On the Philosophical Foundations of Measurements in General Relativity

In this paper, first, the question of what a measurement is in General Relativity is tackled; then, some foundational problems it involves are analysed. In particular, by recalling what a measurement is in general, we will try to precisely define what it is in General Relativity. Then, we will analyse, by means of a suitable example, some foundational problems it involves. It will be stressed that such foundational problems do not arise owing to the gauge invariance or the correlation among the measuring observers but owing to the principle of equivalence.     

Relativity,Gravitation and Cosmology,by Robert J.A. Lambourne

Physique des Particules. Edited by C. de Witt and C. Itzykson. (Gordon and Breech, 1973.) [Pp. xvi+537.] £13.55. Scope: Summer school lectures. Level: Specialist/post-graduate.

Colour Centres and Imperfections in Insulators and Semiconductors. By P. D. Townsend and J. C. Kelly. (Sussex University Press, 1973.) [Pp. vii + 229.] Hard £5.00; paper £3.00. Scope: Textbook. Level: Specialist/post-graduate; undergraduate (fina1 year).

The Physics of Elementary Particles. By L. J. Tassie. (Longmans, 1973.) [Pp. xi+255.] £2.95. Scope: Textbook. Level: Undergraduate.

Particles and Nuclei. Vol. 1, Part 1. By N. N. Bogolyubov. (Plenum Press, 1972.) [Pp. 189.] $46. Scope: Library. Level: For specialists only.

Particles and Nuclei. Vol. 2. By N. N. Bogulyubov. (Plenum Press, 1972.) [Pp. 309.] $92.00. Scope: Library. Level: For specialists only.

The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time. By S. W. Hawking and G. F. R. ELLIS. (Cambridge University Press 1973). [Pp. xi+391.] £10.00. Scope: Treatise/Textbook. Level: Specialist/post-graduate.

General Physics Workbook. (Physics Problems and how to solve them.) By Foster Strong. (W. H. Freeman and Son, San Franciso, Oct, 1972.) [pp. 502.] £2.50. Scope: Textbook. Level: Undergraduate; School.

Planck's Original Papera in Quantum Physics. Edited by Hans Kangro. (Taylor and Francis, 1972.) [Pp. viii+ 60.] 75p. Scope: Textbook. Level: Undergraduate.

Quantum Physics and Ordinary Language. By T. Bergstein. (Macmillan, 1972.) [Pp. xii+ 81.] £3.00. Scope: Treatise. Level: General reader.

The Use of the Scanning Electron Microscope. By J. W. S. Hearle, J. T. Sparrow and P. M. Cross. (Pergamon, 1972.) [Pp. xi+278.] £8.80. Scope: Survey. Level: Specialist/post-graduate.

Defects in Crystalline Solids. By B. Henderson. (Arnold, 1972.) [Pp. ix+203.] Cloth £6.00; Paper £3.00. Scope: Textbook. Level: Undergraduate.

An Introduction to Lattice Dynamics. By A. K. Ghatak and L. S. Khothari. (Addison-Wesley, 1972.) [Pp. vi+234.] $11.50. Scope: Textbook. Level: Post-graduate.

Case Studies in Atomic Collision Physics (2). Editors E. W. McDaniel and M. R. C. McDowell. (North-Holland, 1972.) [Pp. xiv+649.] Hfl 150.00, $47.00. Scope: Treatise/Textbook. Level: Specialist/post-graduate.

Theory of Seismic Head Waves. By V. Cerveny and R. Ravindra. (University of Toronto Press, London; Oxford University Press, 1972.) [Pp. xvi + 312.] £8.75. Scope: Treatise/textbook. Level: Specialist/postgraduate.

An Introduction to the Ionosphere and Magnetosphere. By J. A. Ratcliffe. (Cambridge University Press, 1972.) [Pp. x + 256.] £4.00. Scope: Textbook; library. Level: Postgraduate; undergraduate; school.

Optics. By C. S. Williams and A. Becklund. (John Wiley, 1972.) [Pp. xiv+397.] £7.50. Scope: Textbook; library (reference). Level: For specialists only; specialist.

Principles of Activation Analysis. By Paul Kruger. (John Wiley &; Sons Ltd., 1971.) [Pp. xi+522.] £11.75. Scope: Treatise/Textbook. Level: Undergraduate.

Colloidal and Morphological Behaviour of Block and Graft Polymers. Edited by G. E. Molau. (Plenum Press, 1971.) [Pp. xvi+ 327.] $14.50.

Spin and Isospin. By P. A. Carruthers. (Gordon &; Breach. 1971.) [Pp. ix+288.] £8.10 Scope: Textbook; library (reference). Level: For specialists only; specialist/postgraduate.

Nuclear Reactions and Nuclear Structure. By P. E. Hodgson. (Clarendon Press: Oxford University Press, 1971.) [Pp. xi+661.] £14.50. Scope: Treatise/textbook. Level: Specialist/postgraduate.

Magnetic Resonance in Metals. By J. Winter. (Clarendon Press: Oxford University Press; 1971.) [Pp. xiii+205.] £5.50.

Concepts of Atomic Physics. By D. A. Jackson. (McGraw-Hill, 1971.) [Pp. 170.] £2.50. Scope: Textbook. Level: Undergraduate.

An Introduction to the Theory of Atomic Spectra. By I. I. Sobel'Man, translated by T. F. L. LeVierge, and edited by G.K.Woodgate. (Pergamon Press, 1972.) [Pp. xvi+ 609.] £18.00. Scope: Textbook; library (reference). Level: Specialist/postgraduate.

The Jahn-Teller Effect in Molecules and Crystals. By R. Englman. (Wiley-Interscience, 1972.) [Pp. xx+ 350.] £8.00. Scope: Treatise. Level: For specialists only.

Algebraic Methods in Statistical Mechanics and Quantum Field Theory. By G. G. Emch. (Wiley-Interscience, 1972.) [Pp. xiv+ 333.] £7.85. Scope: Textbook. Level: For specialists only.

Statistical Mechanics and Quantum Field Theory. (Les Houches Summer School, 1970). Edited by C. DeWitt and R. Stora. (Gordon &; Breach, 1971.) [Pp. xvi+ 552.] £0.00. Scope: Treatise. Level: Postgraduate.

Group Theory and the Coulomb Problem. By M. J. Englefield. (John Wiley, 1972.) [Pp. viii+ 120.] £4.75. Scope: Textbook. Level: Postgraduate.

Statistical Properties of Nuclei. Edited by J. B. Garg. (Plenum Press, 1972,) [Pp. xxiv+ 665.] $37.00. Scope: Conference Proceedings. Level: For specialists only.

Theoretical Solid State Physics. (Volume 1). By A. Haug. (Pergamon. 1972.) [Pp. xiv+ 497.] £7.00. Scope: Textbook. Level: Postgraduate; undergraduate.

Analytic Properties of Feynmn Diagrams in Quantum Field Theory. By I. T. Todorov. (Pergamon, 1971.) [Pp. xvi+ 152.] £3.75. Scope: Treatise. Level: For specialists only.

Progress in Solid State Chemistry, Vol. 7. Edited by H. Reiss and J. O. McCaldin. (Pergamon Press, 1972.) [Pp. xi+275.] £10.00. Scope: Survey. Level: Specialist/post-graduate.

Introduction to Particle Physics. By R. Omn$eGs. (John Wiley, 1971.) [Pp. xiii+ 414.] £6.00. Scope: Textbook. Level: Postgraduate.

Plasma, the Fourth State of Matter. By D. A. Frank-Kamenetskii. (Plenum Press, 1972.) [Pp. viii+ 159.] $14.00. Scope: Treatise. Level: Undergraduate.

Computer Aided Design. (Institution of Electrical Engineers, 1972.) [Pp. viii+ 431.] £11.90.

Trends in On-line Computer Systems. (Institution of Electrical Engineers, 1972.) [Pp. v+ 217.] £8.00. Scope: Conference proceedings. Level: Specialist/postgraduate.

Introduction to the Principles of Electromagnetism. By W. Hauser. (Addison-Wesley, 1971.) [Pp. xiv+ 623.] £7.00. Scope: Textbook. Level: Postgraduate; undergraduate.

Dynamica, Electricity and Magnetism. By E. W. Laing and W. McFarlane. (Oliver and Boyd, 1972.) [Pp. vii+ 156.] £1.75. Scope: Textbook. Level: Undergraduate.

Nineteenth Century Aether Theories. By K. F. Schaffner. (Pergamon, printed in Hungary, 1972.) [Pp. ix+ 278.] £3.25. Scope: Textbook; survey. Level: General reader; undergraduate.

Mechanics and Electrodynamics. By L. D. Landau and E. M. Lifshitz. (Pergamon. 1972.) [Pp. xiii+ 282.] £3.00. Scope: Textbook. Level: Postgraduate; undergraduate.

Theory of the Unmagnetized Plasma. By D. C. Montgomery. (Gordon and Breach, 1971.) [Pp. 416.] £7.30, Scope: Treatise. Level: Specialist/postgraduate.

Amorphous Materials. Edited by R. W. Douglas and B. Ellis. (Wiley-Interscience, 1972.) [Pp. xviii+ 550.] £9.00. Scope: Conference proceedings; survey; library. Level: For specialists only; specialist/postgraduate.     

Newtonian Cosmology in Lagrangian Formulation: Foundations and Perturbation Theory

The Newtonian theory of spatially unbounded, self-gravitating, pressureless continua in Lagrangian form is reconsidered. Following a review of the pertinent kinematics, we present alternative formulations of the Lagrangian evolution equations and establish conditions for the equivalence of the Lagrangian and Eulerian representations. We then distinguish open models based on Euclidean space R³ from closed models based (without loss of generality) on a flat torus T³. Using a simple averaging method we show that the spatially averaged variables of an inhomogeneous toroidal model form a spatially homogeneous background model and that the averages of open models, if they exist at all, in general do not obey the dynamical laws of homogeneous models. We then specialize to those inhomogeneous toroidal models whose (unique) backgrounds have a Hubble flow, and derive Lagrangian evolution equations which govern the (conformally rescaled) displacement of the inhomogeneous flow with respect to its homogeneous background. Finally, we set up an iteration scheme and prove that the resulting equations have unique solutions at any order for given initial data, while for open models there exist infinitely many different solutions for given data.     

Advanced Mechanics and General Relativity,by J. Franklin

Ion Coulomb crystals, formed by atomic ions at low temperatures in radiofrequency and Penning ion traps, are structures that have remarkable properties and many applications. Images of Coulomb crystals are striking and reveal the crystal structure, which arises from a balance between the trapping forces acting on the ions and their mutual Coulomb repulsion. Applications of these structures range from frequency standards and quantum simulation through to measurement of the cross-sections of chemical reactions of ions.     

The Microscopic Foundations of Vlasov Theory for Jellium-Like Newtonian N-Body Systems

The kinetic equations of Vlasov theory, in the weak formulation, are rigorously shown to govern the $N\rightarrow \infty $ limit of the Newtonian dynamics of $D\ge 2$ -dimensional $N$ -body systems with attractive harmonic pair interactions and locally integrable repulsive inverse power law pair interactions, provided a mild higher moment hypothesis on the forces (which is shown to propagate globally in time for each $N$ ) will hold uniformly in $N$ at later times if it holds uniformly in $N$ initially (the uniformity in $N$ of this moment condition is demonstrated to hold for an open set of initial data). Logarithmic interactions are included as a limiting case. The proof is based on the Liouville equation, more precisely the first member of the pertinent BBGKY hierarchy, and does not invoke the Hewitt–Savage theorem, nor any regularization of the interactions. In addition, a rigorous proof of the virial theorem and of some of its interesting ramifications is given.     

Kantowski-Sachs Cosmological Model in General Theory of Relativity

The field equations for perfect fluid coupled with massless scalar field are solved with two conditions p=ρ and R=AS ⁿ for Kantowski-Sachs space time in general theory of relativity. Various physical and geometrical properties of the model have also been discussed.     

小谈广义相对论--"从低速到高速"之五

我们已介绍过狭义相对论；在那里爱因斯坦把牛顿的相对性原理推广到包括电磁现象，但还是指惯性系说的；各个参考系是相对做匀速运动的惯性参考系．对加速参考系又该如何呢？爱因斯坦在马赫思想的影响下提出：物理规律对所有参考系，不管是惯性系还是加速系，都应该是一样的．这个进一步推广了的相对性原理叫“广义相对性原理”．它是爱因斯坦广义相对论的一个基本原理．