应用物理学科新专业——液晶器件物理

世纪之交,物理学科正面临着发展创新的机遇和挑战,液晶物理学科正是物理学家们新的用武之地;液晶器件物理专业正是适应信息显示高新技术产业需要应运而生的前途无量的应用物理学科专业。几年来,河北工业大学应用物理系坚持液晶器件物理特色专业办学方向,毕业生就业形势看好,成为目前国内培养液晶产业工程师的摇篮。     

从液晶显示到液晶生物膜理论：软凝聚态物理在交叉学科发展中的创新机遇

世界之交,物理学正在与化学、材料科学、生命科学等相互交叉形成新的学科,凝聚态物理为例,在传统的固体物理以外,最近几年又诞生了一门新学科－－软件体物理、或称为复杂流体,液晶 物质凝聚态的重要研究对象,６０年代发展起来的液晶显示技术与７０年代创立的液晶生物膜理论,充分显示了软凝聚态物理在２１世纪的信息与生命科学时代将发挥重要的基础学科作用,是科学技术富于创新发展的领域。     

Thermo-Optical Effects and Fiber Optic Sensing Device Based on Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystals

In this article, the thermo-optical properties of polymer dispersed liquid crystals (PDLCs) in confined geometry are experimentally investigated to demonstrate the feasibility of a fiber optic sensing device based on PDLCs.

Since an unexpected behavior of PDLCs in confined geometry has been experienced, a systematic study of PDLCs' thermo-optical properties in bulk is presented also to point out principal differences. Finally, bistable all fiber optic temperature sensors, in which a PDLC permits at the same time the opto-mechanical interconnection of two fibers and the modulation of light crossing the device, has been realized and characterized, for the first time. Being the modulation controlled by external temperature, the device has been proven to be suitable for the realization of a heat flow sensor. The sensor presents the typical advantages of both fiber optic sensors and liquid crystal technology.

Moreover, due to its small thermal capacity, it should exhibit little influence on thermal equilibrium and, above all, it represents a significant improvement compared to a temperature fiber optic sensor based on liquid crystals (presented in the literature).     

发光液晶材料的合成及发光特性研究

具有聚集诱导发光增强效应的发光液晶材料,能有效地解决一般发光材料聚集时荧光猝灭和液晶自组装之间的矛盾,在液晶显示等领域有极大的应用价值。本文报道了一种自发光液晶材料(2Z,2'Z)-2,2'-(1,4-亚苯基)二(3-(4-己氧基)苯基)丙烯腈(PHPA)。研究了PHPA的聚集态发光性质、溶剂化效应、热力学性质及发光各向异性。结果表明,PHPA同时具有聚集态诱导发光增强效应和液晶性,其有序取向的薄膜发出的光具有各向异性。该发光液晶材料应用于液晶显示将能简化器件结构、增加亮度、对比度和能效。     

聚合物分散液晶增强散射的理想模型

介绍聚合物分散液晶技术新进展,应用光学原理对液晶微滴增强散射问题进行研究,提出液晶微滴最佳间距判据,液晶微滴间隔处聚合物材料光学厚度满足增反膜条件;提出液晶微滴最佳直径判据,液晶微滴直径满足双折射相消干涉条件;提出聚合物与液晶最佳配比的计算方法,应用晶体学原子堆积致密度知识给出最佳配比的计算结果.建立一种聚合物分散液晶增强散射的理想模型,进而从更基本的光学原理出发对异常散射理论模拟计算和实验上确定的液晶微滴最佳直径和聚合物与液晶最佳配比问题给出十分简单明确的理论解释.     

太阳光对液晶显示器件光学特性的影响

太阳光对液晶显示器件的影响主要表现在它对其液晶显示器件光稳定性和寿命的影响,从而引起液晶显示器件的迅速老化。通过用分光光度计测量经过不同时间太阳光辐照后液晶显示器件的光谱特性,研究长时间阳光辐照对液晶显示器件的光学性能的影响,分析其光学性能的变化。结果表明, B组普通计算器液晶显示器和C组电话液晶显示器两组液晶片的光学特性类似,品质较好;而A组台式计算器液晶显示器液晶片的老化问题明显比B, C两组严重,品质较差。液晶显示器件长时间受阳光辐照,液晶结构会相应发生变化,光学性能也发生相应变化,表现为液晶表面变黄发黑,其光谱透射特性明显下降。这与液晶材料及制作工艺有关。     

位相调制的实时联合变换相关器

提出一种位相调制的实时联合变换相关器。它采用液晶显示屏作为输入器件，用液晶光阀记录和显示联合功率谱。利用液晶显示屏上的光栅状结构的衍射级，提高光能的利用率，并充分利用液晶光阀的有效使用面积。采用成像透镜放大各衍射级的联合频谱，适应液晶光阀较低的分辨率要求。在相关器的光路中插入两块倾斜的平行平面玻璃板，以改变各衍射级的参考图像和目标图像之间的位相差。这种方法可产生比传统的实时联合变换相关器更好的输出相关性能。实验结果证实了该系统设计及性能分析的正确性     

外电场作用下液晶指向矢分布差分迭代求解及液晶盒视角电光特性研究

根据液晶连续体弹性形变理论,本文首次提出液晶指向矢在外电场作用下分布的差分迭带求解法,实践表明该方法具有稳定性好,速度快,结果准确等特点,并适用于各种模式的液晶盒.在运用该方法求得液晶指向矢分布的前提下,结合消法布里-珀罗干涉快速4×4矩阵法,对液晶显示器的视角光学特性作了研究.     

频率驱动液晶光阀的电光特性研究

讨论了液晶光阀频率驱动方式的原理, 并分析了液晶光阀在频率驱动方式下的电光特性。在特定的交流电压下改变外加电场频率, 测量了TB3639型液晶光阀在频率驱动方式下的电光特性关系曲线。测量结果表明,TB3639液晶光阀在可见光区域具有电光显示灰度变化特性,不仅能实现黑白显示,也能实现不同灰度级显示。频率驱动方式在可见光的范围内对不同波长的透射率变化趋势影响大致相同,在应用中可避免出现色差较大的现象。这种新型频率驱动方式对液晶器件的显示有改善作用,将开拓液晶显示器件的新应用, 具有实际应用价值。     

Engineered pixels using active plasmonic holograms with liquid crystals

Digital holography requires arrays of small reconfigurable elements to achieve complex reconstruction of the hologram with common systems based on pixels utilizing liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS) technology. The backplane of a typical pixel element is potentially underutilized and thus relatively large physical areas exist in which information can be stored and exploited to give additional functionality to pixel elements. Polarisation and wavelength dependent optical properties can be achieved in small areas using the plasmonic effects of optical antennae. The integration of LCs with optical antennae‐based plasmonic holograms allows active modulation of the far field pattern. The work here demonstrates the concept that conventional LCoS pixel elements can be greatly enhanced with the integration of plasmonic holograms, composed of optical antennae patterned on the surface, giving rise to new levels of modulation capability for holographic pixel elements. Using LCs, polarisation dependent effects in plasmonic holograms can be switched. ‘Engineered pixels', with sub‐wavelength multiplexing over both polarisation and wavelength, can increase the channel capacity of a typical LC display device. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Surface structure of polyethylene crystals as revealed by surface decoration. II. Electron-microscopic detection of mobilizable surfaces

The paper is the first step in the application of the gold decoration technique described in Part I to the electron-microscopic study of the nature of the fold surface of polyethylene single crystals. It was observed that different areas of the same crystal layer display different decoration densities. It appears that this is due to residual solvent which is retained to different extents by different crystal portions. This assumption is substantiated by the salient observation that the initially slight decoration differences are much accentuated by deliberate flooding of the decorated crystals with a swelling agent. The inference is that the swelling liquid mobilizes some loose elements along the crystal surface, and, consequently, the differences within the same crystal reveal a variable crystal surface as regards surface looseness. With the new technique we are now able to describe and follow these phenomena as a function of the relevant variables. Within the confines of the present work it has already become apparent by this test that, from the usual commercial polymer, surfaces with least looseness are formed toward the end of the crystallization.     

高性能双稳态向列相液晶显示器

提出四种可实际应用的非垂直偏振片配置的双稳态扭曲向列相液晶显示模式.这些显示模式大都具有高稳定性,并能提供高对比度和高亮态透过率.有些甚至可达到扭曲向列相液晶显示器的显示效果,实现黑白显示.这些显示模式性能优于已提出的垂直偏振片配置的其他双稳态向列相液晶显示模式. 关键词： 双稳态向列相 液晶显示 参数空间     

液晶界面物理效应研究及进展

液晶表面和与它接触的固体表面的相互作用，作为边界条件对液晶显示起着重要的控制作用，并影响着液晶表现出的各种物理效应．液晶表面和界面科学一直是液晶物理学研究的重要领域．这一领域内一个重要的课题是，从物理机理出发寻找正确反映界面作用规律的数学物理方程，以便完善发展液晶界面理论，指导界面诱导技术．文章就这一研究领域已取得的成果、未解决的问题、当前研究的热点(一级转变和挠曲电效应)及目前有争议的问题(表面弹性项是否存在等)进行了介绍。     

A new era for liquid crystal research: Applications of liquid crystals in soft matter nano-, bio- and microtechnology

Liquid crystals constitute a fascinating class of soft condensed matter characterized by the counterintuitive combination of fluidity and long-range order. Today they are best known for their exceptionally successful application in flat panel displays, but they actually exhibit a plethora of unique and attractive properties that offer tremendous potential for fundamental science as well as innovative applications well beyond the realm of displays. Today this full breadth of the liquid crystalline state of matter is becoming increasingly recognized and numerous new and exciting lines of research are being opened up. We review this exciting development, focusing primarily on the physics aspects of the new research thrusts, in which liquid crystals – thermotropic as well as lyotropic – often meet other types of soft matter, such as polymers and colloidal nano- or microparticle dispersions. Because the field is of large interest also for researchers without a liquid crystal background we begin with a concise introduction to the liquid crystalline state of matter and the key concepts of the research field. We then discuss a selection of promising new directions, starting with liquid crystals for organic electronics, followed by nanotemplating and nanoparticle organization using liquid crystals, liquid crystal colloids (where the liquid crystal can constitute either the continuous phase or the disperse phase, as droplets or shells) and their potential in e.g. photonics and metamaterials, liquid crystal-functionalized polymer fibers, liquid crystal elastomer actuators, ending with a brief overview of activities focusing on liquid crystals in biology, food science and pharmacology.     

一种朗契检验新方法

为了较快、较高准确度地检验大波差的非球面或球面,将一个液晶显示器作为低频光栅和移相装置被用于朗奇检验,在小液晶显示器上由计算机生成光栅图,代替普通光栅和步进电机.消除了因电机移动引起的移相误差,消除了因转动光栅的角度不能正好达到90°而引起的误差.以一个非球面为例,做了移相测试及波面复原.实验表明液晶显示器可作为一个光栅和移相装置.     

Orientational order of some liquid crystal/dye mixtures obtained from optical birefringence

ABSTRACT

This study presents optical birefringence measurements as a function of temperature for the liquid crystal/dye mixtures. The optical birefringence of the liquid crystals used in liquid crystal displays technology is related to the order parameter <P₂>, which is crucial from the development point of view. The properties of the dyes (4-dimethylamino-4′-nitrostilbene and N,N′-bis(2,5-di-tert-buthylphenyl)-3,4,9,10-perylenedicarboximide) as a guest molecule are tested over the whole region of nematic phase occurrence by three different methods: measurement with use of the plano-convex lens, Berek's compensator and photoelastic modulator.     

改进宽银幕投影显示照明系统的设计方法

照明系统是投影显示系统的重要组成部分,决定着整个系统的亮度和照明均匀性。复眼系统是一种常见的液晶投影显示系统照明结构。传统的复眼照明系统设计方法中,复眼小透镜具有与液晶板相同的长宽比,可以获得能量利用率和均匀性都比较好的照明光斑。但研究发现,利用这种方法设计宽银幕投影显示设备的复眼照明系统,会引起一定的光能损失。针对这一问题,通过对复眼系统设计理论的分析和对实际复眼照明系统的模拟,创新性地提出了在照明系统中引入柱面透镜改变复眼小透镜的长宽比的设计方法,能够有效的提高投影系统能量利用率。模拟计算结果表明,引入柱面透镜的复眼照明系统与传统方法设计的复眼系统相比,能量利用率可以提高5％到10％。     

光子晶体在半导体激光器中的应用

激光的发明,将人类带入光通信、光存储、光显示的高科技文明中,随着高科技的不断发展、进步和应用范围的不断扩大,对激光的要求更高,例如低阈值、高效率、高亮度、高速、小体积、好的模式特性等,这些要求在现有的传统激光器理论及技术中是难以达到的。但是当人们将光子晶体的理论与现有激光物理和技术相结合时,则有望突破传统激光器的性能瓶颈。例如,提高自发辐射速率,同时获得更高的自发辐射向受激辐射的耦合效率,实现激光器的无阈值工作;利用光子晶体对光子态的调制作用,可以获得比传统激光器大几个数量级的光学腔品质因子,大幅度提高激     

向列型液晶理论评述

本文评述了向列型液晶的唯象理论和微观理论。由简单的关于对称性的讨论,推得了以序参数张量为变量的唯象的Landau自由能密度展开式。然后在下列三方面阐明了Landau-deGennes理论的应用:计算了向列型—各向同性型相变的热力学性质,研究了大块向列型液晶对于外界干扰的响应,并描述了涨落和界面效应。关于向列型液晶微观理论的讨论又分为两部分,一是讨论基于位致排斥相互作用而给出的理论,另一是讨论基于分子间的吸引相互作用而给出的理论。本文将表明,虽然每一类型的理论都能阐明向列序存在的物理基础的某些方面,但没有一个理论能够全面地说明向列型液晶的状态和它向各向同性相的转变。最后,本文指出了某些尚未解决的问题及其可能的解决途径。     

用偏光织构及透射光谱分析液晶器件的老化

对一组台式计算器液晶显示器进行了光辐照,研究了光辐照对液晶显示器件显示品质的影响。采用偏光显微镜观察到了辐照后液晶的偏光织构的变化,液晶中出现了平行的条纹状织构和失去消光作用的黑洞,随着接受光辐照时间的增加,黑洞数量越来越多,面积越来越大。通过由计算机控制的双光束紫外-可见分光光度计测试了透射光谱的变化,发现其透射率随着接受光辐照时间的增加而降低。分析结果表明,条纹状织构和黑洞的出现是由于液晶分子结构在紫外线的照射下发生了变化所致,失去消光作用的黑洞是导致液晶器件透射率持续下降的主要原因。