A high-gradient accelerator based on a faster-than-light radiation source

A wide-band microwave generator using a faster-than-light source is proposed to be used as a charged particle accelerator. According to theoretical estimates, an electric field amplitude as high as ～10¹¹ V/m or more can be attained at the focus of a paraboloidal emitting surface with a focal parameter of ～1 m. These estimates are supported by numerical calculations. The schematic diagram of such an accelerator is suggested.     

Fluxes of high- and ultrahigh-energy cosmic-ray muons

The positive excess of cosmic-ray muons at energies higher than 1 TeV is estimated taking into account the data obtained from accelerator experiments on the production of particle and antiparticles in proton-proton interactions at energies of ～20 TeV. The fluxes of cosmic-ray muons at energies up to ～10¹¹ GeV and the production functions of muon bremsstrahlung photons at different depths in the atmosphere are calculated with due regard for the contribution from the decay of J/ψ mesons. The analysis performed is based on the accelerator data and their extrapolation to higher energies.     

RIKEN 18GHzECR离子源上金属离子的产生

At RIKEN,three ECR ion sources(10GHz ECRIS,18GHz ECRIS and liquid He-free SC-ECRIS) are operated as external ion sources of heavy ion accelerators.In the last year,multi-charged uranium ion beam was produced from 18GHz ECRIS by using UF_6 and the ~(238)U ion was successfully accelerated by the accelerator complex which consists of the RFQ linear accelerator,RIKEN heavy ion linear accelerator(RILAC)and RIKEN ring cyclotron accelerator(RRC).The typical beam intensity of~(238)U~(14 ) was about 2pμA on faraday cup after analysing magnet.~(70)Zn beam was still supplied for the new super-heavy element search experiment with insertion method.Intense beam of~(70)Zn~(16 ) was produced for long term(～43 days)without vacuum break and remarkably low material consumption rate(～100μgr/h).We already supplied Zn beam longer than 200 days for this experiment.~(48)Ca ion was also produced by insertion method using~(48)CaO rod for the nuclear physics experiment.In this contribution,we will present ion source parameter and techniques for production of each of the metal ions.     

Modeling self-organization of nano-size vacancy clusters in stochastic systems subjected to irradiation

We study the self-organization of vacancy clusters in irradiated materials under reactor and accelerator conditions. Using a continuum stochastic model we take into account dynamics of point defects and their sinks with elastic interactions of vacancies. Dynamics of vacancy clusters formation is studied analytically and numerically. We have shown a difference in patterning dynamics at irradiation under reactor and accelerator conditions. The external noise influence related to fluctuation in a defect production rate is studied in detail. Applying our approach to pure nickel irradiated under different conditions we have shown that vacancy clusters having a linear size ～eq 6 nm can arrange in a statistical periodic structure with nano-meter range. We have found that the linear size of vacancy clusters at accelerator conditions decreases down to 20%, whereas a period of vacancy clusters reduces to 6.5%.     

Influence of Crosslink Density on Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber Vulcanizates

Crosslink density is an important structural parameter for cured rubber. Natural rubber (NR) vulcanizates with different crosslink densities were obtained through using different sulfur and accelerator amounts and different accelerator types. The crosslink density was characterized by an ¹ H-NMR technique and its influence on mechanical properties, such as Shore A hardness, 300% modulus, tensile strength, and elongation at break, of NR vulcanizates was investigated. The results showed that both the sulfur amount and the accelerator type and amount had an influence on the crosslink density of the NR networks. The relationship between total crosslink density and mechanical properties was also studied. The results, by changing either the sulfur or the accelerator amount, showed that tensile strength of NR vulcanizates reached maximum value when the total crosslink density was around 13.5 × 10^?5 mol/cm³, equivalently the average molecular weight of the intercrosslink chains (Mc) was around 7000 g/mol. The maximum value of tensile strength came from the balance between contributions of crosslink joints and stretch-induced orientation and/or crystallization of intercrosslink chains. The study on influence of total crosslink density on Shore A hardness and 300% modulus of NR vulcanizates showed that they both increased linearly with the crosslink density, the slopes were 2.7 ～ 3.0 cm³/10^?5 mol and 0.27 ～ 0.31 MPa cm³/10^?5 mol for Shore A hardness and 300% modulus, respectively, whether the crosslink density was varied by sulfur or accelerator.     

Effective erosion coefficient and plasma velocity limitation in the channel of an electromagnetic rail accelerator

The concept of an effective erosion coefficient, which takes into account the capture and entrainment in motion (by accelerated plasma) of only part of the erosion mass lost by rail accelerator electrodes, is introduced to describe the plasma acceleration dynamics in the channel of an electromagnetic rail accelerator. This parameter is determined from a comparison of the experimental and calculated plasma velocities at the stage of velocity saturation. The plasma velocity is calculated using a model that takes into account the pressure force of a shock-compressed gas and the deceleration force that appears during the capture of the erosion mass by a plasma piston. The ratio of the captured mass to the mass lost by the electrodes is found to depend on the current; for copper, this ratio is 1/4–2/3. The effective erosion coefficient is 0.6–0.7 mg/C at a current of ～40 kA.     

BEPCII直线加速器数字延时触发器的设计与实现

针对北京正负电子对撞机II期(BEPC II)直线加速器升级改造过程中束流位置探测器(BPM)电子学对外部触发信号的需求,设计了一台高精度延时控制、上升时间短和参数灵活调节的数字延时触发器。采用FPGA(现场可编程门阵列)作为主控制器展开设计,重点介绍了基于FPGA的边沿检测模块和多通道延时处理模块的设计与仿真,描述了FPGA和驱动电路的设计方案以及在直线加速器上的应用。经测试,延时可调范围4 ns^4μs,最小步进4 ns,步进误差0.125%;上升时间2 ns,延时抖动135.4 ps。     

“闪光二号”加速器HPIB的产生及应用初步结果

主要给出了“闪光二号”加速器高功率离子束(HPIB)产生及应用研究的初步结果.介绍了强箍缩反射离子束二极管的结构及工作原理，给出了考虑阴阳极产生的等离子体运动对二极管间隙影响的饱和顺位流修正公式.实验得到的离子束峰值能量约500keV，峰值电流约160kA.介绍了利用高功率离子束(质子束)轰击¹⁹F靶产生6—7MeV准单能脉冲γ射线的初步实验结果，给出了利用高功率脉冲离子束模拟1keV黑体辐射x射线对材料的热-力学效应初步研究结果. 关键词： 高功率离子束 箍缩二极管 准单能脉冲γ射线 热-力学效应     

高亮度虚火花电子束发射度的测量

介绍了对一台脉冲线加速器驱动虚火花放电装置产的电子束发射度的测量工作。在十隙虚火花放电室中育以１５Ｐａ的氮气，产生能量为约２００ｋｅＶ，束流２０００Ａ，直径为１ｍｍ和高亮度电子束。在距阳极５ｃｍ处测得电子束的均方根发射度εｒｍｓ≈４８ｍｍ．ｍｒａｄ，规一化发射率εｎ≈４７ｍｍ．ｍｒａｄ。     

强流短脉冲相对论速调管放大器实验研究

 利用无箔空心石墨阴极和0.65T的脉冲引导磁场，从Sinus加速器二极管引出了电压约750kV、电流约8.6kA、脉宽40ns的环形电子束，经过输入腔和中间腔间隙调制后,得到了7kA/43ns的基波调制电流，经过输出腔间隙后，得到了2.1GW/15ns的最大微波输出功率，束波转换效率33％，最高增益为40dB,并发现脉冲缩短现象。     

A SASE free electron laser optimization based on new generation in-vacuum undulators

Optimization studies for an accelerator based light source, namely self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE) free electron laser (FEL), based on new generation in-vacuum hybrid and superconducting undulator configurations, are compared and discussed. It is shown that the FEL wavelength should be down to soft X-rays ($～3\mathrm{nm}$) part of the spectrum while keeping the same linear accelerator (linac) energy about 1 GeV. On the other hand, numerical calculations and simulation results of the main performance parameters for SASE operation (1D gain length, saturation power and saturation length), are optimized. Finally, technological advantages and challenges for both cases, are briefly mentioned.     

电子帘加速器中阴栅组件结构的数字化设计

 在电子帘加速器的电子枪阴栅组件的结构设计中引入有限元分析法，研究不同材料不同结构的阴栅组件的温度场及其分布，进而得到了优化的结构及热源参数。在以2.35kW电功率加载于直径为１mm的热源钨丝时，在发射体上获得了产生稳定电子束流所需的1 400~1 430℃的均匀温度场，设计结构的热效率达到75%。计算中采用了一种迭代方法，只需4次迭代计算就获得了收敛的计算结果，从而在计算中能够采用各材料准确的热物性参数，使计算过程简洁有效。     

一台基于串级二极管技术的高强度脉冲硬X射线源

介绍了利用串级二极管产生高强度脉冲硬X射线的方法及其辐射场参数。以“闪光二号”加速器为平台,通过适应性改造,产生快前沿电压脉冲;研制了两级阻抗1 Ω串级二极管,通过串联分压降低二极管端电压、各级二极管电子束独立打靶在空间叠加形成高强度均匀辐射场。解决了悬浮电极绝缘支撑、二极管阴极均匀发射等技术难题,实现了串级二极管的稳定工作。在总电压约700 kV、电流约310 kA条件下,X射线平均能量87 keV,500 cm2上的平均能注量36 mJ/cm2,剂量均匀性（最大值比最小值）达到2∶1。     

SASE自由电子激光

 SASE自由电子激光可以产生短至0.1nm的高亮度（峰值亮度比当前的第三代同步辐射高10个量级;平均亮度高3~5个量级）、短脉冲（脉冲长度小于2个量级、达到亚皮秒水平）硬X射线相干光。因而被称为是继第三代同步辐射之后的第四代光源。SASE依据的是高增益自由电子激光原理,利用了光阴极微波电子枪技术和电子直线加速器技术。综述了SASE的历史发展、基本原理、基本结构、主要物理特征和对电子束的要求。     

Radiation characteristics and implosion dynamics of tungsten wire array Z-pinches on the YANG accelerator

We investigated the radiation characteristics and implosion dynamics of low-wire-number cylindrical tungsten wire array Z-pinches on the YANG accelerator with a peak current 0.8-1.1 MA and a rising time ～ 90 ns.The arrays are made up of(8-32)×5 μm wires 6/10 mm in diameter and 15 mm in height.The highest X-ray power obtained in the experiments was about 0.37 TW with the total radiation energy ～ 13 kJ and the energy conversion efficiency ～ 9%(24×5 μm wires,6 mm in diameter).Most of the X-ray emissions from tungsten Z-pinch plasmas were distributed in the spectral band of 100-600 eV,peaked at 250 and 375 eV.The dominant wavelengths of the wire ablation and the magneto-Rayleigh-Taylor instability were found and analyzed through measuring the time-gated self-emission and laser interferometric images.Through analyzing the implosion trajectories obtained by an optical streak camera,the run-in velocities of the Z-pinch plasmas at the end of the implosion phase were determined to be about(1.3-2.1)×10 7 cm/s.     

单壳层喷气Z箍缩内爆特性分析

在“阳”加速器（电流峰值为500—850 kA,上升时间约为85 ns）上利用单壳层喷气负载开展了Z箍缩等离子体内爆实验,获得了等离子体的辐射产额、X光辐射图像等诊断结果.利用相应的诊断结果,定义了内爆时间,对内爆过程的主要阶段进行了划分,研究了等离子体位形、辐射强度分布等实验现象,同时对等离子体的内爆轨迹、内爆质量、径向收缩比、磁流体不稳定性等进行了初步分析. 关键词： Z箍缩')" href="#">喷气负载Z箍缩 等离子体内爆 X光辐射功率 “阳”加速器     

多脉冲励磁下铁氧体及非晶磁环的磁特性

感应脉冲加速器的磁芯通常为铁氧体或非晶材料,而感应腔磁芯在工作脉冲下的磁性能是决定感应加速脉冲波形好坏的重要因素。搭建了低压多脉冲实验平台对铁氧体和非晶小磁环分别进行MHz重复频率的多脉冲励磁,对励磁线圈上的电压电流波形进行监测,绘制了多脉冲励磁下磁环的磁化曲线,并结合含磁芯线圈动态电感量的递推公式计算出磁环在多脉冲励磁过程中磁导率的变化曲线;在高压三脉冲实验平台上对铁氧体磁芯和非晶磁芯实验感应腔进行了高压三脉冲实验,得到的磁芯多脉冲磁化规律与低压实验的结果一致。最后对两种磁环在多脉冲励磁下的磁性能差异进行了对比分析。     

“阳”加速器钛丝X箍缩光源辐射特性实验研究

为了利用X箍缩产生的点光源作为背光光源对丝阵Z箍缩内爆早期的负 载内部结构进行背光照相, 在"阳"加速器(电流峰值为500-800 kA, 上升时间约80 ns)上开展了钛丝(丝交叉角度为60°) X箍缩光源辐射特性的初步实验研究. 通过X射线二极管探测器、透射光栅谱仪、晶体谱仪和狭缝相机等诊断设备获取了箍缩点光源的辐射功率达到1.5 GW左右, 辐射能量约为1 J, 光子能量为keV量级的辐射能谱范围主要集中在1-4 keV能段, 点光源尺寸小于15 μm, 其时间尺度(辐射脉冲半高宽)达到了200 ps. 对光源特征信息进行了初步分析, 同时掌握了有效获取钛丝X箍缩单脉冲点光源的方法.     

刻槽绝缘子真空表面闪络特性分析

基于一台长脉冲低阻抗强流相对论电子束加速器,对聚四氟乙烯、高分子量聚乙烯和聚碳酸酯在真空百ns高压脉冲下的绝缘特性进行了测量,重点研究了周期刻槽结构对材料绝缘强度的提升能力。实验表明:刻槽结构的引入可以有效地提高介质材料的闪络时延;聚碳酸酯是3种材料中比较优越的一个,刻槽处理可以使其闪络延时获得90%左右的提升。扫描电镜分析的结果也表明材料的表面特性是影响介质样品闪络时延的一个重要因素。     

神龙一号轫致辐射靶靶区回流离子测量

神龙一号直线感应加速器(LIA)产生的强流高功率的脉冲电子束与X光转换靶作用后可以产生高剂量的X光,同时由于转换靶的被烧蚀破坏在靶面产生回流离子,该回流离子的存在影响到电子束的聚焦。设计了4套法拉第筒及其对应的偏压电路,法拉第筒被放置在神龙一号X光转换靶上游不同位置,分布在电子束轴线两侧,电路设计最高偏压为1 kV;对神龙一号LIA的X光转换靶面产生的回流离子进行了实验测量,分别得到回流正离子密度约在1021/m3,离子运动速度可达2～3 mm/s。计算比较表明,该离子流强度与神龙一号靶前电子束流相差很大,只有电子束流强的0.27%,对神龙一号电子束聚焦不会造成影响。