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1.
The method developed for cesium concentration from large freshwater samples was tested and adapted for analysis of cesium radionuclides in seawater. Concentration of dissolved forms of cesium in large seawater samples (about 100 L) was performed using composite absorbers AMP-PAN and KNiFC-PAN with ammonium molybdophosphate and potassium–nickel hexacyanoferrate(II) as active components, respectively, and polyacrylonitrile as a binding polymer. A specially designed chromatography column with bed volume (BV) 25 mL allowed fast flow rates of seawater (up to 1,200 BV h?1). The recovery yields were determined by ICP-MS analysis of stable cesium added to seawater sample. Both absorbers proved usability for cesium concentration from large seawater samples. KNiFC-PAN material was slightly more effective in cesium concentration from acidified seawater (recovery yield around 93 % for 700 BV h?1). This material showed similar efficiency in cesium concentration also from natural seawater. The activity concentrations of 137Cs determined in seawater from the central Pacific Ocean were 1.5 ± 0.1 and 1.4 ± 0.1 Bq m?3 for an offshore (January 2012) and a coastal (February 2012) locality, respectively, 134Cs activities were below detection limit (<0.2 Bq m?3).  相似文献   

2.
The March 2011 earthquake off the Japanese coast and subsequent tsunami that devastated the Fukushima Dai-Ichi nuclear power plant resulted in the largest accidental release of cesium 137 and 134 to the oceans. Seawater samples were collected in June 2011 from 30 to 600 km off the coast of Japan as part of initial mapping of the spread of contamination in the ocean. Cesium was extracted from unfiltered and filtered (<1.0 μm) seawater using an absorber based upon an organic polymer polyacrylonitrile (PAN) containing ammonium molybdophosphate (AMP) Sebesta and Stefula (J Radioanal Nucl Chem 140:15–21, 1990). The AMP-PAN resin can be counted directly using gamma spectroscopy for 134Cs and 137Cs. Stable 133Cs was added to evaluate extraction efficiency and quantified by ICP-MS. Our 5 mL AMP-PAN resin column was on average 95 % efficient in the removal of cesium from 20 L samples at an average flow rate of 35 mL min?1. Measured activities of 134Cs and 137Cs ranged from a few Bq m?3 to >300 Bq m?3. The extraction column can be adapted to different sample volumes and easily used in the field.  相似文献   

3.
137Cs activity concentrations were determined in samples of macrophytes Polysiphonia fucoides (red algae) and Zostera marina (vascular plant) collected during the entire vegetation season in the Gulf of Gdańsk in the southern Baltic Sea. The measurements showed considerable seasonality of 137Cs activity in both species; an increase of cesium concentrations was observed from spring to autumn with maximal levels 49.1 ± 1.4 Bq kgd.w.−1 (P. fucoides) and 14.5 ± 1.0 Bq kgd.w.−1 (Z. marina) in late autumn. 137Cs concentrations observed in a given season are the result of a number of processes, the intensity of which can differ depending on external environmental conditions. The effects of these processes can differ and their directions can frequently be opposite to one another. The examined macrophytobenthic plant species could serve as bioindicators of radionuclide pollution for monitoring purposes on condition that the samples of plants are taken within a strictly defined period of the year to give comparable results and to supply realistic information about pollution levels.  相似文献   

4.
Ferrocyanide sorbents were obtained via thin-layer and surface modification of natural clinoptilolite and marl. The effect of modification method on surface characteristics of these sorbents and their selectivity for cesium was studied. It was shown that the modification resulted in an increase of selectivity of modified ferrocyanide sorbents to cesium as compared with the natural clinoptilolite in presence of Na+, as well as in an increase of cesium distribution coefficients in presence of K+. The nickel–potassium ferrocyanide based on the clinoptilolite showed the highest selectivity for cesium at sodium concentrations of 10?4—2 mol L?1: cesium distribution coefficient was lg K d = 4.5 ± 0.4 L kg?1 and cesium/sodium separation factor was α(Cs/Na) = 250. In the presence of NH4 +, all modified sorbents showed approximately equal selectivity for 137Cs. Probable applications of the sorbents were suggested.  相似文献   

5.
Radionuclides such as 131I, 134Cs, 137Cs, and 239,240Pu in Korean rainwater have been analyzed by Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS) since the Fukushima nuclear power plant accident in March 2011 to investigate the activity level, distribution pattern, and temporal variation and to assess the radiation dose the public is exposed to. The concentration of 131I in the Korean rainwater samples varied between 0.033 (minimum detectable activity; MDA) and 1.30 Bq kg?1 and the concentrations tended to decrease exponentially with time. The concentrations of 134Cs and 137Cs in rainwater ranged from 0.01 to 334 ± 74 and 0.29 ± 0.01 to 276 ± 1 mBq kg?1, respectively. The mean activity ratio of 137Cs/134Cs in the rainwater samples collected from April 18 to May 12 was estimated to be 0.44 ± 0.21, and this value is lower than that (ca. 1) observed in Fukushima, Japan, when there was an escape from the nuclear reactors. When an attempt was made to analyze Pu isotopes in rainwater samples, no Pu isotopes were detected above the MDA in any of the rainwater samples. Although the locations investigated were different from Asia to Europe, the concentrations of 131I, 134Cs and 137Cs in the rainwater are comparable, which suggests a global contamination of 131I, 134Cs, and 137Cs occurred because of the Fukushima nuclear power plant accident.  相似文献   

6.
137Cs, 241Am and Pu isotopes were analyzed in seawater, bottom sediments (BS) and suspended particulate matter samples collected in the Baltic Sea during 1997–2011. The particle size distribution and sequential extraction studies were carried out with the aim to better understand the association of radionuclides with particles and their bonding patterns in the BS. δ13Corg was applied for identification of sources of organic matter in the studied area. It has been found that massic activities of 137Cs in BS varied from 2.1 to 588 Bq/kg. High correlation of 137Cs massic activities with total organic carbon (TOC) in BS (r = 0.75) and with clay minerals (r = 0.95) was found. 239,240Pu massic activities in BS varied from 0.03 to 7.5 Bq/kg. High correlation with TOC was found for 239,240Pu (R = 0.98) as well as for 241Am (r = 0.96). δ13Corg in the studied samples ranged from ?22.3 to ?31.8 ‰.  相似文献   

7.
To examine the radionuclide concentrations in the environment, seaweeds were collected once a year since 1976 at two different places. A marked change was observed in the number of radionuclides in seaweeds. The increase of radionuclides is attributed to contamination by radioactive fallout from Chinese nuclear explosion tests. The radionuclide concentrations were strongly dependent on the species of seaweeds. A gradual decrease of the137Cs/40K activity ratio was observed in spite of the input of additional137Cs fallout from Chinese nuclear tests. This implies that the amounts of137Cs introduced into seawater by these detonations were small in comparison with those already contained in seawater. The cesium content in seawater was estimated by using specific activities of137Cs in seaweeds and137Cs concentration in seawater. The results show good agreement with the reported values by direct analysis of seawater.  相似文献   

8.
Activity concentrations of gross-β, naturally occurring 226Ra, 232Th, 210Pb, 7Be and anthropogenic 137Cs in epiphytic lichens collected from Uluda? Mountain are presented and discussed with the aim of evaluating potential usability of lichens as a biomonitor. The activity concentrations of gross-β, 137Cs, 40K, 226Ra, 232Th, 210Pb and 7Be in the lichen samples were found to be in the range of 177–707, 4.05–94.26, 86–211, below detection limit (BDL)—19.2, BDL—14.0, 229–872, and 72.1–220.7 Bq kg?1 in dry weight, respectively. 137Cs content in collected epiphytic lichens was in descending order: Parmelia sulcata > Lobaria pulmonaria > Pseudevernia furfuracea > Usnea filipendula. The best biomonitor for 137Cs among the lichen species used in this study was determined as Parmelia sulcata. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was calculated between 137Cs and 40K activity concentrations using a statistical package program (SPSS ver. 17.0) and a negative correlation value (R = ?0,323, p = 0,222) was obtained. The highest 226Ra and 232Th activity concentrations were found in Bo?azova Yaylas? which has a geological structure including granitic rocks. It was found that 137Cs and 7Be activity concentrations in species demonstrated an inverse behaviour. The effect of mean annual precipitation and temperature on 7Be activity concentration was determined using multi regression analysis. Also, correlations between the 137Cs and 7Be, and 40K and 7Be were investigated.  相似文献   

9.
Studies of 137Cs distribution in East Malaysia were carried out as part of a marine coastal environment project. The results of measurements will serve as baseline data and background reference level for Malaysia coastline. Twenty-one locations were identified along the coastline of East Malaysia, and from each location water samples were collected at the surface of the seawater. Ten near-shore locations were also selected and seawater was collected at three different depths. Large volumes of seawater were collected and the co-precipitation technique was employed to concentrate cesium. A known amount of 134Cs tracer was added as yield determinant, followed by addition of copper(II) nitrate salt and a solution of potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) trihydrate, to precipitate the total cesium. The precipitate slurry was oven dried at 60 °C for 1–2 days, finely ground and counted using gamma-ray spectrometry. The activity of 137Cs was determined by measuring the peak area under the photopeak of the gamma-spectrum at 661 keV, which is equivalent to gamma-intensity corrected for detection efficiency, percentage of gamma-ray abundance of the radionuclide and recovery of 134Cs tracer. There were no significant differences of 137Cs activities both in surface and bottom water samples at 95% confidence level. The activity of 137Cs (for all samples) was found to be in the range of 1.47 to 3.36 Bq/m3 and 1.69 to 3.32 Bq/m3 for Sabah and Sarawak, respectively.  相似文献   

10.
Concentration of fall-out 137Cs activity was monitored for a period of 3 years in coastline surface, near-shore surface and bottom waters of Kudankulam coast where a mega nuclear power station is being set up. Activity of 137Cs was estimated by HPGe gamma spectrometry after chemical processing with AMP (ammonium molybdophosphate). The total 137Cs concentration ranged from 1.2 to 1.6 mBq/L in coastline surface waters and between 0.75 and 1.4 mBq/L in near-shore surface and bottom waters. The data set followed a log-normal distribution. An insignificant relationship between 137Cs and salinity, temperature and pH was noted. No yearly variation and no variation between surface and bottom waters were observed (p > 0.05) in the concentration of 137Cs. The 137Cs activity between seasons was found to be significantly different (p < 0.05).  相似文献   

11.
In the nuclear domain, precise and accurate isotopic composition determination of elements in spent nuclear fuels is mandatory to validate neutron calculation codes and for nuclear waste disposal. The present study presents the results obtained on Cs isotope ratio by mass spectrometric measurements. Natural cesium is monoisotopic (133Cs) whereas cesium in spent fuels has 4 isotopes (133Cs, 134Cs, 135Cs, and 137Cs). As no standard reference material is available to evaluate the accuracy of Cs isotopic measurements, a comparison of cesium isotopic composition in spent nuclear fuels has been performed between Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry (TIMS) and a new method involving Multiple Collector Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (MC-ICPMS) measurements. For TIMS measurements, isotopic fractionation has been evaluated by studying the behavior of cesium isotope ratios (133Cs/137Cs and 135Cs/137Cs) during the analyses. For MC-ICPMS measurements, the mass bias effects have been corrected with an external mass bias correction using elements (Eu and Sb) close to cesium masses. The results obtained by the two techniques show good agreement: relative difference on 133Cs/137Cs and 135Cs/137Cs ratios for two nuclear samples, analyzed after chemical separation, ranges from 0.2% to 0.5% depending on the choice of reference value for mass bias correction by MC-ICPMS. Finally the quantification of the 135Cs/238U ratio by the isotope dilution technique is presented in the case of a MOx (mixed oxide) spent fuel sample. Evaluation of the global uncertainties shows that this ratio could be defined at an uncertainty of 0.5% (k = 2). The intercomparison between two independent mass spectrometric techniques is fundamental for the evaluation of uncertainty when no isotopic standard is available.  相似文献   

12.
This paper is focused on a characterization of bacterial contamination in pool water of the interim spent fuel storage (JAVYS Inc.) in Slovak Republic and on bioaccumulation of 137Cs and 60Co by isolated bacteria. Bacterial community in pool water is kept on very low level by extremely low concentration of solutes in deionized water and by the efficient water filtration system. Based on standard methods and sequencing of 16S rDNA four pure bacterial cultures were identified as Kocuria palustris, Micrococcus luteus, Ochrobactrum spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Isolated aerobic bacteria were able to bioaccumulate 137Cs and 60Co in laboratory experiments. The mechanism of Co and Cs binding involve rapid interactions with anionic groups of the components of cell surface and in the case of Cs+ ions is followed by transport processes across cytoplasm membranes and by intracellular distribution. The maximum specific uptake of Cs+ after 48 h cultivation in mineral medium (MM) reached 7.54 ± 0.48 μmol g?1 dw (Ochrobactrum spp.), 19.6 ± 0.1 μmol g?1 dw (M. luteus) and 20.1 ± 2.2 μmol g?1 dw (K. palustris). The maximum specific uptake of Co2+ after 24 h cultivation in MM reached 31.1 ± 3.5 μmol g?1 dw (Ochrobactrum spp.), 86.6 ± 12.2 μmol g?1 dw (M. luteus) and 16.9 ± 1.2 μmol g?1 dw (K. palustris). These results suggest that due to the long lasting uptake of 137Cs, 60Co and other radionuclides by biofilm in pool water high specific radioactivities (Bq m?2) can be expected on stainless steel walls of pools.  相似文献   

13.
The uptake and release kinetics of134Cs by Goldfish (Carassius auratus) and137Cs by Zebra Fish (Brachydanio rerio) from aquatic media of different ionic compositions and temperature was studied in controlled laboratory conditions. The accumulation of radiocesium in the case ofBrachydanio rerio is observed to be strongly dependent on the potassium ion concentration of the aquatic medium, but in the case ofCarassius auratus this dependence is quite weak. The biological half-lives of the cesium isotopes incorporated into the fish investigated in the present work vary from 19 to 80 days and are influenced by the temperature and the ionic composition of the aquatic medium.  相似文献   

14.
A radiochemical method for the determination of 135Cs in radioactive wastes has been adopted/developed. For the separation of cesium from other elements ammonium-molybdophosphate precipitation and cation exchange chromatography were used. The chemical yield of the method was about 60–100 %. 135Cs was measured by two methods. In neutron activation analysis (NAA), Cs was irradiated with reactor neutrons. 136Cs was detected by gamma spectrometry, wherefrom the activity/mass of 135Cs was calculated according to the k 0-standardization technique. The Cs containing fractions were measured by inductive coupled plasma mass spectrometry, as well. NAA and ICP-MS techniques were comparatively evaluated and a good agreement between the results was found. The activity concentration of 135Cs in a couple of waste samples originating from VVER-440 type nuclear reactors was in the range of 1–5 Bq L?1 (20–120 ng L?1) while 137Cs activity concentrations varied between 0.1 and 1 MBq L?1.  相似文献   

15.
The measurement of fission product cesium isotopes 135Cs and 137Cs at low femtogram (fg) 10−15 levels in ground water by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) is reported. To eliminate the natural barium isobaric interference on the cesium isotopes, in-line chromatographic separation of the cesium from barium was performed followed by high sensitivity ICP-MS analysis. A high efficiency desolvating nebulizer system was employed to maximize ICP-MS sensitivity ~10 cps/fg. The three sigma detection limit for 135Cs was 2 fg/mL (0.1 μBq/mL) and for 137Cs 0.9 fg/mL (0.0027 Bq/mL) measured from the standard with analysis time of less than 30 min/sample. Cesium detection and 135/137 isotope ratio measurement at very low femtogram levels using this method in a spiked ground water matrix is also demonstrated.  相似文献   

16.
The Marshall Islands Program at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory has completed a series of radiological surveys at Bikini, Rongelap, Utrōk, and Enewetak Atolls in the Marshall Islands designed to take a representative sample of food supplies with emphasis on determining 137Cs activity concentrations in common food plants. Coconuts (Cocos nucifera L.) are the most common and abundant food plant, and provided a common sample type to characterize the level and variability of activity concentrations of 137Cs in plant foods collected from different islands and atolls. Other dominant food types included Pandanus (Pandanus spp.) and breadfruit (Actocarpus spp.). In general, the activity concentration of 137Cs in food plants was found to decrease significantly between the main residence islands on Bikini, Rongelap, Utrōk, and Enewetak Atolls. The mean activity concentration of 137Cs measured in drinking coconut meat and juice was 0.72 (95 % CI 0.68–0.77) and 0.34 (95 % CI 0.30–0.38) Bq g?1, respectively, on Bikini Island; 0.019 (95 % CI 0.017–0.021) and 0.027 (95 % CI 0.023–0.031) Bq g?1, respectively, on Rongelap Island; 0.010 (95 % CI 0.007–0.013) and 0.007 (95 % CI 0.004–0.009) Bq g?1, respectively, on Utrōk Island; and 0.002 (95 % CI 0.0013–0.0024) and 0.002 (95 % CI 0.001–0.0025) Bq g?1, respectively, on Enewetak Island. High levels of variability are reported across all islands. These results will be used to improve the accuracy and reliability of predictive dose assessments, help characterize levels of uncertainty and variability in activity concentrations of fallout radionuclides in plant foods, and allow atoll communities to make informed decisions about resettlement and possible options for cleanup and rehabilitation of islands and atolls.  相似文献   

17.
The uptake of cesium from aqueous solutions (pH 5) using titanium phosphates was investigated in the absence and presence of background electrolyte (0.1 M NaNO3) using a batch technique. The determination of cesium was performed by gamma spectroscopy using 137Cs as tracer. The obtained sorption isotherms could be satisfactorily reproduced by a Langmuir sorption equation. The maximum uptake capacity values (q max) calculated fitting the experimental data by this equation were 167 and 118 mg/g for solutions of initial pH 5 in the absence and presence of background electrolyte. Kinetics data obtained at 293, 308 and 323 K could satisfactorily reproduced by the pseudo-second order equation. It was demonstrated that the new synthesized materials can remove considerable amounts of cesium from aqueous solutions and ion exchange is considered to be the principal mechanism for cesium removal. Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure and desorption tests provided data about the application of the sorbents in environmental remediation.  相似文献   

18.
Two crown ethers (CEs) viz. dibenzo18crown6, and dibenzo12crown7 and three calix-crown derivatives viz. (octyloxy)calix[4]arene-mono-crown-6 (CMC), calix[4]arene-bis(o-benzocrown-6) (CBC), and calix[4]arene-bis(naphthocrown-6) (CNC) were evaluated for the recovery of 137Cs from synthetic soil, cellulose (tissue paper), and plant samples by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) route. CEs showed poor extraction of 137Cs from soil matrix. SFE experiments using 1 × 10?3 M solutions of CMC, CBC and CNC in acetonitrile at 3 M HNO3 as modifiers displayed better extraction of 137Cs, viz. 21(±2) % (CMC), 16.5(±3) % (CBC), and 4(±1) % (CNC). It was not possible to recover 137Cs quantitatively from soil matrix. The inefficient extraction of 137Cs from soil matrix was attributed to its incorporation into the interstitial sites. Experiments on tissue papers using CMC showed near quantitative 137Cs recovery. On the other hand, recovery from plant samples varied between 50(±5) % (for stems) and 75(±5) % (for leaves).  相似文献   

19.
Fallout with rain from the Fukushima reactor accident was monitored for about two months in Higashi-Hiroshima City, Hiroshima, Japan, from March 20 to May 23, 2011. Gamma-ray (γ-ray) spectra measured using a low background HPGe spectrometer showed clear evidence of fission products—131I, 137Cs, and 134Cs. The 131I was observed on March 27 and April 8, while 137Cs and 134Cs were observed on March 27, April 18, and April 22. The 131I, 137Cs, and 134Cs activity concentrations in rainwater collected in Hiroshima reached 0.44 ± 0.09 on April 8, 0.17 ± 0.01 on April 18, and 0.15 ± 0.01 Bq/L on April 18, 2011, respectively. These activity levels were compared with global results collected from the Northern Hemisphere. Several samples of rainwater that were collected in Chiba (Kashiwa) on March 21, April 11, and May 12; Tokyo (Nerima) on March 21 and April 11; Osaka (Hirano) on April 8; Nara (Kitakatsuragi) on April 9; and Fukushima (Fukushima) on April 19, were also measured by our spectrometer and compared. Among these samples of rainwater collected at different locations in Japan, the one collected at Kashiwa City, Chiba Prefecture, on March 21 showed the highest activity concentrations of 6072 ± 1,   632 ± 4,   766 ± 3,   637 ± 1,   97.6 ± 0.8, and 752 ± 2 Bq/L for 131I,   132I,   132Te,   134Cs,   136Cs, and 137Cs, respectively. The health risks due to these high activity levels were considered in terms of several regulations. The ratio of the activites for the isotopes 131I to 137Cs and 134Cs to 137Cs were compared with the other measurements and discussed.  相似文献   

20.
This article presents the results of 137Cs and other radionuclide monitoring in EAF steel-making process in the Croatian CMC Sisak Steel Mill. The presence of 137Cs and natural isotopes 40K, 232Th, 226Ra and 238U was established. Investigations on the occurrence of the isotope cesium, as well as natural isotopes and their distribution in waste from the process of carbon steel production by EAF have been conducted. Detection of artificial isotope cesium in EAF dust indicates that it might originate from steel scrap or from the residue of the material that was used in the technological process, thus deserving special attention.  相似文献   

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