声波作用下球形颗粒外声流分布的数值模拟

综合考虑声学边界层内的热损失和黏性损失,建立处于平面驻波声压波节位置二维球形颗粒外声流计算模型,利用分离时间尺度的数值方法对颗粒外声流流场特征进行模拟.将模拟结果与相应的解析解和实验结果对比,验证了数值模拟的可靠性.在此基础上,研究了雷诺数Re和斯特劳哈尔数Sr对球形颗粒声学边界层内二阶声流流场结构、涡流强度及范围的影...     

电动声源热声致冷机声学和计算实例

我们将各种热声致机简化为一包括声学终端在内的声管道系统，并通过实例讨论了致冷机的声学特性，该管道系统与一般声管道不同：１．在热声堆中热波和粘滞波不可不计。２．在热声堆与声管连接时，必需考虑合成波的体积流；而热声堆内只需考虑传播波的体积流。本文对此提出了阻抗连接条件的修正。实例使用电动扬声器为声源，给出了热声行波和驻波致冷的声学计算方法以及它们的声学特性，所用扬声器的标称伏安为１００ＶＡ，可为热声致     

Mean force on a small sphere in a sound field in a viscous fluid

A mean force exerted on a small rigid sphere by a sound wave in a viscous fluid is calculated. The force is expressed as a sum of drag force coming from the external steady flow existing in the absence of the sphere and contributions that are cross products of velocity and velocity derivatives of the incident field. Because of the drag force and an acoustic streaming generated near the sphere, the mean force does not coincide with the acoustic radiation pressure, i.e., the mean momentum flux carried by the sound field through any surface enclosing the sphere. If the sphere radius R is considerably smaller than the viscous wave penetration depth delta, the drag force can give the leading-order contribution (in powers of delta/R) to the mean force and the latter can then be directed against the radiation pressure. In another limit, delta< or =R, the drag force and acoustic streaming play a minor role, and the mean force reduces to the radiation pressure, which can be expressed through source strengths of the scattered sound field. The effect of viscosity can then be significant only if the incident wave is locally plane traveling.     

A thermoacoustic-Stirling heat engine: detailed study

A new type of thermoacoustic engine based on traveling waves and ideally reversible heat transfer is described. Measurements and analysis of its performance are presented. This new engine outperforms previous thermoacoustic engines, which are based on standing waves and intrinsically irreversible heat transfer, by more than 50%. At its most efficient operating point, it delivers 710 W of acoustic power to its resonator with a thermal efficiency of 0.30, corresponding to 41% of the Carnot efficiency. At its most powerful operating point, it delivers 890 W to its resonator with a thermal efficiency of 0.22. The efficiency of this engine can be degraded by two types of acoustic streaming. These are suppressed by appropriate tapering of crucial surfaces in the engine and by using additional nonlinearity to induce an opposing time-averaged pressure difference. Data are presented which show the nearly complete elimination of the streaming convective heat loads. Analysis of these and other irreversibilities show which components of the engine require further research to achieve higher efficiency. Additionally, these data show that the dynamics and acoustic power flows are well understood, but the details of the streaming suppression and associated heat convection are only qualitatively understood.     

Droplet combustion in standing sound waves

Interaction between droplet combustion and acoustic oscillation is clarified. As the simplest model, an isolated fuel droplet is combusted in a standing sound wave. Apart from the conventional idea that oscillatory component of flow influences heat and mass transfer and promotes combustion, a new model that a secondary flow dominates combustion promotion is examined. The secondary flow, found by the authors in the previous work, is driven by acoustic radiation force due to Reynolds normal stress, and named as thermo-acoustic streaming. Since the force is described by the same equation as buoyancy, i.e., F = ΔρVg, the nature of the streaming is thought to be the same as natural convection. The flow patterns of the streaming are analyzed and its influence on burning rate of a droplet is predicted. Experimental investigation was mainly done with burning droplets located in the middle of node and anti-node of standing sound waves. This location realizes the strongest streaming. By varying sound pressure level, ambient pressure, and acoustic frequency, the strength of the streaming was controlled. Flame configuration including soot and burning rate were examined. Microgravity conditions were employed to clarify the influence of acoustic field through the streaming, since it is similar to and must be distinguished from natural convection. Experiments using microgravity conditions confirmed the new combustion promotion model and the way to quantify it. By introducing a new non-dimensional number Gr_a, that is the ratio of acoustic radiation force to viscosity, burning rate constants for various ambient and sound conditions are rearranged. As a result, it was found that the excess burning rate (k/k₀ − 1) is proportional to or , for weak sound and for strong sound, respectively.     

Acoustic streaming in a rotating fluid

Acoustic streaming theory is derived that is applicable to a fluid that is slow moving in a reference frame that rotates with a constant angular velocity omega. A simplified streaming equation is obtained for the special case in which the acoustic angular frequency omega is large relative to omega, and the change in fluid density due to rotation alone is negligible. For this special case it is shown that the "driving force" for the acoustic streaming is independent of omega. Thus, if no acoustic streaming is present in a fluid system that is stationary, then no steady-state acoustic streaming is predicted for a similar system that rotates with constant angular velocity. For a system in which acoustic streaming is present, the flow behavior depends on the relative magnitudes of the Coriolis forces and the viscous forces. If the Ekman number is large (that is, the viscous force dominates) then the predicted flow is identical to that which would exist in a stationary system. If, on the other hand, the Ekman number is small then the Coriolis force dominates and the component of flow in the direction of the axis of rotation can be much smaller in the rotating system than in a similar system at rest.     

Acoustic rotational manipulation using orbital angular momentum transfer

We report on the first quantitative test of acoustic orbital angular momentum transfer to a sound absorbing object immersed in a viscous liquid. This is done by realizing an original experiment that is to spin a millimeter-size target disk using an ultrasonic vortex beam. We demonstrate the balance between the acoustic radiation torque calculated from the Brillouin stress tensor and the viscous torque evaluated from the steady state spinning frequency. Moreover, we unveil a rotational acoustic streaming phenomenon that results from the acoustic angular momentum transfer to the host fluid. We show that it lowers the viscous torque, thereby restoring the torque balance.     

An acoustic streaming instability in thermoacoustic devices utilizing jet pumps

Thermoacoustic-Stirling hybrid engines and feedback pulse tube refrigerators can utilize jet pumps to suppress streaming that would otherwise cause large heat leaks and reduced efficiency. It is desirable to use jet pumps to suppress streaming because they do not introduce moving parts such as bellows or membranes. In most cases, this form of streaming suppression works reliably. However, in some cases, the streaming suppression has been found to be unstable. Using a simple model of the acoustics in the regenerators and jet pumps of these devices, a stability criterion is derived that predicts when jet pumps can reliably suppress streaming.     

Thermoacoustics with idealized heat exchangers and no stack

A model is developed for thermoacoustic devices that have neither stack nor regenerator. These "no-stack" devices have heat exchangers placed close together in an acoustic standing wave of sufficient amplitude to allow individual parcels of gas to enter both exchangers. The assumption of perfect heat transfer in the exchangers facilitates the construction of a simple model similar to the "moving parcel picture" that is used as a first approach to stack-based engines and refrigerators. The model no-stack cycle is shown to have potentially greater inviscid efficiency than a comparable stack model. However, losses from flow through the heat exchangers and on the walls of the enclosure are greater than those in a stack-based device due to the increased acoustic pressure amplitude. Estimates of these losses in refrigerators are used to compare the possible efficiencies of real refrigerators made with or without a stack. The model predicts that no-stack refrigerators can exceed stack-based refrigerators in efficiency, but only for particular enclosure geometries.     

Enhanced thermal conductance at a copper-liquid helium interface in the presence of acoustic streaming

In a conventional Kapitza resistance experiment involving heat transfer across a copper surface into liquid helium, an acoustic streaming velocity field (at 10 MHz) was directed transverse to the surface normal. Ultrasound had no observable effect on the heat transfer to the superfluid phase (He-II), but in the normal fluid phase (He-I) the thermal conductance increased linearly with acoustic velocity amplitude, reaching a value 2.5 times the zero sound conductance for a sound velocity amplitude of 0.8 cm s^?1.     

Oscillation and Migration of Bubbles within Ultrasonic Field

The oscillation and migration of bubbles within an intensive ultrasonic field are important issues concerning acoustic cavitation in liquids.We establish a selection map of bubble oscillation mode related to initial bubble radius and driving sound pressure under 20 kHz ultrasound and analyze the individual-bubble migration induced by the combined effects of pressure gradient and acoustic streaming.Our results indicate that the pressure threshold of stable and transient cavitation decreases with the increasing initial bubble radius.At the pressure antinode,the Bjerknes force dominates the bubble migration, resulting in the large bubbles gathering toward antinode center,whereas small bubbles escape from antinode.By contrast,at the pressure node,the bubble migration is primarily controlled by acoustic streaming,which effectively weakens the bubble adhesion on the container walls,thereby enhancing the cavitation effect in the whole liquid.     

Stability analysis of the rotor of ultrasonic motor driving fluid directly

The stability of the rotor of ultrasonic motor driving fluid directly is a key to its applications and control. This paper introduced the acoustic streaming and acoustic viscous stress near the boundary layer. Following this, the effect of acoustic viscous force on the stability of the rotor of ultrasonic motor driving fluid directly was presented in detail. The result showed that this system can be equivalent to a mass-spring and the spring constant can be used to weigh the stability of the rotor. By this model and relevant experiments, factors that affect the stability of the rotor such as the driving frequency, the rotor's weight and radius, the saturated acoustic streaming velocity, the mode number of stator vibration, the fluid's height and type are investigated and useful guidelines for design and application are obtained.     

Investigation on influencing factors of acoustic streaming in thermoacoustic waveguides with slowly varying cross-section

The influencing factors of acoustic streaming in thermoacoustic waveguides with slowly varying cross-section are analyzed based on theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. The distribution curves of acoustic streaming velocity in waveguides with different characteristic scales are presented in several specific cases.The results show that appropriate forms of varying cross-section can strengthen or weaken acoustic streaming for specific acoustic fields and the thermophysical parameters have no effect on this part.In addition,the influence of time-average temperature distribution on acoustic streaming is substantial in tubes with a width of the order of the thermal penetration depth.Without time-average temperature distribution,the effect of heat conduction on acoustic streaming is great in tubes whose width is an order of about 10 to 20 times the viscous penetration depth.     

Acoustic force model for the fluid flow under standing waves

An acoustic Strouhal number is introduced to demonstrate that the viscosity of fluid can be ignored in the process of sound propagation and acoustic streaming is independent on the frequency of the acoustic wave. Furthermore, acoustic force based on the periodic velocity fluctuation caused by standing acoustic wave is introduced into Navier–Stokes equation in order to describe the fluid flow in the acoustic boundary layer. The numerical results show that the predicted results are consistent with the analytic solution. And the effect of the nonlinear terms cannot be ignored so the analytic solution derived by boundary-velocity condition is only an approximation for acoustic streaming.     

渐变截面热声波导管内的声流影响因素分析

通过理论分析和数值仿真,对渐变截面热声波导管内声流各影响因素进行了具体的分析,并给出了不同情形下波导管内的声流速度分布特性曲线。研究表明,热物理参数对渐变截面导致的声流变化无影响,针对具体的声场设计合适的截面变化形式可以使得管内声流在整体上得到一定程度的抑制或加强。此外,当波导管截面尺度与热穿透深度同数量级时,轴向时均温度分布对声流的影响十分显著。当不存在非零时均温度梯度时,热传导效应对声流的影响在管截面尺度为黏性穿透深度约10至20倍量级时最大。      

Analytic model of acoustic streaming in thermoacoustic waveguides with slowly varying cross-section

An analytic model of acoustic streaming generated in two-dimensional thermoa-coustic waveguides with slowly varying cross-section was developed for more general applications. The analytical solutions of acoustic streaming characteristics in the closed straight tube and the annular tube are given based on the model.The solution for the closed straight tube can be applied to the case with any transverse scale.The solution for the annular tube is obtained under the assumption that the width of the varying cross-section part is much larger than the viscous and thermal penetration depths.The effects of cross-section variation,time-averaged temperature distribution and components of sound field are reflected in the analytic solutions. The magnitude and distribution of acoustic streaming velocity vary with the characteristic scale of the waveguides.The analytic model of acoustic streaming can be applied in research under thermoacoustic and other physical backgrounds.     

渐变截面热声波导管内的声流解析模型

建立了二维渐变截面热声波导管内的声流模型,分别考虑了封闭直管和环形回路两种不同结构,获得了更为普适的解析结果。封闭直管结构的声流结果可应用于任意宽度的波导管,环路结构的结果考虑了渐变截面管段宽度远大于热、黏穿透深度的情形。研究结果表明,渐变截面热声波导管内的声流主要受声场结构、截面变化及轴向时均温度分布的影响,在其它参量不变时声流量值及分布随波导管特征尺度的不同而变化。该解析模型可应用于热声及其它物理背景下的声流分析。      

Acoustic streaming in a sound field near a free boundary

Stationary acoustic streaming that occurs near the free boundary of a compressible viscous liquid in the field of a standing sound wave excited along this boundary is theoretically investigated.