Particle accelerators in modern world

At the present time, there are about 40 thousand particle accelerators in the world. The present review article describes their role in various realms of human activities, including industry, fundamental science, and medicine. Data presented in various sources, such as scientific articles and reports and International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) publications, over the past fifty years are analyzed. Emphasis is placed on the importance of nuclear-physics methods for medicine.     

Introduction to the overall physics design of CSNS accelerators

The China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) is an accelerator-based facility. The accelerator of CSNS consists of a low energy linac, a Rapid Cycling Synchrotron (RCS) and two beam transport lines. The overall physics design of CSNS accelerator is described, including the design principle, the choice of the main parameters and design of each part of accelerators. The key problems of the physics design, such as beam loss and control, are also discussed. The interface between the different parts of accelerator, as well as between accelerator and target, are introduced.     

Introduction to the overall physics design of CSNS accelerators

The China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) is an accelerator-based facility. The     

High field physics and extreme nonlinear optics

Despite the fact that high order harmonic generation (HHG) aims at serving as a table-top light source for imaging applications with extremely high spatial resolution, a general lack of accurate conversion efficiency measurements exists in the field. Here, we present such a measurement for a HHG setup with a semi-infinite gas cell. By combining measurements with a calibrated photodiode sensitive in the extreme ultra-violet (XUV) and spatially resolved spectral measurements of HHG spectra, we are able to determine conversion efficiencies of the HHG process as well as brilliance values for individual harmonics. The method is explained in detail and applicable to any target geometry.     

Adiabatic beam buncher for plasma accelerators

An adiabatic free-electron laser wiggler for electron beam bunching is described. A free-electron laser naturally bunches an electron beam. When the beam is trapped adiabatically, the emittance of the bunched beam is decreased significantly compared with abrupt trapping. For a 57-period two-meter buncher having poleface magnetic field of 2 T and 10 GW of 100 μm radiation, adiabatic trapping reduces the final emittance by a factor of three     

Atomic physics with ion accelerators — Beam-foil spectroscopy

A survey is given of research in atomic spectroscopy with accelerated, excited ions (beam-foil spectroscopy). After a short experimental section recent studies of atomic energy levels (particularly multiply excited configurations), radiative transition probabilities, a auto-ionization mechanisms, fine- and hyperfine-structure effects and radiative corrections are summarized.     

邮票上的物理学史(61)--粒子物理学:观念和理论

粒子物理学是1897年随着汤姆孙发现电子而建立的.其发展迄今可以分为三个阶段,每个阶段历经三四十年.     

邮票上的物理学史（62）--粒子物理学:观念和理论(续)

理论上的另一进展是对相互作用中对称性和守恒量的研究.原来以为,在各种相互作用中,都有空间反射变换P、电荷共轭变换C和时间反演变换T下的不变性.不过,这只是人们抱有的一种观念,除了泡利在1955年曾在一般前提下从理论上证明了在CPT联合变换下量子场论的不变性以外,其他的都未曾在实验或理论上得到过证明.1955年,出现了所谓θ-τ之谜.1956年,李政道和杨振宁分析了以往的实验,他们发现,在弱作用中宇称守恒从来没有得到过实验的确证.因此他们提出,弱相互作用中宇称不守恒(没有空间反射变换下的不变性),这样也就没有θ-τ之谜了.1957年,吴健雄领导的小组按照李政道和杨振宁的建议,进行了极化原子核钴60的β衰变实验,证实宇称不守恒.随后不久,其他的弱作用实验也证实了宇称不守恒,而且C宇称也不守恒.李政道(图12,内维斯1995年,诺贝尔奖设立百年)和杨振宁(图13,马尔代夫1995年,诺贝尔奖设立百年;图14,圭亚那1995年,诺贝尔奖设立百年)获得1957年诺贝尔物理奖.这是华人首次获得诺贝尔奖.他们的得奖,就像半世纪前詹天佑自力修建京张铁路一样,改变了中国人觉得自己不如人的心理状态,提高了民族自信心.     

Particle physics at the turn of the century

Aspects of particle physics are reviewed from an experimental viewpoint. The elementary constituents of the Universe are described, as are the fundamental forces through which they interact. Recent results are emphasized and there is some speculation about the future. No attempt has been made to give a complete bibliography, but a few references to recent reviews and original articles are given. A glossary of acronyms is included.     

Role of epidermis in the optics and thermal physics of human skin

Some engineering approaches to the problems of optics and thermophysics of biological tissues have been developed. The light fields both within and beyond biological medium have been studied. The role of the epidermis in the formation of these fields is revealed. It is shown that in the general case epidermis cannot be considered as a spectral filter that only absorbs and does not scatter light. A convenient approximation of the fluence rate in a two-layer (epidermis and dermis) tissue is proposed, which is the sum of two exponential functions of depth in the epidermis. This approximation made it possible to obtain an analytical solution to the problem of heating biological tissues by an external narrow light beam. It is found that epidermis only slightly affects the temperature fields under blue light irradiation. However, when an external source of red light is used, the epidermis works as a heater and can increase several times the dermis temperature in comparison with a single-layer tissue. The reasons for these heating features are discussed. Examples of corresponding calculations are given.     

Speckle-metric-optimization-based adaptive optics for laser beam projection and coherent beam combining

Maximization of a projected laser beam's power density at a remotely located extended object (speckle target) can be achieved by using an adaptive optics (AO) technique based on sensing and optimization of the target-return speckle field's statistical characteristics, referred to here as speckle metrics (SM). SM AO was demonstrated in a target-in-the-loop coherent beam combining experiment using a bistatic laser beam projection system composed of a coherent fiber-array transmitter and a power-in-the-bucket receiver. SM sensing utilized a 50 MHz rate dithering of the projected beam that provided a stair-mode approximation of the outgoing combined beam's wavefront tip and tilt with subaperture piston phases. Fiber-integrated phase shifters were used for both the dithering and SM optimization with stochastic parallel gradient descent control.     

Particle accelerator physics and technology for high energy density physics research

Interaction phenomena of intense ion- and laser radiation with matter have a large range of application in different fields of science, extending from basic research of plasma properties to applications in energy science, especially in inertial fusion. The heavy ion synchrotron at GSI now routinely delivers intense uranium beams that deposit about 1 kJ/g of specific energy in solid matter, e.g. solid lead. Our simulations show that the new accelerator complex FAIR (Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research) at GSI as well as beams from the CERN large hadron collider (LHC) will vastly extend the accessible parameter range for high energy density states. A natural example of hot dense plasma is provided by our neighbouring star the sun, and allows a deep insight into the physics of fusion, the properties of matter at high energy density, and is moreover an excellent laboratory for astroparticle physics. As such the sun's interior plasma can even be used to probe the existence of novel particles and dark matter candidates. We present an overview on recent results and developments of dense plasma physics addressed with heavy ion and laser beams combined with accelerator- and nuclear physics technology.     

MHD plasma physics in rail accelerators for hydrogen-pelletinjection in fusion reactors

The behavior of the electromagnetic and thermal quantities in a plasma arc placed between two conducting rails is analyzed. The plasma hydrogen drives the hydrogen pellets for the refueling of magnetic fusion reactors. Considering the general equations of electromagnetism and of plasma fluid dynamics and assuming steady-state conditions in a frame which is moving at the same rate as the plasma arc armature, a one-dimensional model is deduced. The effects of an applied magnetic field on the behavior of all flow variables are investigated. Results indicate that the adverse effects of plasma arc heating can be reduced by the application of a magnetic-induction field normal to the current path in the armature. At the maximum acceleration pressure (30 bar) applicable to the hydrogen pellet in the proposed one-dimensional model, the arc temperature at the pellet backend falls from 20000 to 14000 K when a magnetic induction of about 5 T is applied     

Particle physics models of inflation and curvaton scenarios

We review the particle theory origin of inflation and curvaton mechanisms for generating large scale structures and the observed temperature anisotropy in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation. Since inflaton or curvaton energy density creates all matter, it is important to understand the process of reheating and preheating into the relevant degrees of freedom required for the success of Big Bang Nucleosynthesis. We discuss two distinct classes of models, one where inflaton and curvaton belong to the hidden sector, which are coupled to the Standard Model gauge sector very weakly. There is another class of models of inflaton and curvaton, which are embedded within Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM) gauge group and beyond, and whose origins lie within gauge invariant combinations of supersymmetric quarks and leptons. Their masses and couplings are all well motivated from low energy physics, therefore such models provide us with a unique opportunity that they can be verified/falsified by the CMB data and also by the future collider and non-collider based experiments. We then briefly discuss the stringy origin of inflation, alternative cosmological scenarios, and bouncing universes.