Redshifts in space caused by stimulated Raman scattering in cold intergalactic Rydberg matter with experimental verification

The quantized redshifts observed from galaxies in the local supercluster have recently been shown to be well described by stimulated Stokes Raman processes in intergalactic Rydberg matter (RM). The size of the quanta corresponds to transitions in the planar clusters forming the RM, of the order of 6 × 10^?6 cm^?1. A stimulated Stokes Raman process gives redshifts that are independent of the wavelength of the radiation, and it allows the radiation to proceed without deflection, in agreement with observation. Such redshifts must also be additive during the passage through space. Rydberg matter is common in space and explains the observed Faraday rotation in intergalactic space and the spectroscopic signatures called unidentified infrared bands (UIBs) and diffuse interstellar bands (DIBs). Rydberg matter was also recently proposed to be baryonic dark matter. Experiments now show directly that IR light is redshifted by a Stokes stimulated Raman process in cold RM. Shifts of 0.02 cm^?1 are regularly observed. It is shown by detailed calculations based on the experimental results that the redshifts due to Stokes scattering are of at least the same magnitude as observations.     

Prediction of the submillimeter spectrum of the cosmic backgroundradiation by a plasma model

A non-Big-Bang plasma model is used to predict the submillimeter spectrum of the cosmic background radiation (CBR). Early intermediate-mass stars heat dust which, in turn, warms electrons trapped in force-free filaments emitted by galactic nuclei. Current stars contribute further heating by the same synchrotron mechanism. The electrons emit a nonblackbody radiation which matches the observed CBR spectrum and isotropy. The model also predicts intergalactic absorption of radio radiation, as confirmed by observations of spiral galaxies, and accurately predicts the spectrum of radio-quiet sources     

On detecting diffuse ultraviolet radiation of cosmological origin

Summary The intensity of diffuse extragalactic background radiation is determined by the integrated emission of all sources along a given line of sight through the Universe and by absorption due to intervening cool gas and dust. Due to red-shift and lookback-time effects, more distant objects contribute at a given wave-length today with light emitted at earlier epochs at shorter wave-lengths. Possible sources of ultraviolet (100÷3000) ? emission include, but may not be restricted to, galaxies and quasars, a lukewarm or photoionized dense intergalactic medium and a cosmological sea of decaying massive neutrinos and photinos formed in the hot big bang. The resultant complex spatial intensity pattern and spectral distribution will appear superimposed on an intense galactic emission source whose main characteristics have yet to be clearly and satisfactorily established. Although substantial progress has been made recently in understanding galactic emission mechanisms, the remaining uncertainties substantially limit the accuracy with which a cosmologically significant signal may be disentangled from the diffuse galactic background ?noise?. On assignment from the Astrophysics Division, Space Science Department, European Space Agency.     

星系哈勃红移的非多普勒效应解释

分析了多普勒效应在解释星系哈勃红移现象时,星系际光传播过程存在的能量不守恒和宇宙膨胀时空不平权两大问题;提出了＂时空物质属性＂的3个基本假设;最后阐述了星系哈勃红移的非多普勒效应解释。     

Probing light pseudoscalar particles using synchrotron light

The need for purely laboratory-based light pseudoscalar particles searches has been emphasized many times in the literature, since astrophysical bounds on these particles rely on several assumptions to calculate the flux produced in stellar plasmas. In this Letter we study the use of light from synchrotron accelerators as a source for a photon regeneration experiment also know as “light shining through a wall”. Such an experiment can significantly improve present limits on the pseudoscalar particle mass and the pseudoscalar–photon coupling constant obtained from laser experiments. This is possible even using a small number of powerful magnets (B∼10 T$B\sim 10\text{T}$), due to the large incident photon flux. On the other hand, the use of a broadband incident photon-beam instead of infrared or optical lasers allows a significant improvement in the mass reach of the experiment (it is possible to test masses up to 0.01 eV without a drop in sensitivity). Large, but still feasible, configurations can explore in a quite model-independent way a large part of the parameter space examined by solar searches and HB stars in globular clusters. Additionally, the proposal may be useful for testing string motivated effective theories containing light and weakly interacting particles.     

A neutrino-dominated universe

Relic neutrinos produced during the early evolution of the universe will be abundant today (n _v n ) and, if they have a small mass (3 <m _v < 10 eV), may supply the dominant contribution to the total mass density. We review the data on the mass on various scales galaxies, binaries, small groups, large clusters) and conclude that ordinary matter (nucleons) is capable of accounting for the inferred mass on all scales except that of clusters of galaxies. Were the mass in clusters mainly in nucleons, too much helium and too little deuterium would have been produced during primordial nucleosynthesis. Relic neutrinos withm _v > 3 eV are heavy enough to collapse into clusters of galaxies; form _v < 10 eV they are too light to collapse along with binaries and small groups. Such neutrinos would supply the dominant contribution to the mass in the universe.This essay received the first award from the Gravity Research Foundation for the year 1980-Ed.     

Cosmology with the intergalactic medium

We discuss a few new results which points out the importance of the intergalactic medium as a diagnostic for the formation and evolution of galaxies in the Universe. We discuss the recent studies to determine the power spectrum of fluctuation from QSO-absorption line studies, and then some feedback processes from early galaxies which influence the intergalactic medium.     

Study of light propagation in human, rabbit and rat liver tissue by Monte Carlo simulation

Monte Carlo Simulation for light propagation in liver tissues of human and animal was done using Monte Carlo simulation. During the simulation we recorded the photon reflectance, transmittance and absorption of human, rabbit and rat liver tissues. Then their comparative studies were done. Average values of total diffuse reflectance, transmittance and absorption were calculated by the 10 simulations of 100,000 photons for these tissues at 633 nm. We found that diffuse reflectance increases as μ_s increases or g decreases and diffuse transmittance increases as μ_a or μ_s decreases, or as g increases. It is also concluded that the radially resolved diffuse reflectance of the tissues decays exponentially of second order.     

Cosmological γ-ray bursts from a neutron star collapse induced by a primordial black hole

A detailed analysis is presented for a novel scenario in which gamma-ray bursts are of intergalactic origin and arise from the induced collapse of an isolated neutron star triggered by a primordial black hole. The energy released from the phase transition of accreted nucleon matter into a quark-gluon plasma is transferred by degenerate neutrinos to the star’s surface, where neutrinos annihilate into an electron-positron plasma and produce an inverted temperature layer that preserves a fire-ball from undue baryonic pollution. Possible observational tests include the absence of apparent cosmological time dilation, the location of γ-ray bursts primarily outside of galaxies, a specific shape of the log N-log S curve, with a large peak near red shift z∼10, the emission of ∼10⁻³ of the total energy in the form of 100-GeV photons, a bimodal distribution of durations, a very weak accompanying pulse of gravitational radiation, etc. Pis’ma Zh. éksp. Teor. Fiz. 70, No. 10, 642–647 (25 November 1999) Published in English in the original Russian journal. Edited by Steve Torstveit.     

Topology of “white stars” in the relativistic fragmentation of light nuclei

Experimental observations of the multifragmentation of relativistic light nuclei by means of emulsions are surveyed. Events that belong to the type of “white stars” and in which the dissociation of relativistic nuclei is not accompanied by the production of mesons and target-nucleus fragments are considered. An almost complete suppression of the binary splitting of nuclei to fragments of charge in excess of two, Z > 2, is a feature peculiar to charge topology in the dissociation of Ne, Mg, Si, and S nuclei. An increase in the degree of nuclear fragmentation manifests itself in the growth of the multiplicity of singly and doubly charged fragments (Z = 1, 2) as the charge of the unexcited fragmenting-nucleus part (which is the main part) decreases. Features of the production of systems formed by extremely light nuclei α, d, and t are studied in the dissociation of the stable isotopes of Li, Be, B, C, N, and O to charged fragments. Manifestations of ³He clustering can be observed in “white stars” in the dissociation of neutron-deficient isotopes of Be, B, C, and N.     

A Unified Grand Tour of Theoretical Physics, 3rd edn., by Ian D. Lawrie

The emergence of the first black holes during the first billion years of cosmic history marks a key event in cosmology. Their formation is part of the overall process of ending the cosmic dark ages, when the first stars appeared in low-mass dark matter haloes about a few 100 million years after the Big Bang. The first stars, galaxies, and black holes transformed the Universe from its simple initial state into one of ever increasing complexity. We review recent progress on our emerging theoretical picture of how the first black holes appeared on the cosmic scene, and how they impacted the subsequent history of the Universe. Our focus is on supermassive black holes, in particular assessing possible pathways to the formation of the billion-solar-mass black holes inferred to power the luminous quasars at high redshifts. We conclude with a discussion of upcoming empirical probes, such as the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), and the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA), further ahead in time.     

The gravitational bending of light by stars: a continuing story of curiosity,scepticism, surprise,and fascination

Driven entirely by human curiosity, the effect of the gravitational bending of light has evolved on unforeseen paths, in an interplay between shifts in prevailing paradigms and advance of technology, into the most unusual way to study planet populations. The confirmation of the bending angle predicted by Einstein with the Solar Eclipse measurements from 1919 marked the breakthrough of the theory of General Relativity, but it was not before the detection of the double image of the quasar 0957+561 that ‘gravitational lensing’ really entered the observational era. The observation of a characteristic transient brightening of a star caused by the gravitational deflection of its light by an intervening foreground star, constituting a ‘microlensing event’, required even further advance in technology before it could first emerge in 1993. While it required more patience in waiting before ‘Einstein’s blip’ for the first time revealed the presence of a planet orbiting a star other than the Sun, such detections can now be monitored live, and gravitational microlensing is not only sensitive to masses as low as that of the Moon, but can even reveal planets around stars in galaxies other than the Milky Way.     

Contact binaries: I. An inspection of the HSB contact binary model by comparison of relationships obtained from theoretical light curves with that from astronomical observations

The light curve is one of the most important photometric characteristics of variable stars, which can supply physical information about many stars. So, light curves are the best candidate to inspect a theoretical model of binaries. One important feature of the light curve is the difference of two light minima of the light curve, namely the difference between the primary eclipse depth and the secondary eclipse depth (DED). In this paper, the secondary eclipse depths of theoretical and observational light curves are studied. Firstly, a method to calculate the theoretical light curves of an eclipsing binary with non-spherical components is proposed, which can be put into the HSB contact binary model [Huang R Q, et al. Chin J Astron Astrophys, 2007, 7: 235–244; Song H F, et al. Chin J Astron Astrophys, 2007, 7: 539–550]. Theoretical light curves and the DED of the binary can be obtained at every evolutionary phase. The relationships of DED with mass and luminosity are presented and show special features for the contact binaries. Secondly, a large amount of observational data is collected, from which 11 massive, intermediate-mass contact binaries and 9 low-mass contact binaries are chosen and the two relationships are obtained using theoretical light curves. Finally, in order to check whether the HSB contact binary model can be used in contact binary systems with massive, intermediate-mass and low-mass components, a comparison is performed for the above mentioned relationships obtained from theoretical light curves with those from the astronomical observations. The results show a good agreement for contact binary systems with all different masses.

     

A dynamical model for gravitation

A gravitational model is proposed that relates the terrestrially measured value of the gravitational constantG directly to the density and angular velocity of the galaxy. The model indicates a constant scalar value forG within most regions of our galaxy, but predicts thatG will be different in other galaxies and zero in intergalactic space. The model offers explanations for galactic cluster stability, discrepancies in terrestrial measurements ofG, and atomic particle stability. The model also provides a causal relationship between strong, electromagnetic, weak, and gravitational interactions. The two postulates required for the proposed model reduce to two assumptions made in GRT in regions whereG is constant; these postulates are consistent with the existence of a 2.7 K blackbody background radiation.     

Velocity-dependent inertial induction and secular retardation of the earth’s rotation

According to the model of inertial induction proposed earlier, the inertia force consists of an acceleration-dependent term which comes out as identically equal to -ma. Besides, there is a velocity-dependent term which is exceedingly small to be easily detected. However, it has been shown that this results in a cosmological red shift of light coming from distant stars and galaxies; the magnitude of the red shift agrees very well with the observed values. Though this model yields correct results when applied to photons it needs modification before applying to other bodies. A modified form of the inertial induction model is now proposed where the proposed velocity-dependent inertia forces, when applied to the solar system, yields correct order of magnitude for the secular retardation of the earth’s rotation. Moreover, a combined model using the velocity term and the tidal friction also does not suggest any close proximity of the moon to the earth in the past. When the model is applied to the case of Phobos, a secular acceleration of the order of magnitude of 10⁻³ deg yr⁻² is obtained.     

Negative mass in general relativity

Mechanics is considered in a universe containing negative mass. Demanding (i) conservation of momentum, (ii) principle of equivalence, (iii) no runaway motions, (iv) no Schwarzschild black holes, and (v) the inertial and active gravitational masses of a body shall have the same sign, we find thatall mass must be negative. Some properties of such a universe are investigated. We show that a neutral spherical body of arbitrarily small size is possible, and observers external to it can communicate with each other by light rays without horizon problems. There are no cosmological models with a power-law big bang, and there is an abundance of nonsingular models. Like electric charges would attract each other, and unlike ones would repel. This could produce stars and galaxies held together by charge and not gravity. The investigation does not suggest any reason why mass in the real universe should be positive.     

Gravitational interactions between galaxies

The dynamics of an encounter between two galaxies is discussed. Generally in galactic encounter, on account of the tidal forces, the binding energies of the galaxies increase and hence their relative orbital energy decreases. The former has disruptive effects on galaxies and the latter may lead to the merging of galaxies under certain circumstances. Studies of these processes and their consequences have been reviewed. The role of the tidal forces in the dynamical evolution of clusters of galaxies and in the formation of intergalactic filaments and ring galaxies is discussed.     

Constraints on light particles from stellar evolution

We examine the constraints imposed on the numbers and interactions of light particles by our understanding of the late stages of stellar evolution, including red giants, carbon-burning stars and cooling neutron stars. We show that these astrophysical considerations restrict the number of neutrino types to be less than 10^+2±1. This result complements the standard constraints from cosmological nucleosynthesis, which was unable to exclude numbers of neutrinos between a few thousand and the best particle physics limit of order 10⁵. We also investigate the constraints on supersymmetric theories with a light photino and gravitino, finding that the supersymmetry breaking scale parameter f>O(100GeV) and the selectron masses are >20 to 40 GeV. Finally, we study energy-loss rates by majoron and invisible axion emission.     

The Persistent Problem of Spiral Galaxies

The current explanation for spiral galaxies is that density waves in a spiral form rotate through the disks of these galaxies, continually forming new arms of hot bright stars and excited gas. The discussion here shows that many observed properties of spiral galaxies contradict this assumed density wave mechanism. Alternatively, it has been clear since the early 1950's that galaxies characteristically eject material from their nuclei. A number of astronomers have presented evidence that it is those ejections from the central regions of rotating galaxies that are responsible for the spiral arms. The evidence is reviewed and evaluated here, and it is concluded that the form and nature of the arms, their magnetic fields and rotational velocity characteristics, can best be explained by ejections of material, including plasma, from which the spiral arm stars are formed. This conclusion furnishes an answer to the long-standing problem of how the magnetic fields arise in the outer regions of spirals. Perhaps most importantly, the formation and renewal of spiral arms by ejection of plasma does not require them to be in rotation only under the pull of gravitational forces. If rotational energy is transferred to outer regions by ejections, the current interpretation of rotation curves may overestimate masses of spiral galaxies. If the problem of "missing mass" is diminished, so is the necessity for exotic suggestions to account for this undetected matter.     

Fermion-Fermion Stars

The fermion-fermion stars, i.e., the dark matter self-gravitating systems made from two kinds of fermions with different masses, are considered. We review the stability of the systems, present a comparison between the maxima of gravitational redshift for fermion stars, compact stars, Bondi stars, bonson stars and fermion-fermion stars, and then investigate rotation curves of fermion-fermion stars (two-component concentric spheres) which might be polytropic dark matter halos of galaxies. Results show that the fermion-fermion stars would give rotation curves with flat part at large radii. This presents a striking contrast with the rotation curve of a single component fermion star which has no flat parts.