Green functions for a compressible linearly non homogeneous half-space

Summary The paper presents a study of time-harmonic vibration of a half-space possessing a shear modulus linearly increasing with depth. Completing the previous paper [1], where the time-harmonic vibration of an incompressible half-space has been considered, the problem is now solved for a compressible as well as an incompressible material. The half-space is subjected to a vertical or horizontal surface load. The solution is represented in terms of Fourier-Bessel integrals containing functions of depth coordinate that are expressed through confluent hypergeometric functions. Numerical results concerning surface displacements due to a point force are given for a wide range of frequency variations and degree of non-homogeneity. The results show that, as compared to the homogeneous case, non-homogeneity can considerably increase vibration amplitudes at large distances from the applied force. Received 19 August 1996; accepted for publication 16, December 1996     

Response of an elastic half-space with power-law nonhomogeneity to static loads

In this paper a series of problems for an isotropic elastic half-space with power-law nonhomogeneity are considered. The action of surface vertical and horizontal forces applied to the half-space is studied. A part of the paper deals with the case of zero-valued surface shear modulus (for positive values of the power determining the nonhomogeneity). This condition leads to simple solutions for two-dimensional (2D) case when radial distribution of stresses exists for surface loads concentrated along an infinite line. Corresponding results for the three-dimensional (3D) case are constructed on the basis of the relationships between 2D and 3D solutions developed in the paper. A more complicated case, in which the shear modulus at the surface of the half-space differs from zero, is treated using fundamental solutions of the differential equations for Fourier–Bessel transformations of displacements. In the paper the fundamental solutions are built in the following two forms: (a) a combination of functions expressing displacements of the half-space under the action of vertical and horizontal forces in the case of zero surface shear modulus, and (b) a representation of the fundamental solutions using confluent hypergeometric functions. The results of numerical calculation given in the paper relate to Green functions for the surface vertical and horizontal point forces.     

Surface Green function for a soft elastic half-space: Influence of surface stress

Surface Green function for incompressible, elastically isotropic half-space coupled with surface stress is derived by using double Fourier transform technique. The result indicates that the surface displacement induced by a force tangential to the surface is the same as the usual solution for elastic half-spaces where the effect of surface stress is ignored. However, the displacement caused by a force normal to the surface involves an additional parameter, i.e. the ratio of specific surface stress to shear modulus. The parameter has the dimension of length, and may provide a means to introduce an intrinsic length scale for some related problems regarding the surface of an elastic half-space. This is extremely true for soft elastic media with very low shear modulus, because in that situation the magnitude of the parameter is relatively large. As an illustrative example, the proposed Green function is adopted to analyze the interaction between two molecules with circular section adsorbed on the surface of a soft elastic half-space. It is shown that surface stress remarkably affects the pair interaction potential when the distance between the molecules is not larger than several times of the intrinsic length scale.     

The torsion of a non-homogeneous stratum with a hyperbolic variation of shear modulus

An exact formulation of the governing dual integral equations for the torsion of a non-homogeneous stratum due to a rigid circular body at its free surface is presented. The stratum varies in shear modulus according to the hyperbolic variation in a contemporary work [1]. It is shown that the unknown static stress distribution under the rigid body is governed by modified Bessel function of the first kind. By comparing the governing functions in the dual integral equations for five cases of elastic media: homogeneous half-space, and stratum, linearly non-homogeneous half-space and stratum and, finally, the present non-homogeneous stratum with hyperbolic variation, it is established that the surface shear modulus is the dominant parameter in the assessment of the stress and displacement fields in a non-homogeneous stratum where lateral variation of elastic properties is negligible.     

Anti-plane shear Green’s functions for an isotropic elastic half-space with a material surface

This paper presents analytical Green’s function solutions for an isotropic elastic half-space subject to anti-plane shear deformation. The boundary of the half-space is modeled as a material surface, for which the Gurtin–Murdoch theory for surface elasticity is employed. By using Fourier cosine transform, analytical solutions for a point force applied both in the interior or on the boundary of the half-space are derived in terms of two particular integrals. Through simple numerical examples, it is shown that the surface elasticity has an important influence on the elastic field in the half-space. The present Green’s functions can be used in boundary element method analysis of more complicated problems.     

Two-dimensional sliding frictional contact of functionally graded materials

A multi-layered model for sliding frictional contact analysis of functionally graded materials (FGMs) with arbitrarily varying shear modulus under plane strain-state deformation has been developed. Based on the fact that an arbitrary curve can be approached by a series of continuous but piecewise linear curves, the FGM is divided into several sub-layers and in each sub-layers the shear modulus is assumed to be a linear function while the Poisson's ratio is assumed to be a constant. In the contact area, it is assumed that the friction is one of Coulomb type. With this model the fundamental solutions for concentrated forces acting perpendicular and parallel to the FGMs layer surface are obtained. Then the sliding frictional contact problem of a functionally graded coated half-space is investigated. The transfer matrix method and Fourier integral transform technique are employed to cast the problem to a Cauchy singular integral equation. The contact stresses and contact area are calculated for various moving stamps by solving the equations numerically. The results show that appropriate gradual variation of the shear modulus can significantly alter the stresses in the contact zone.     

Effects of irregularity and initial stresses on the dynamic response of viscoelastic half-space due to a moving load

The present article deals with the stresses developed in an initially stressed irregular viscoelastic half-space due to a load moving with a constant velocity at a rough free surface.Expressions for normal and shear stresses are obtained in closed form. The substantial effects of influence parameters, viz., depth(from the free surface), irregularity factor, maximum depth of irregularity, viscoelastic parameter, horizontal and vertical initial stresses,and frictional coefficient, on normal and shear stresses are investigated. Moreover, comparative study is carried out for three different cases of irregularity, viz., rectangular irregularity,parabolic irregularity and no irregularity, which is manifested through graphs.     

Surface displacements due to elastic wave scattering by buried planar and non-planar cracks

The scattering of time-harmonic plane longitudinal, shear, and Rayleigh waves by a crack in two dimensions embedded in a semi-infinite homogeneous isotropic elastic half-space has been studied in this paper. Two problems have been considered: a straight crack and a Y-shaped crack. A hybrid numerical technique combining a multipolar representation of the scattered field in the half-space with the finite element method has been used to obtain the far-field displacements as well as the stress-intensity factors for the crack tips. Results for vertical displacement on the free surface of the half-space are presented in this paper.     

Reissner-Sagoci problem for a homogeneous coating on a functionally graded half-space

This paper is concerned with the axisymmetric elastostatic problem related to the rotation of a rigid punch which is bonded to the surface of a nonhomogeneous half-space. The half-space is composed of an isotropic homogeneous coating in the form of layer, which is attached to the functionally graded half-space. The shear modulus of the FGM is assumed to vary in the direction of axis Oz normal to the boundary as μ₁(z) = μ₀(1 + αz)^β, where μ₀, α, β are positive constants. The punch undergoes rotation due to the action of the internal loads. By using Hankel's integral transforms, the mixed boundary value problem is reduced to dual integral equations, and next, to a Fredholm's integral equation of the second kind, which is solved numerically for the case of β = 2. The final results show the effect of non-homogeneity on the shear stresses and an unknown moment of punch rotation.     

Rayleigh and Love surface waves in isotropic media with negative Poisson’s ratio

The behavior of Rayleigh surface waves and the first mode of the Love waves in isotropic media with positive and negative Poisson’s ratio is compared. It is shown that the Rayleigh wave velocity increases with decreasing Poisson’s ratio, and it increases especially rapidly for negative Poisson’s ratios less than ?0.75. It is demonstrated that, for positive Poisson’s ratios, the vertical component of the Rayleigh wave displacements decays with depth after some initial increase, while for negative Poisson’s ratios, there is a monotone decrease. The Rayleigh waves are characterized by elliptic trajectories of the particle motion with the change of the rotation direction at critical depths and by the linear vertical polarization at these depths. It is found that the elliptic orbits are less elongated and the critical depths are greater for negative Poisson’s ratios. It is shown that the stress distribution in the Rayleighwaves varies nonmonotonically with the dimensionless depth as (positive or negative) Poisson’s ratio varies. The stresses increase strongly only as Poisson’s ratio tends to?1. It is shown that, in the case of an incompressible thin covering layer, the velocity of the first mode of the Love waves strongly increases for negative Poisson’s ratios of the half-space material. If the thickness of the incompressible layer is large, then the wave very weakly penetrates into the halfspace for any value of its Poisson’s ratio. For negative Poisson’s ratios, the Love wave in a layer and a half-space is mainly localized in the covering layer for any values of its thickness and weakly penetrates into the half-space. For the first mode of the Love waves, it was discovered that there is a strong increase in the maximum of one of the shear stresses on the interface between the covering layer and the half-space as Poisson’s ratios of both materials decrease. For the other shear stress, there is a stress jump on the interface and a more complicated dependence of the stress on Poisson’s ratio on both sides of the interface.     

梯度半空间梯度覆层中的Love波

对功能梯度弹性半空间上覆盖一层功能梯度材料中的Love波的频散问题进行了研究，给出 了Love波频散方程的一般形式. 对功能梯度弹性半空间和功能梯度覆层的反平面剪切波的运 动控制方程进行了求解，给出了半空间和覆盖层的位移、应力解析解，给出了Love波在该解析 解下的频散方程. 以覆盖层的剪切弹性模量和质量密度均呈指数函数变化，半空间的剪切弹 性模量和质量密度均呈抛物线变化为例，利用迭代方法对频散方程进行了求解，给出了频散 曲线. 结果显示：在最低阶振型频散曲线中出现截止频率.     

粘性土各向异性特性的PFC数值模拟

本文采用PFC^2D来建立能够反映粘性土微观结构的模型,对不同方向的切样分别进行剪切试验,得到不同方向上剪切的应力应变曲线、剪应变-体应变曲线,求得不同方向上的弹性模量、泊松比、体积模量和剪切模量4个参数,得到其变化规律。粘性土各个方向上剪切强度峰值强度基本沿竖直方向对称分布,呈现出由竖直方向到水平方向剪切的峰值强度由大到小的变化规律。     

Numerical study on wave propagation in a low-rigidity elastic medium considering the effects of gravity

We discuss the effects of vertical gravity force on wave propagation when a material is intermediate between solid and fluid, especially we focus on what kinds of phase are generated and how it propagates on the surface. We introduce gravity terms into the 2D linear finite element method in order to account for the contribution from the gravity. Numerical simulations are conducted for a half-space model and a two-layered, single horizontal layer overlain on a half-space, model. Both models are compared between the results including and excluding the viscosity. The fastest phase propagating from a surface point source, a leaking Rayleigh wave for usual elastic material, is transformed into an interesting phase including some common features to the gravity wave when the gravity effect becomes significant. The viscosity does not affect the fastest phases, whereas it affects other latter phases appearing only for the two-layered model.     

梯度介质半空间Rayleigh面波传播性能研究

对剪切弹性模量沿深度以指数函数变化的非均质半空间，本文用摄动法得到了Rayleigh面波的波函数解答及相速度方程。以不同金属与陶瓷复合而成的几种梯度材料为例，用数值方法求解了相速度方程，给出了相应的波的弥散曲线，结果表明，梯度介质半空间自由表面附近的Rayleigh波通常有两种不同的弥散形式，即正常弥散和非正常弥散。     

A tri-material elastodynamic solution for a transversely isotropic full-space

A linear elastic full-space composed of an upper half-space, a lower half-space and a layer of three different transversely isotropic materials under an internal load is considered. The axes of symmetry of the different regions are assumed to be normal to the planar interfaces of the regions and are thus parallel. An arbitrary load in the frequency domain is allowed on a finite patch located at the interface of the upper half-space and the adjacent layer. By means of the complete displacement potentials, the displacements and stresses in the three regions are determined in Fourier–Hankel space in the form of line integrals. The solution can be degenerated to the solution for (i) a full-space under an arbitrary buried load, (ii) a half-space contain a layer bonded to the top of it under an arbitrary surface force, (iii) a half-space under an arbitrary surface load, (iv) a two layer half-space under an arbitrary force applied at the interface of two regions, (v) a half-space under an arbitrary buried force, (vi) a layer of finite thickness fixed at the bottom and under an arbitrary surface load, and (vii) a bi-material full-space under an arbitrary load at the interface of two materials. Examples of the displacements and stresses are obtained numerically and compared to existing solutions.     

零泊松比手风琴蜂窝等效模量

柔性蒙皮是变形机翼和风力机叶片的关键组成部分。一维变形的柔性蒙皮不仅要求其支撑结构具有良好的面内变形和面外承载能力,还需要具有零泊松比特性。手风琴蜂窝具有零泊松比特性,可用作一维变形柔性蒙皮支撑。为全面分析其面内外弹性变形特性,综合考虑结构的内力弯矩、轴力和剪力,通过卡氏第二定理对其x向等效弹性模量和x-y面内等效剪切模量进行了推导;利用最小余能原理和最小势能原理确定了x-z面内的等效剪切模量;此外还推导了其y和z向的等效弹性模量以及y-z面内的等效剪切模量;然后通过ANSYS有限元仿真对等效模量理论公式进行了验证;最后将本文理论模型与现有模型进行了比较。结果表明,理论公式和有限元仿真吻合较好,在结构设计时采用较大的斜梁高度系数h和斜梁间距系数g,较小的厚度系数t以及较大的竖直梁厚度系数η,有望获得具有较小面内刚度和较大面外刚度的手风琴蜂窝结构。该结果可用于手风琴蜂窝面内外等效模量的快速预测,为一维变形柔性蒙皮的结构设计提供相应的参考。此外,本文理论模型相比传统模型更为精确且具有更加广泛的应用范围。     

功能梯度材料涂层半空间的轴对称光滑接触问题

求解了功能梯度材料涂层半空间的轴对称光滑接触问题,其中梯度层剪切模量按照线性变化,利用Hankel积分变换方法求解微分方程,将问题化为具有Cauchy型奇异核的积分方程.数值方法求解表明:功能梯度材料涂层半空间在刚性柱形压头和球形压头作用下,接触表面分布应力,接触半径以及最大压痕受材料梯度效应的影响较大.     

Thermoelastodynamic disturbances in a half-space under the action of a buried thermal/mechanical line source

The transient dynamic coupled-thermoelasticity problem of a half-space under the action of a buried thermal/mechanical source is analyzed here. This situation aims primarily at modeling underground explosions and impulsively applied heat loadings near a boundary. Also, the present basic analysis may yield the necessary field quantities required to apply the Boundary Element Method in more complicated thermoelastodynamic problems involving half-plane domains. A material response for the half-space predicted by Biots thermoelasticity theory is assumed in an effort to give a formulation of the problem as general as possible (within the confines of a linear theory) . The loading consists of a concentrated thermal source and a concentrated force (mechanical source) having arbitrary direction with respect to the half-plane surface. Both thermal and mechanical line sources are situated at the same location in a fixed distance from the surface. Plane-strain conditions are assumed to prevail. Our problem can be viewed as a generalization of the classical Nakano–Lapwood–Garvin problem and its recent versions due to Payton (1968) and Tsai and Ma (1991) . The initial/boundary value problem is attacked with one- and two-sided Laplace transforms to suppress, respectively, the time variable and the horizontal space variable. A 9×9 system of linear equations arises in the double transformed domain and its exact solution is obtained by employing a program of symbolic manipulations. From this solution the two-sided Laplace transform inversion is then obtained exactly through contour integration. The one-sided Laplace transform inversion for the vertical displacement at the surface is obtained here asymptotically for long times and numerically for short times.     

The disturbance due to plane and line sources in a pre-stressed semi-infinite elastic solid—I

This paper investigates the disturbance due to harmonic time dependence plane and line load in pre-stressed elastic half-space. A normal force has been considered to act on the surface of a semi-infinite elastic solid. Stresses and displacements due to the load are evaluated. The results obtained here are in agreement with the classical Lamb's problem in elastic wave propagation when the half-space is supposed to be initially stress-free. The numerical results include the stress distribution and the displacement at the surface; further, the results for stresses are shown graphically.     

干态下车轮材料表面疲劳裂纹萌生试验研究

利用WR-1轮轨滚动磨损试验机,结合安定极限理论研究了干态下影响车轮材料表面疲劳裂纹萌生与扩展的因素,探究了表面疲劳损伤形成机理和演变规律.结果表明:随垂向力、横向力和冲角增大,表面疲劳裂纹越容易萌生扩展;冲角对表面疲劳裂纹的萌生与扩展起着重要作用,大冲角下斜线状表面疲劳裂纹萌生扩展明显;只有横向力而不存在冲角时,试样表面不会出现斜线状表面疲劳损伤;车轮试样在周期性循环载荷作用下在表面先形成塑性流动,然后沿轮轨表面切向力方向扩展成斜线状的表面疲劳起皮剥落损伤;垂向力是影响表面裂纹萌生时间的重要因素之一.