超导探测器与太赫兹天文应用

太赫兹频段(0.1—10 THz)占有宇宙空间近一半的光子能量,特别适合观测早期遥远天体、正在形成冷暗天体,以及被尘埃遮掩天体,且具有非常丰富的分子、原子及离子谱线,是其他频段不可替代的宇宙观测窗口。近四十年来,低温超导探测器技术得到快速发展,在天文学领域率先实现应用并取得系列有显著影响的研究成果,如黑洞成像、原行星盘精细结构观测以及近邻宇宙水分子刻画和宇宙最先诞生的电离氢化氦离子探测等。文章将主要介绍4种国际主流太赫兹超导探测器(即超导隧道结(SIS)混频器、超导热电子(HEB)混频器、超导相变边缘(TES)探测器和超导动态电感(KID)探测器)的研究进展、应用突破和未来发展趋势。     

Quantum mechanical coherence in human red blood cells

Fritz London predicted that the behavior of the quantum fluids ...might prove useful for an understanding of the macromolecular systems of biology which behave... much more simply than would be expected in view of the apparent great complexity of their structure. The Fröhlich theory is of an energy-driven laserlike process in living cells which should drive cellular phonons into coherence. Fröhlich's theory predicts specific ultra-long-range forces which can explain the presently mysterious, ordered tensor interactions within and without the living cell. Several different types of experiments demonstrate a specific ultralong-range interaction between mammalian red blood cells which accords with the postulates of the Fröhlich theory. One phenomenon seems to be compatible with processes analogous to self-focusing and trapping in nonlinear optics. As work progresses more and more biological mechanisms appear to be similar to those known in condensed matter physics.     

Spin-Polarized Electron Tunneling TD:\pdf\.PDFhrough a Quantum Dot

Nonequilibrium Green's function is uscd to study spin-polarized electron tunneling through a quantum dot connected to two ferromagnetic electrodes with different orientations via two insulating barriers (FM/I/QD/I/FA.f). Intra-level Coulomb interaction in the dot is considered. General formula of tunneling current which can be used for arbitrary angle between the two electrodes' magnetizations is derived for both the weak and strong intra-dot interactions.We find that the transport current can be divided into two parts: the current with the spin-flip and the current without the spin-flip, which critically depend on the linewidth function near the Fermi level of the ferromagnetic electrodes. If a magnetic field is applied in the quantum dot, different behaviors will be found for weak and strong interactions.     

A comparison of ionizing radiation damage in CMOS devices from 60Co gamma rays, electrons and protons

Radiation hardened CC4007RH and non-radiation hardened CC4011 devices were irradiated using 80Co gamma rays, 1 MeV electrons and 1--9 MeV protons to compare the ionizing radiation damage of the gamma rays with the charged particles. For all devices examined, with experimental uncertainty, the radiation induced threshold voltage shifts (△Vth) generated by 60Co gamma rays are equal to that of 1 MeV electron and 1-7 MeV proton radiation under 0 gate bias condition. Under 5 V gate bias condition, the distinction of threshold voltage shifts (△Vth) generated by 60Co gamma rays and 1 MeV electrons irradiation are not large, and the radiation damage for protons below 9 MeV is always less than that of 60Co gamma rays. The lower energy the proton has, the less serious the radiation damage becomes.     

CMOS器件60Co γ射线、电子和质子电离辐射损伤比较

利用TRIM95蒙特卡罗软件计算了质子在二氧化硅中的质量阻止本领和能量沉积，比较了质子在二氧化硅中的电离阻止本领与核阻止本领，分析了质子在材料的表面吸收剂量与灵敏区实际吸收剂量的关系.利用⁶⁰Co γ射线、1MeV电子和2—9 MeV质子对CC4007RH和CC4011器件进行辐照实验，比较⁶⁰Co γ射线和带电粒子的电离辐射损伤情况.实验结果表明，⁶⁰Co γ射线、1MeV 电子和2—7MeV质子辐照损伤效应中，在0V栅压下可以相互等效； 关键词： γ射线 电子 质子 辐射损伤     

A comparison of ionizing radiation damage in CMOS devices from ^60Co gamma rays,electrons and protons

Radiation hardened CC4007RH and non-radiation hardened CC4011 devices were irradiated using ^60Co gamma rays, 1 MeV electrons and 1-9 MeV protons to compare the ionizing radiation damage of the gamma rays with the charged particles. For all devices examined, with experimental uncertainty, the radiation induced threshold voltage shifts （△Vth） generated by ^60Co gamma rays are equal to that of 1 MeV electron and 1-7 MeV proton radiation under 0 gate bias condition. Under 5 V gate bias condition, the distinction of threshold voltage shifts （△Vth） generated by ^60Co gamma rays and 1 MeV electrons irradiation are not large, and the radiation damage for protons energy the proton has, the less serious below 9 MeV is always less than the radiation damage becomes. that of ^60Co gamma rays. The lower     

Quantum Energy Current Induced Coherence in a Spin Chain under Non-Markovian Environments

We investigate the time-dependent behaviour of the energy current between a quantum spin chain and its surrounding non-Markovian and finite temperature baths, together with its relationship to the coherence dynamics of the system. To be specific, both the system and the baths are assumed to be initially in thermal equilibrium at temperature Ts and Tb, respectively. This model plays a fundamental role in study of quantum system evolution towards thermal equilibrium in an open system. The non-Markovian quantum state diffusion (NMQSD) equation approach is used to calculate the dynamics of the spin chain. The effects of non-Markovianity, temperature difference and system-bath interaction strength on the energy current and the corresponding coherence in cold and warm baths are analyzed, respectively. We show that the strong non-Markovianity, weak system-bath interaction and low temperature difference will help to maintain the system coherence and correspond to a weaker energy current. Interestingly, the warm baths destroy the coherence while the cold baths help to build coherence. Furthermore, the effects of the Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya (DM) interaction and the external magnetic field on the energy current and coherence are analyzed. Both energy current and coherence will change due to the increase of the system energy induced by the DM interaction and magnetic field. Significantly, the minimal coherence corresponds to the critical magnetic field which causes the first order phase transition.     

Theoretical study on the exciton dynamics of coherent excitation energy transfer in the phycoerythrin 545 light-harvesting complex

The experimental observation of long-lived quantum coherence in the excitation energy transfer(EET)process of the several photosynthetic light-harvesting complexes at low and room temperatures has aroused hot debate.It challenges the common perception in the field of complicated pigment molecular systems and evokes considerable theoretical efforts to seek reasonable explanations.In this work,we investigate the coherent exciton dynamics of the phycoerythrin 545(PE545)complex.We use the dissipation equation of motion to theoretically investigate the effect of the local pigment vibrations on the population transfer process.The result indicates that the realistic local pigment vibrations do assist the energy transmission.We demonstrate the coherence between different pigment molecules in the PE545 system is an essential ingredient in the EET process among various sites.The coherence makes the excitation energy delocalized,which leads to the redistribution of the excitation among all the chromophores in the steady state.Furthermore,we investigate the effects of the complex high-frequency spectral density function on the exciton dynamics and find that the high-frequency Brownian oscillator model contributes most to the exciton dynamic process.The discussions on the local pigment vibrations of the Brownian oscillator model suggest that the local heterogeneous protein environments and the effects of active vibration modes play a significant role in coherent energy transport.     

Competition between carrier recombination and tunneling in quantum dots and rings under the action of electric fields

In the presence of a stationary electric field applied in the growth direction tunneling of electrons out of the quantum dots can take place. This mechanism competes with the quantum confined Stark effect (QCSE) that produces an increase of the exciton lifetime by increasing the electric field, mainly due to a net decrease of the electron–hole wavefunction overlap. The electric field range where QCSE dominates over tunneling will be mainly determined by the size of the nanostructure along the vertical direction (height), as demonstrated in this work.     

Magnetostatic modulation of nonlinear refractive index and absorption in quantum wires

The magnetic-field dependence of the nonlinear differential refractive index Δnand absorption Δα in quantum wires—measured by non-degenerate pump and probe spectroscopy—is investigated theoretically. The nonlinearities arise from population saturation of the excitonic state under optical pumping and the formation of biexcitons (excitonic molecules). Both Δnand Δ α exhibit positive and negative peaks at certain pump and probe detuning frequencies associated with the formation of biexcitons and bleaching of excitons, respectively. The amplitude, lineshape and the frequency at which these peaks occur can be modulated by a magnetic field which opens up the possibility of realizing novel magneto-optical devices. Additionally, the magnetic field may allow us to realize a relatively large variation in the differential refractive index over a range of frequencies without significant accompanying absorption, thereby allowing the observation of optical bistability.     

Optical mixing in InSb

Abstract

In this paper, the authors have derived the expression for the combination frequency components ω₃ = 2ω₁-ω₂ in the current density by solving the appropriate Boltzmann transfer equation for electrons, when two laser beams of frequencies of ω₁ and ω₂ are incident on a degenerate nonparabolic semiconductor viz. InSb; the nonlinearity due to collision mechanism as well as the nonparabolicity of conduction band has been taken into account. The ionized impurity scattering has been considered to be the sole mechanism of electron scattering. The expression for the current density is further substituted in the wave equation to obtain the expression for the amplitude of combination frequency wave in the transmitted component. The calculated value of output power of frequency ω₂ is found to be 1/10th of the experimental value (Patel, Slusher and Fleury, 1966), ⁽⁷⁾ and thus is in better agreement as compared to earlier investigators (Wolff and Pearson, 1966; Kaw, 1968). ^{(5, 10)}     

Polaronic shift of the Wannier-Mott exciton binding energy in a quantum wire with allowance for the phonon confinement effect

Within the framework of the Li-Low-Pines model the interaction of a Wannier-Mott exciton with polar optical phonons in a cylindrical semiconductor wire is studied, taking into account the phonon confinement effect. An analytical expression for the exciton binding energy with allowance for the polaronic effect is obtained. Numerical calculations of the binding energy are carried out for AlAs/GaAs/AlAs and ZnSe/CdSe/ZnSe wires with a various degree of polarity of quantum wire materials. The polaronic shift of the binding energy of light and heavy hole excitons is calculated.     

Computational study of energy transfer in two-dimensional J-aggregates

We perform a computational analysis of the intra- and interband energy transfer in two-dimensional J-aggregates. Each aggregate is represented as a two-dimensional array (LB-film or self-assembled film) of two kinds of cyanine dyes. We consider the J-aggregate whose J-band is located at a shorter wavelength to be a donor and an aggregate or a small impurity with longer wavelength to be an acceptor. Light absorption in the blue wing of the donor aggregate gives rise to the population of its excitonic states. The depopulation of these states is possible by (a) radiative transfer to the ground state, (b) intraband energy transfer, and (c) interband energy transfer to the acceptor. We study the dependence of energy transfer on properties such as the energy gap, the diagonal disorder, and the exciton–phonon interaction strength. Experimentally observable parameters, such as the position and form of luminescence spectrum, and results of the kinetic spectroscopy measurements strongly depend upon the density of states in excitonic bands, rates of energy exchange between states and oscillator strengths for luminescent transitions originating from these states.     

磁量子结构中二维自旋电子的隧穿输运

研究了零偏压和偏置电压作用下磁量子结构中自旋电子的隧穿输运性质. 结果表明电子自旋 输运的性质不仅取决于磁量子结构的构型、入射电子的能量和波矢, 而且取决于偏置电压. 在零偏压下, 由等同的磁垒磁阱构成的磁量子结构不具有自旋过滤的特点, 而由不等同的磁 垒磁阱构成的磁量子结构却具有较好的自旋过滤特点. 偏置电压极大地改变了磁量子结构中 电子的极化程度, 使得电子隧穿等同的磁垒磁阱构成的磁量子结构的输运性质也显著地依赖 于电子的自旋指向. 关键词： 磁量子结构 自旋电子 隧穿输运 自旋极化     

Superconducting and excitonic quantum phase transitions in doped Dirac electronic systems

We investigate the effect of superconducting and excitonic interactions, as well as their competition, on Dirac electrons on a bipartite planar lattice. It is shown that, at half-filling, Cooper pairs and excitons coexist if the superconducting and excitonic coupling parameters are equal and above a threshold corresponding to a quantum critical point. In the case where only the excitonic interaction is present, we obtain a critical chemical potential, as a function of the interaction strength. Conversely, if only the superconducting interaction is considered, we show that the superconducting gap displays a characteristic dome as charge carriers are doped into the system. We also show that, as the chemical potential increases, superconductivity tends to suppress the excitonic order parameter.     

Sustainability of Environment‐Assisted Energy Transfer in Quantum Photobiological Complexes

It is shown that quantum sustainability is a universal phenomenon which emerges during environment‐assisted electronic excitation energy transfer (EET) in photobiological complexes (PBCs), such as photosynthetic reaction centers and centers of melanogenesis. We demonstrate that quantum photobiological systems must be sustainable for them to simultaneously endure continuous energy transfer and keep their internal structure from destruction or critical instability. These quantum effects occur due to the interaction of PBCs with their environment which can be described by means of the reduced density operator and effective non‐Hermitian Hamiltonian (NH). Sustainable NH models of EET predict the coherence beats, followed by the decrease of coherence down to a small, yet non‐zero value. This indicates that in sustainable PBCs, quantum effects survive on a much larger time scale than the energy relaxation of an exciton. We show that sustainable evolution significantly lowers the entropy of PBCs and improves the speed and capacity of EET.     

介观物理基础和近期发展几个方面的简单介绍

低维和介观物理系统的研究是当前凝聚态理论的一个重要方向.文章将从回顾介观物理中的几个基本概念开始,就近年来在量子点、二维电子气和介观物理系统中的电子关联效应等几个方面的研究,简略地介绍介观物理的新发展和机遇.     

介观物理基础和近期发展几个方面的简单介绍

低维和介观物理系统的研究是当前凝聚态理论的一个重要方向.文章将从回顾介观物理中的几个基本概念开始,就近年来在量子点、二维电子气和介观物理系统中的电子关联效应等几个方面的研究,简略地介绍介观物理的新发展和机遇.