收峰,随加热时间增加,含水量降低,吸收系数减小;样品折射率变化位置与吸收峰位置相对应。水合TiO₂在太赫兹波中的电极化响应与频率不存在明显的关系,介电损耗随频率的升高先降低后趋于稳定,介电响应均随加热时间延长而减弱。     

A synthesis technique of single square loop frequency selective surface at terahertz frequency

In this paper, we have explored and extended the use of frequency selective surface towards the terahertz regime of the electromagnetic spectrum where interesting applications such as imaging, sensing and communication exist. We have discussed a synthesis technique to design the single square loop frequency selective surface (SSLFSS) at 150 and 300 GHz which have found suitable application in the fast analysis and fabrication of the frequency selective surface. Moreover, the analytical results have been supported by the CST Microwave Studio and Ansoft HFSS commercial simulators. We have discussed the angular insensitivity of the SSLFSS at 150 GHz as well as 300 GHz. However, the specific problems arise at terahertz frequencies as compared to the radio and microwave frequencies are the ohmic losses. The proposed analysis has been extended from 100 GHz to 350 GHz to discuss the ohmic and dielectric losses. We have also discussed the other important issues which are very much significant in the terahertz regime of the spectrum such as skin depth and surface roughness.     

Glassy dynamics

We review dynamic processes in supercooled liquids and glasses as studied by dielectric spectroscopy. It is the only experimental technique which allows one to follow the tremendous slow-down of diffusive motion of particles in disordered condensed matter over more than 18 decades in frequency or time. The dielectric techniques used are treated in detail. As an introduction for non-specialists, the time and temperature evolution of the basic spectral features associated with various dynamic relaxation processes are discussed in detail. Among them are the structural relaxation, the occurrence of fast processes and the boson peak. The relevance of these features for glass formation is discussed. The present article may also serve as a review for recent experimental and theoretical studies on glass-forming liquids.