超导转变边沿单光子探测器原理与研究进展

量子信息技术近十多年来的快速发展对单光子探测器的性能提出了更高的要求,高性能单光子探测器也因此受到了更多的关注.与传统的单光子探测器相比,超导转变边沿(TES)单光子探测器在探测效率、能量分辨、光子数分辨和暗计数等方面具有突出优势.目前,超导TES单光子探测器已经被成功地应用在量子光学实验和量子密钥分配系统中,未来在量子信息技术等研究领域具有更广泛的应用.本文从超导TES单光子探测器的工作原理、制备流程、测试系统、主要性能指标以及研究现状和进展等方面对该探测器技术进行简要综述.     

超高灵敏度太赫兹超导探测技术发展

太赫兹波段占有宇宙微波背景(CMB)辐射以后宇宙空间近一半的光子能量,该波段在天文学研究中具有不可替代的作用,因此太赫兹天文学的研究,具有极其重要的科学意义。本文系统介绍了基于超高灵敏度太赫兹超导探测技术的太赫兹相干探测器发展状况,包括超导隧道结混频器(SIS)和超导热电子混频器(HEB),以及以超导动态电感探测器(MKIDs)和超导相变边缘探测器(TES)为代表的非相干探测器的研究。在此基础上,展望了该领域未来发展趋势,对我国太赫兹天文探测技术的发展具有一定的参考意义。     

Performance of a superconducting single photon detector with nano-antenna

<正>The performance of single-photon detectors can be enhanced by using nano-antenna.The characteristics of the superconducting nano-wire single-photon detector with cavity plus anti-reflect coating and specially designed nanoantenna is analysed.The photon collection efficiency of the detector is enhanced without damaging the detector’s speed,thus getting rid of the dilemma of speed and efficiency.The characteristics of nano-antenna are discussed,such as the position and the effect of the active area,and the best result is given.The photon collection efficiency is increased by 92 times compared with that of existing detectors.     

PET探测器技术的新进展

PET设备中探测器的研发, 一直是很活跃且具有高创新性的领域。 提高现有基于闪烁晶体探测器的性能, 研究适用于多模式成像设备（PET/CT和PET/MRI）的新型探测器, 满足TOF和DOI技术的需求并促进其发展应用, 构成PET探测器的几个主要研究方向。 介绍了PET探测器在闪烁晶体、 光电探测器和半导体探测器等方面的最新进展, 指出未来最有潜力的探测器设计方案。 The research on PET detector is a very active and highly innovative field. The main research interests of PET detector include improving performances of scintillation crystal detectors, investigating new detectors being suitable for multimodality imaging (e.g., PET/CT and PET/MRI), meeting needs of TOF and DOI technologies in order to promote their development and application. In this paper, new developments in PET detector technology about scintillation crystal, photodetector and semiconductor detector are introduced and the most potential detector design scheme in the future is brought forward.     

On the possibility of application of superconducting tunnel-junction detectors in Mössbauer spectroscopy

It is shown that a Nb-based superconducting tunnel-junction detector can be used to record γ radiation in the energy range from 1 to 15 keV. The possibility of application of such detectors in Mössbauer spectroscopy is discussed. Prospects of application of tantalum absorbers are considered, in particular, the possibility of developing a cryogenic resonant detector for ¹⁸¹Ta.     

NbN superconducting nanowire single photon detector with efficiency over 90% at 1550 nm wavelength operational at compact cryocooler temperature

The rapid development of superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors over the past decade has led to numerous advances in quantum information technology. The record for the best system detection efficiency at an incident photon wavelength of 1550 nm is 93%. This performance was attained from a superconducting nanowire single-photon detector made of amorphous WSi; such detectors are usually operated at sub-Kelvin temperatures. In this study, we first demonstrate superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors made of polycrystalline NbN with system detection efficiency of 90.2% for 1550-nm-wavelength photons at 2.1 K, accessible with a compact cryocooler. The system detection efficiency saturated at 92.1% when the temperature was lowered to 1.8 K. We expect the results lighten the practical and high performance superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors to quantum information and other high-end applications.     

MEGHNAD — A multi element detector array for heavy ion collision studies

In the coming decade, the expanding field of experimental nuclear physics in our country is going to see a quantum leap in research and developmental activities with new accelerator facilities like the variable energy cyclotron with ECR heavy ion source, the upcoming K-500 superconducting cyclotron, both at VECC, Calcutta, and the superconducting linac boosters at both the Pelletron Accelerator Facilities at TIFR, Mumbai and NSC, New Delhi. When heavy ion beam available from such machines fall on a target and undergo collision, very rich and often pristine fields of research open up. In order to carry on such activities, we have taken up a project to build a multi element gamma, heavy ion and neutron array of detectors (MEGHNAD) to detect and study the properties of a wide variety of particles like neutrons, protons, light mass clusters, massive ejected fragments, and gamma rays with good solid angle coverage and efficiency. Design of the detector array, performance of the prototype detector and brief outline of the research programme to be undertaken with the detector array will be discussed. For MEGHNAD Project.     

单光子探测技术

近年来,以量子密钥分配为代表的各种量子信息技术应用获得了飞速发展,这些应用对单光子探测器的性能提出了非常苛刻的要求,以光电倍增管和雪崩光电二极管为代表的传统单光子探测器件已经无法满足需求。在此背景下,出现了以超导单光子探测器为代表的新型低温单光子探测器件,其性能比现有商用单光子探测器有了本质性的提升。本文综述了迄今为止各种类型的单光子探测器,并指出各自在量子信息技术应用中的优势和不足之处以及发展方向。     

ANSYS在气体探测器电场分布计算中的应用

介绍了气体探测器电场分布的计算方法,以计算MSGC探测器单元电场分布为例说明了如何用ANSYS软件包来计算结构较复杂的气体探测器内部电场分布,同时讨论了电场分布对气体探测器性能的影响.     

红外波段单光子探测器及其在量子通信领域中的应用

本文简要介绍了红外波段单光子探测器的种类，分析了InGaAs／InP雪崩光电二极管（InGaAs／InPAPD）与超快超导单光子探测器（SSPD）的相关性能，并概述了二者在量子通信中的应用。     

Dynamics of radiation induced quasiparticles in superconducting tunnel junction detectors

In order to achieve a high resolution in the spectroscopy of low energy X-rays, detectors based on superconducting tunnel junctions as sensors are presently investigated. The knowledge of the processes affecting the signal generation in such sensors is essential for the interpretation of the detector response. Starting from a diffusion model including decay and tunneling of excess quasiparticles in the metal layers of a superconducting tunnel junction detector, the detector response is determined as a function of absorption position and of rate constants. Model predictions agree very well with experimental data. The advantages of a detector employing quasiparticle trapping are pointed out and the parameters determining the signal gain are deduced. The linearity of the detector signal is much more affected by pair recombination of the quasiparticles during their tunneling rather than during their diffusive propagation into the tunneling region.     

基于热敏超导边界转变传感的单光子探测技术

单光子探测是实现光量子信息处理的关键技术之一。基于热敏超导边界转变传感的单光子探测技术以其独有的极低的暗计数率、极高的量子探测效率和极强的光子数分辨能力而倍受关注。对比于其他的几种单光子探测技术,如光电倍增管、工作于盖革模式的雪崩二极管和超导纳米线等,本文将从其探测原理、实验样品制备和信号采集处理方法等方面出发,对基于热敏超导边界转变传感单光子探测技术研究的历史、现状进行综述,进而展望其未来可能的发.     

中国超导电子学研究及应用进展

超导体的发现距今已有近110年了,高温超导体的发现也已经有30多年了.超导材料的电子学应用在最近一二十年取得了突破性进展.高温超导微波器件显示了比传统微波器件更优越的性能,已经在移动通信、雷达和一些特殊通信系统中取得了规模化应用.超导量子干涉器件以其磁场和电流测量的超高灵敏度,成为地质勘探、磁共振成像和生物磁成像等领域不可替代的手段.包括超导隧道结混频器、超导热电子混频器、超导转变沿探测器及超导单光子探测器等在内的超导传感器/探测器可以探测全波段的电磁波及各种宇宙辐射,具有接近量子极限的超高灵敏度,在地球物理、天体物理、量子信息技术、材料科学及生物医学等众多前沿领域发挥越来越重要的作用.超导参量放大器已经成为实现超导量子计算的关键器件.超导集成电路技术已被列入国际器件与系统技术路线图,成为后摩尔时代微电子领域的前沿阵地之一.在计量科学中,超导约瑟夫森效应及约瑟夫森结阵器件被广泛应用于量子电压基准和国际单位制基本单位的重新定义中.在当前的量子信息技术热潮中,超导电子学扮演重要角色,同时量子热潮也大力推动了超导电子学的发展.本文主要对近几年我国超导电子学研究和应用的现状与进展进行概括总结.     

Euroball: Present status and outlook

Euroball is a European project to build a highly efficient and powerful gamma-ray spectrometer for nuclear structure spectroscopy. The project is an amalgamation of recent technical advances in detectors, electronics and data acquisition. In the first phase the spectrometer consists of 30 large single crystal Ge detectors, 26 Clover Ge detectors and 15 Cluster Ge detectors each with an associated suppression shield. The 239 individual Ge detector elements will have a total photopeak efficiency ∈ _p of ≈ 10% and will enable the properties of the atomic nucleus to be studied with a sensitivity up to or better than 10^?5 of the production cross-section. The elements of the spectrometer, including the detectors, the electronics and the data acquisition system, some of the planned ancillary detectors and the first results will be presented. Several developments are under investigation for the upgrade of Euroball for its second phase. These include an inner BGO ball for multiplicity and summed energy determination and inner particle detectors for charged particle identification. These developments will also be discussed.     

微透镜用于高Tc超导薄膜红外探测器的设计与讨论

通过分析现有的基于在高温超导体超导转变温区的热效应及光子效应的薄膜型器件的结构特 点和光电特性,讨论了利用单片折射型微透镜进行高温超导薄膜红外探测器光电响应性能改 善的可行性,给出了几种典型的可与高温超导薄膜红外探测器耦合的单片面阵硅折射型微透镜阵列的SEM测试结果及主要的几项参数指标。     

Optoelectronic Devices: Design,Modeling, and Simulation,by Xun Li

A historical survey of the development of solid-state detectors is given, and it is shown why semiconductor detectors are superior to the earlier crystal counters. The physical processes which occur during the detection of nuclear radiation in a solid-state device are considered in detail, and the merits of the reverse-biased semiconductor junction in silicon or germanium are set out. Factors which determine the energy resolution of such a detector are analysed, and also the effects of radiation damage. The preparation of such detectors is not treated in detail, but the physical principles on which the important types of detector depend are described. The final section surveys the field of applications of solid-state detectors in nuclear physics, radiochemical analysis, space research, medicine and biology.     

P-型半导体探测器在放射治疗中的剂量特性研究

电子束半导体探测器的测量精度易受到射线的能量、剂量率、入射方向和环境温度等条件的影响。此外,电子束测量射野中半导体探测器的存在将干扰均匀射野剂量场的正常分布。通过对P-型电子束半导体探测器在不同的电子束照射条件下的实际剂量测量,定量地评估了不同照射条件下电子束半导体探测器的剂量特性,以及它对电子束均匀照射野扰动的影响。The measurement accuracy of electron beam by using semiconductor detector is easily affected by beam energy, dose rate, beam incidence direction, environment temperature etc. Furthermore, the presence of the detectors on the patient surface perturbs the distribution of the radiation field. In the paper, the dose characteristics of semiconductor detector are quantitatively discussed. The perturbation of the symmetrical radiation field is investigated based on the measured results of P-type electron beam detector under different clinical conditions.     

The Application of Superconducting Tunnel Junction Detectors to Astronomy

Detectors based on the superconducting-insulating-superconducting (SIS) junction long ago surpassed Schottky-diode semiconductor detectors as the most sensitive heterodyne mixers in the millimeter and submillimeter (far-infrared) wavelength range. Other novel superconducting device configurations have been applied as direct detectors. Though still in the early stages of development, and yet to find widespread application, they have demonstrated advantages over traditional semiconductor detectors in specialized situations. Exciting progress has been made in recent years in developing the superconducting tunnel junctions (STJ) as a photon detector for optical and near-optical wavelengths, where silicon CCD's are currently dominant. I examine some of the areas in which the properties of STJ detectors may best match the instrument capabilities that astronomical observations require, and discuss the implications of the intrinsic spectral resolution of the STJ. This capability will enable a significant increase in observing efficiency, once the technology matures, that should justify increased complexity of cryogenic systems, particularly for instruments to be used on the next generation of large ground-based telescopes.     

Detecting itinerant single microwave photons

Single-photon detectors are fundamental tools of investigation in quantum optics and play a central role in measurement theory and quantum informatics. Photodetectors based on different technologies exist at optical frequencies and much effort is currently being spent on pushing their efficiencies to meet the demands coming from the quantum computing and quantum communication proposals. In the microwave regime, however, a single-photon detector has remained elusive, although several theoretical proposals have been put forth. In this article, we review these recent proposals, especially focusing on non-destructive detectors of propagating microwave photons. These detection schemes using superconducting artificial atoms can reach detection efficiencies of 90% with the existing technologies and are ripe for experimental investigations.