DAMPING OF VERTICALLY EXCITED SURFACE WAVE IN WEAKLY VISCOUS FLUID

In a vertically oscillating circular cylindrical container, singular perturbation theory of two-time scale expansions is developed in weakly viscous fluids to investigate the motion of single free surface standing wave by linearizing the Navier-Stokes equation. The fluid field is divided into an outer potential flow region and an inner boundary layer region. The solutions of both two regions are obtained and a linear amplitude equation incorporating damping term and external excitation is derived. The condition to appear stable surface wave is obtained and the critical curve is determined. In addition, an analytical expression of damping coefficient is determined. Finally, the dispersion relation, which has been derived from the inviscid fluid approximation, is modified by adding linear damping. It is found that the modified results are reasonably closer to experimental results than former theory. Result shows that when forcing frequency is low, the viscosity of the fluid is prominent for the mode selection. However, when forcing frequency is high, the surface tension of the fluid is prominent.     

CAPILLARY EFFECT ON VERTICALLY EXCITED SURFACE WAVE IN CIRCULAR CYLINDRICAL VESSEL

In a vertically oscillating circular cylindrical container, singular perturbation theory of two-time scale expansions was developed in inviscid fluids to investigate the motion of single free surface standing wave including the effect of surface tension. A nonlinear slowly varying amplitude equation, which incorporates cubic nonlinear term, external excitation and the influence of surface tension, was derived from potential flow equation. The results show that, when forced frequency is lower, the effect of surface tension on mode selection of surface wave is not important. However, when forced frequency is higher, the surface tension can not be neglected. This proved that the surface tension causes free surface returning to equilibrium location. In addition, due to considering the effect of surface tension, the theoretical result approaches to experimental results much more than that of no surface tension.     

垂直激励圆柱形容器中的表面波特性研究

利用奇异摄动理论的两时间变量展开法，研究了垂直强迫激励圆柱形容器中的单一水表面驻波模式。假设流体是无粘、不可压且运动是无旋的，在忽略了表面张力的影响下，得到一个具有立方项以及底部驱动项影响的非线性振幅方程。对上述方程进行了数值计算，并研究了特定(3，4)模式的表面驻波结构和特性，如驻波的节点分布及随某些参数的变化规律等，从计算的等高线的图象来看，和以往的实验结果相当吻合。     

Nonlinear faraday waves in a parametrically excited circular cylindrical container

IntroductionIn 1 83 1 ,Faraday[1]reportedhisexperimentalobservationofsurfacewavesindifferentfluidscoveringahorizontalplatesubjectedtoaverticalvibration ,andheobservedthesurfacestandingwavesoffluidsliketheteethofaveryshortcoarsecomb .Heremarksthatthesesurfacewaveshaveafrequencyequaltoonehalfthatoftheexcitation .ThisisthefamousFaradayexperiment.WedesignatethosefluidsurfacewavesformedbyverticallyexcitationandhaveafrequencyequaltoonehalfthatoftheexcitationasFaradaywaves.FollowingthisproblemMatth…     

Nonlinear interfacial waves in a circular cylindrical container subjected to a vertical excitation

Singular perturbation theory of two-time scale expansions was developed in inviscid fluids to investigate the motion of single interface standing wave in a two-layer liquid-filled circular cylindrical vessel, which is subjected to a vertical periodical oscillation. It is assumed that the fluid in the circular cylindrical vessel is inviscid, incompressible and the motion is irrotational, a nonlinear amplitude equation including cubic nonlinear and vertically forced terms, was derived by the method of expansion of two-time scales without taking the influence of surface tension into account. By numerical computation, it is shown that different patterns of interface standing wave can be excited for different driving frequency and amplitude. We found that the interface wave mode become more and more complex as increasing of upper to lower layer density ratio γ$\gamma$. The traits of the standing interface wave were proved theoretically. In addition, the dispersion relation and nonlinear amplitude equation obtained in this article can reduce to the known results for a single fluid when γ=0,_h2→_h1$\gamma =0,h_2\to h_1$.     

EFFECTS OF VARYING BOTTOM ON NONLINEAR SURFACE WAVES

The resonant flow of an incompressible, inviscid fluid with surface tension on varying bottoms was researched. The effects of different bottoms on the nonlinear surface waves were analyzed. The waterfall plots of the wave were drawn with Matlab according to the numerical simulation of the fKdV equation with the pseudo-spectral method. Prom the waterfall plots, the results are obtained as follows: for the convex bottom, the waves system can be viewed as a combination of the effects of forward-step forcing and backward step forcing, and these two wave systems respectively radiate upstream and downstream without mutual interaction. Nevertheless, the result for the concave bottom is contrary to the convex one. For some combined bottoms, the wave systems can be considered as the combination of positive forcing and negative forcing.     

Free surface flow under gravity and surface tension due to an applied pressure distribution: I Bond number greater than one-third

We consider steady free surface two-dimensional flow due to a localized applied pressure distribution under the effects of both gravity and surface tension in water of constant depth, and in the presence of a uniform stream. The fluid is assumed to be inviscid and incompressible, and the flow is irrotational. The behavior of the forced nonlinear waves is characterized by three parameters: the Froude number, F, the Bond number, τ > 1/3, and the magnitude and sign of the pressure forcing parameter ɛ. The fully nonlinear wave problem is solved numerically by using a boundary integral method. For small amplitude waves and F < 1 but not too close to 1, linear theory gives a good prediction for the numerical solution of the nonlinear problem in the case of bifurcation from the uniform flow. As F approaches 1, the nonlinear terms need to be taken account of. In this case the forced Korteweg-de Vries equation is found to be an appropriate model to describe bifurcations from an unforced solitary wave. In general, it is found that for given values of F < 1 and τ > 1/3, there exists both elevation and depression waves. In some cases, a limiting configuration in the form of a trapped bubble occurs in the depression wave solutions.     

Pattern formation on the interface of a two-layer fluid: bi-viscous lower layer

A theoretical model of the interaction of standing waves with a deformable sea-bed is derived in the long-wave limit. The coupled response of this two-layer model for which the upper-layer fluid is inviscid and the lower layer bi-viscous is determined for periodic forcing by an external surface pressure. It is shown that for permanent features to form in the lower layer, the nonlinear transfer of energy from the directly forced wave to even spatial harmonics of the forcing must occur. Nonlinearity due to a history-dependent bi-viscous rheology is shown to result in the formation of permanent, half-wavelength bedforms with crests located under the antinodes of the overlying wave motion.     

具有小密度差的两层流体中运动点源的二阶内波解

在具有自由面的两层流体中，运动点源生成的Kelvin船波存在两种模式，即表面波模式和内波模式。当上、下层流体密度比趋于1时，由内波模式计算的界面波幅趋于无穷大，这与实验事实相违背。为克服此困难，在自由面和界面作小波幅运动的假设，引入一个小密度差参数。研究了运动点源在无粘、不可压且具有小密度差的两层有限深流体中生成的高阶波动。首先利用摄动方法推导了各阶小参数满足的边值问题；其次，给出了小密度差情形下的可解性条件。证明了在密度比趋于1的极限情形，不存在导致界面波幅无穷大的内波模式；最后，利用Phillips的非线性共振相互作用理论，构造了具有自由面的两层有限深流体中Kelvin船波系的二阶一致有效波动解，并证明了该解在深水情形下退化为Newman关于均匀流体中自由面的二阶波动解。     

Effect of damping and wave parameters on offshore structure under random excitation

This paper describes the linearized and nonlinear dynamic response of a tension leg platform (TLP) to random waves and current forces. The forcing term of the equation of motion is inherently nonlinear due to the nonlinear drag force. Two analysis procedures are used: nonlinear time domain analysis and linear frequency domain analysis. For the nonlinear analysis, the random wave particle velocities and accelerations are simulated for a given wave spectrum. The nonlinear equation of motion is then integrated directly to obtain the system response statistics. For the linear frequency domain analysis, the nonlinear drag force is linearized through an introduction of linearization coefficients. The main objective of this paper is to investigate the effect of the structural damping and wave parameters on both nonlinear and linear dynamic response of the TLP by parametric studies. The results of stochastic nonlinear and linear dynamic response of the TLP, with and without the presence of current, are presented and compared.     

Wave propagation through mangrove forests in the presence of a viscoelastic bed

The influence of viscoelastic ocean beds on the characteristics of surface waves passing through mangrove forests is analyzed under the assumption of linearized water wave theory in two dimensions. The trunks of the mangroves are assumed to be in the upper-layer inviscid fluid domain, whilst the roots are inside the viscoelastic bed. The associated equation of motion is obtained by coupling the Voigt’s model for flow within the viscoelastic medium with the equation of motion in the presence of mangroves. The modified dynamic conditions are coupled with the kinematic conditions to obtain the boundary condition at the free surface and the interface of the two fluids consisting of the upper layer inviscid fluid and the viscoelastic fluid bed. To understand the effects of bed viscosity as well as elasticity on energy dissipation, the complex dispersion relation associated with the plane progressive wave is derived and analyzed. Effect of physical parameters associated with mangroves and viscoelastic bed on wave motion in surface and internal modes are computed and analyzed to understand their roles in attenuating wave effects. The present model will be useful in the better understanding of wave propagation through mangroves in the coastal zone having muddy seabed.     

Effect of a viscous liquid loading on Love wave propagation

This paper describes a theory of surface Love waves propagating in a layered elastic waveguide loaded on its surface by a viscous (Newtonian) liquid. An analytical expression for the complex dispersion equation of Love waves has been established. The real and imaginary parts of the complex dispersion equation were separated and resulting system of nonlinear algebraic equations was solved numerically. The influence of the viscosity of liquid on the dispersion curves of phase velocity, the wave attenuation and the distribution of the Love wave amplitude is analyzed numerically. The propagation loss is produced only by the viscosity of liquids. Elastic layered waveguide is assumed to be loss-less. The numerical solutions show the dependence of the phase velocity change, the wave attenuation and the wave amplitude distribution in terms of the liquid viscosity and the wave frequency. The results of the investigations are fundamental and can be applied in the design and development of liquid viscosity sensors and biosensors, in Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) of materials, in geophysics and seismology.     

Nonlinear simulation of a tuned liquid damper with damping screens using a modal expansion technique

Tuned liquid dampers utilize sloshing fluid to control wind-induced structural motions. However, as a result of the nonlinear free surface boundary conditions of fluid sloshing in a two-dimensional rectangular container, a closed-form solution describing the response behaviour is unavailable. Modal expansions, which couple the sloshing modes, are carried out to the first, third and fifth order to construct a system of coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations that are solved using the Runge–Kutta–Gill Method. Modal damping is incorporated to account for energy losses arising from the fluid viscosity and the inclusion of damping screens. The model is in general agreement with a previous third-order model that incorporated screen damping in the fundamental sloshing mode only. Sinusoidal shake table experiments are conducted to validate the proposed models. Response time histories and frequency response plots assess the model’s prediction of wave heights, sloshing forces, and screen forces. The first-order model accurately predicts the resonant sloshing forces, and forces on a mid-tank screen. The higher-order models better represent the wave heights and forces on an off-centre screen. Experimental results from structure–TLD system tests under random excitation are used to evaluate the performance of the proposed models. The first-order model is able to predict the variance of the structural response and the effective damping the TLD adds to the structure, but as a minimum, a third-order model should be employed to predict the fluid response. It is concluded that a first-order model can be utilized for preliminary TLD design, while a higher-order model should be used to determine the required tank freeboard and the loading on damping screens positioned at off-centre locations.     

Inviscid instability of two-fluid free surface flow down an incline

The inviscid temporal stability analysis of two-fluid parallel shear flow with a free surface, down an incline, is studied. The velocity profiles are chosen as piecewise-linear with two limbs. The analysis reveals the existence of unstable inviscid modes, arising due to wave interaction between the free surface and the shear-jump interface. Surface tension decreases the maximum growth rate of the dominant disturbance. Interestingly, in some limits, surface tension destabilises extremely short waves in this flow. This can happen because of the interaction with the shear-jump interface. This flow may be compared with a corresponding viscous two-fluid flow. Though viscosity modifies the stability properties of the flow system both qualitatively and quantitatively, there is qualitative agreement between the viscous and inviscid stability analysis when the less viscous fluid is closer to the free surface.     

Forced dissipative Boussinesq equation for solitary waves excited by unstable topography

In the paper, the effects of topographic forcing and dissipation on solitary Rossby waves are studied. Special attention is given to solitary Rossby waves excited by unstable topography. Based on the perturbation analysis, it is shown that the nonlinear evolution equation for the wave amplitude satisfies a forced dissipative Boussinesq equation. By using the modified Jacobi elliptic function expansion method and the pseudo-spectral method, the solutions of homogeneous and inhomogeneous dissipative Boussinesq equation are obtained, respectively. With the help of these solutions, the evolutional character of Rossby waves under the influence of dissipation and unstable topography is discussed.     

受径向振荡激励的黏弹性液滴稳定性分析

当液滴受到外部周期性的径向激励时, 在其表面会形成驻波模式的不稳定, 这就是在球面上的Faraday不稳定问题. 不稳定的表面波的振荡频率根据流体物性参数和所施加激励条件的不同呈现为谐波或是亚谐波模式的振荡. 本文基于线性小扰动理论, 研究了受径向振荡体积力的黏弹性液滴表面波的不稳定性. 振荡的体积力导致动量方程为含有时间周期系数的Mathieu方程, 系统因此变成参数不稳定问题, 采用Floquet理论进行求解. 本模型中将黏弹性的特征处理为与流变模型参数相关的等效黏度, 从而简化了问题的求解. 基于对中性稳定曲线及增长率的分析, 研究了黏弹性参数对液滴稳定性的影响. 结果表明零剪切黏度和应变驰豫时间的增加具有抑制液滴表面波增长的作用, 提高了使液滴表面发生谐波不稳定的激励幅值. 随着振荡幅值的增加, 增长率不稳定的区域减少, 且随着振荡频率的增加, 液滴表面波增长率减小. 通过对增长率的分析可以得出, 应力松弛时间的增加使得增长率增加, 从而促进了液滴表面波的增长.      

ELECTRICALLY FORCED THICKNESS-SHEAR VIBRATIONS OF QUARTZ PLATE WITH NONLINEAR COUPLING TO EXTENSION

We study electrically forced nonlinear thickness-shear vibrations of a quartz plate resonator with relatively large amplitude. It is shown that thickness-shear is nonlinearly coupled to extension due to the well-known Poynting effect in nonlinear elasticity. This coupling is relatively strong when the resonant frequency of the extensional mode is about twice the resonant frequency of the thickness-shear mode. This happens when the plate length/thickness ratio assumes certain values. With this nonlinear coupling, the thickness-shear motion is no longer sinusoidal. Coupling to extension also affects energy trapping which is related to device mounting. When damping is 0.01, nonlinear coupling causes a frequency shift of the order of 10^-6 which is not insignificant,and an amplitude change of the order of 10^-8. The effects are expected to be stronger under real damping of 10^-5 or larger. To avoid nonlinear coupling to extension, certain values of the aspect ratio of the plate should be avoided.     

Do we observe Gerstner waves in wave tank experiments?

We investigate theoretically the effects of viscosity and surface films on small-amplitude Gerstner waves in deep water. The analysis is performed by using a Lagrangian formulation of fluid motion. For inviscid fluids with a free surface Gerstner waves of arbitrary amplitude are exact solutions of the nonlinear Lagrangian equations. These waves have a trochoidal surface shape. They possess vorticity, but have no mean wave momentum, i.e. induce no net drift in the fluid. By expanding the wave motion after the wave steepness as a small parameter, we demonstrate how Gerstner waves to second order in wave steepness change due to viscosity, leading to a mean drift near the surface and a backward drift beneath the surface layer, so that they conserve total (zero) mean wave momentum. In addition, if the surface is covered by a freely floating inextensible film, the mean drift at the surface (the film speed) increases dramatically. A comparison with experimental data for the drift of thin plastic sheets in wave tanks is made, showing that the presence of viscosity-modified Gerstner waves cannot be ruled out on the basis of these observations.     

The onset of convection in a nanofluid saturated porous layer using Darcy model with cross diffusion

Linear and nonlinear stability analysis for the onset of convection in a horizontal layer of a porous medium saturated by a nanofluid is studied. The model used for the nanofluid incorporates the effects of Brownian motion and thermophoresis. The modified Darcy equation that includes the time derivative term is used to model the momentum equation. In conjunction with the Brownian motion, the nanoparticle fraction becomes stratified, hence the viscosity and the conductivity are stratified. The nanofluid is assumed to be diluted and this enables the porous medium to be treated as a weakly heterogeneous medium with variation, in the vertical direction, of conductivity and viscosity. The critical Rayleigh number, wave number for stationary and oscillatory mode and frequency of oscillations are obtained analytically using linear theory and the non-linear analysis is made with minimal representation of the truncated Fourier series analysis involving only two terms. The effect of various parameters on the stationary and oscillatory convection is shown pictorially. We also study the effect of time on transient Nusselt number and Sherwood number which is found to be oscillatory when time is small. However, when time becomes very large both the transient Nusselt value and Sherwood value approaches to their steady state values.