6×6 matrix formalism of optical elements for modeling and analyzing 3D optical systems

Although conventional 2×2 ray matrices, i.e. ABCD matrices, provide a convenient means of obtaining initial estimates of the performance of an optical system during the early stages of the design process, they are suitable only for optical systems with the axisymmetric property. Accordingly, this study utilizes the 6×6 matrix formalism, which was proposed by our group, for optical boundary surfaces to develop a new approach for modeling and analyzing 3D optical systems comprising multiple lenses and/or mirrors and clarifying many of the system’s basic properties, e.g. the effective focal length, primary aberration and cardinal points, and so forth. To reduce the complexity of the modeling process, general matrix formalisms of sub-systems in a 3D optical system are presented. The validity of the proposed approach is evaluated by modeling and analyzing a simple 3D optical system and comparing the results with those obtained from the skew ray-tracing computer program and commercial optical design software. The results confirm that the proposed methodology provides a convenient means of obtaining initial insights into a variety of 3D optical systems with non-coplanar axes.     

二维振镜扫描系统调向误差分析

对比分析现有光束扫描系统的优劣,提出采用二维振镜扫描系统作为多光谱集成靶标的光轴调向装置,光轴调向装置的调向精度影响多光谱集成靶标的校准精度。通过对二维振镜扫描系统调向误差进行分析,建立二维振镜扫描系统调向模型,并进行了二维振镜扫描系统调向误差测量实验。结果表明:二维振镜扫描系统的方位角误差和俯仰角误差小于8″,调向角误差小于9″,调向误差小于10″,能够满足多光谱集成靶标光轴调向精度要求。     

Drude Weight,Optical Conductivity of Two-Dimensional Hubbard Model at Half Filling

We study the Drude weight D and optical conductivity of the two-dimensional (2D) Hubbard model at half filling with staggered magnetic flux (SMF). When SMF being introduced, the hopping integrals are modulated by the magnetic flux. The optical sum rule, which is related to the mean kinetic energy of band electrons, is evaluated for this 2D Hubbard Hamiltonian. Our present result gives the dependence of the kinetic energy, D and the optical conductivity on SMF and U. At half filling D vanishes exponentially with system size. We also find in the frequency dependence of the optical conductivity, there is δ-function peak at ω≈2|m|U and the incoherent excitations begin to present themselves extended to a higher energy region.     

Shape measurement by a multi-view methodology based on the remote tracking of a 3D optical scanner

Full field optical techniques can be reliably used for 3D measurements of complex shapes by multi-view processes, which require the computation of transformation parameters relating different views into a common reference system. Although, several multi-view approaches have been proposed, the alignment process is still the crucial step of a shape reconstruction.In this paper, a methodology to automatically align 3D views has been developed by integrating a stereo vision system and a full field optical scanner. In particular, the stereo vision system is used to remotely track the optical scanner within a working volume. The tracking system uses stereo images to detect the 3D coordinates of retro-reflective infrared markers rigidly connected to the scanner. Stereo correspondences are established by a robust methodology based on combining the epipolar geometry with an image spatial transformation constraint.The proposed methodology has been validated by experimental tests regarding both the evaluation of the measurement accuracy and the 3D reconstruction of an industrial shape.     

光学系统调制传递函数的敏感性分析

光学元件、结构件的加工和光机系统的装校会导致光学系统的入瞳孔径尺寸和焦距偏离设计值,从而导致光学系统F数的改变,并且光学系统在光谱谱段内成像,光学系统的空间截止频率也在改变.分析了入瞳孔径尺寸D(100～1000mm)、焦距f′(400～2000mm)、F数(4～20)、光谱波长λ(350～800 nm)的变化对光学系...     

Integration of a Proposed All-Optical Analog-to-Digital Converter using Self-Frequency Shifting in Fiber and a Pulse-Shaping Technique

Integration of a proposed all-optical analog-to-digital (A/D) converter is described. To realize a high-speed and highthroughput system, optical A/D conversion has attracted much attention. A/D conversion generally consists of three processes of sampling, quantization and coding. Whereas an optical sampling technique has already been realized, there have been few investigations on the optical quantization and optical coding technique. We previously proposed an alloptical A/D converter which realizes both optical quantization and optical coding. In this paper, we integrate the proposed all-optical A/D converter to improve its performance and stability. We verify the operation of the integrated all-optical A/D converter composed of a short high nonlinear fiber, arrayed waveguide gratings and variable optical attenuators.     

新型小型化牙科扫描仪探头的光学系统设计

为解决牙科扫描探头小型化问题,基于结构光三维重建算法,创新性地设计出一种投影与成像共孔径设置的小型化牙科三维扫描仪探头光学系统。系统采用分视场共孔径技术,部分视场用于实现投影功能,另一部分视场用于实现成像功能,投影区域和成像区域存在公共区域。仿真实验给出了在扫描范围为46×35mm2内的系统性能,借助LightTools软件做了照明分析仿真,证明了系统光路的可行性。     

3D homogeneity study in PMMA layers using a Fourier domain OCT system

Micro-metallic particles embedded in polymers are now widely used in several industrial applications in order to modify the mechanical properties of the bulk. A uniform distribution of these particles inside the polymers is highly desired for instance, when a biological backscattering is simulated or a bio-framework is designed. A 3D Fourier domain optical coherence tomography system to detect the polymer's internal homogeneity is proposed. This optical system has a 2D camera sensor array that records a fringe pattern used to reconstruct with a single shot the tomographic image of the sample. The system gathers the full 3D tomographic and optical phase information during a controlled deformation by means of a motion linear stage. This stage avoids the use of expensive tilting stages, which in addition are commonly controlled by piezo drivers. As proof of principle, a series of different deformations were proposed to detect the uniform or non-uniform internal deposition of copper micro particles. The results are presented as images coming from the 3D tomographic micro reconstruction of the samples, and the 3D optical phase information that identifies the in-homogeneity regions within the Poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) volume.     

偏心光学系统的中心点亮度的计算

本文讨论了偏心光学系统的中心点亮度计算中所必须考虑的离焦、波差展开式、数值计算等几个主要问题。     

采用APD阵列的共口径激光成像光学系统设计

针对机载平台激光3D成像系统的轻小型需求,设计了采用APD阵列的共口径激光收发光学系统。在分析激光成像系统照明方式及其光学系统结构的基础上,给出了激光3D成像光学系统结构框图:激光经衍射元件实现分束照明,采用双工反射镜实现收发光路的耦合。该光学系统用于2 km以内的目标三维成像,根据激光测距方程,确定了接收光学系统的参数以获得满足信噪比的回波能量。为避免造成像素之间串扰,设计了5倍扩束比的发射光学系统。最后,采用偏振片与1/4波片相结合的方式消除杂光,降低了发射光路对接收光路的影响。设计结果表明:接收光学系统弥散斑直径小于120μm,畸变小于0.2%。该光学系统体积小、重量轻,成像质量良好,可为同类激光成像光学系统提供借鉴参考。     

Spatial Fourier-decomposition optical fluorescen tomography-theoretical investigation

A new three-dimensional (3D) optical fluorescent tomographic imaging scheme is proposed with structured illumination and spatial Fourierdomain decomposition methods for the first time. In this spatial Fourier-decomposition optical fluorescence tomography (SF-OFT), the intensity of focused excitation light from an objective lens is modulated to be a cosine function along the optical axis of the system. For a given position in a two-dimensional (2D) raster scanning process, the spatial frequency of the cosine function along the optical axis sweeps in a proper range while a series of fluorescence intensity are detected accordingly. By making an inverse discrete cosine transformation of these recorded intensity profiles, the distribution of fluorescent markers along the optical axis of a focused laser beam is obtained. A 3D optical fluorescent tomography can be achieved with this proposed SF-OFT technique with a simple 2D raster scanning process.     

隐形防伪二维码识读系统光学设计

论述了一种典型隐形防伪二维码识读系统的光学设计方法.设计合理利用反光镜折断光路减小检测面法线方向光学长度,使得系统总体紧凑协调,同时保证了图像处理所要求的高质量成像要求,这种设计的优点对大检测面场合尤其显著.最后通过实例分析给出了清晰的设计计算过程,计算结果满足初始的设计需求.该设计方法已应用到防伪二维码识别产品中,对其他类似的证件专用识读系统(OCR阅读系统)有参考价值.     

全视角高精度三维测量仪光学系统误差分析研究

大视角、高分辨率、低畸变光学成像系统是全视角高精度三维测量仪中最为关键的核心器件。现有三维测量仪实际使用过程中不可避免会产生各种误差,因此科学合理地评估和降低全视角高精度三维测量仪的测量误差具有十分重要的科学及工程应用意义。通过多角度、全方面分析定量研究了相机内方位元素标定误差对几何定位误差的影响,以及相机光学系统MTF分析、点扩散函数分析、波像差分析和公差分析对匹配误差产生的影响。研究结果表明,在各种影响三维测量仪光学成像系统测量误差的因素当中,相机的传递函数是影响系统三维定位误差最主要的因素,当系统MTF_N值大于0.4 lp/mm、系统几何畸变小于1个像素,PSF能量集中在以3 μm为半径的圆环内(小于1个像素),且PSF峰值达到了0.9时,三维测量仪的定位误差可达到秒级精度。     

The quadratic phase factor of tightly focused wavefronts

The phase structure is investigated at the focal plane of an aplanatic, high numerical aperture focusing optical system. The tightly focused field is numerically evaluated using combination of the Richards-Wolf approach and the Stratton-Chu diffraction integral. An investigation is performed for both 2D and 3D geometries for a number of different illumination structures, having piecewise quasi-constant phase at the entrance pupil and different polarization states. For the investigated illumination structures, the quadratic phase term of the focused field was found to depend on the structure of the incident illumination contrary to the paraxial case where it depends solely on the optical system parameters.     

光学三维成像实验系统

建立光学投影层析三维成像系统,该系统包括光学成像、图像采集、断层重建及三维显示,重建算法为滤波反投影算法.实验结果表明:利用该系统得到的重建图像与样品的形状吻合,重建结果边缘清晰,伪迹较小.     

灰值数学形态学的二值算法及其光学实现

在灰值数学形态学的阴影算法的基础上，提出了采用表面点集代替阴影来代表灰值结构核的改进算法，大大降低了二值邻域互连的数量。光学实现采用一个光学非相干相关器与阈值器件结合的二值数学形态学系统，并设计了一种数字空间编码技术使这二维系统能实现算法要求的有限三维操作。     

三维面形测量数据的计算全息可视化

提出利用计算机制全息进行三维面形测量数据立体重现的技术。首先利用三维面形测量技术同时获取三维物体的强度和距离像；然后根据三维面形测量数据，设计和制作菲涅耳计算全息图；最后将计算全息和光学全息相结合，以菲涅耳计算全息图的光学再现像为对象，记录光学像全息。这样既解决了计算机制全息术中真实三维物体立体信息数据捕捉的问题，又为三维面形检测提供了一个行之有效的立体重构技术。给出了这种方法的原理、计算全息的设计、制作方案和实验验证结果。     

Reflection confocal microscope readout system for three-dimensional photochromic optical data storage

We propose to use a reflection confocal microscope (RCM) as a readout system for digital data stored in a three-dimensional (3D) photochromic optical memory. We describe the merits and the difficulties for 3D optical memory that are associated with the use of such a RCM.It is shown by means of 3D Fourier space analysis that successful reading of 3D data can be obtained by selection of the appropriate parameter for the RCM.The system parameters include the numerical aperture of the objective lens and the wavelength of the light used for analysis (reading). Experimental results of multilayer recording and reflection confocal reading in photochromic-molecule-doped poly(methyl methacrylate) are presented. Good-contrast images are obtained.     

线结构激光-机器视觉三角测量光路设计

给出了线结构激光 -机器视觉三角测量的通用光路计算公式。公式考虑了激光入射角、CCD面阵与光轴的各种变化情况 ,对激光机器视觉测量系统的光路结构设计有一定的指导意义。     

Axially distributed sensing for three-dimensional imaging with unknown sensor positions

Recently, an axially distributed sensing system was proposed for three-dimensional (3D) imaging where the sensors are distributed along the optical axis. In this previously reported system, a priori knowledge of exact sensor positions was required for 3D image reconstruction. In this Letter, we present an axially distributed sensing with unknown sensor positions along the optical axis. In this system, only the relative positions of two sensors are needed, whereas all other sensor positions are assumed unknown. Experiments are presented to illustrate the feasibility of the proposed system and illustrate the visual quality of reconstructed 3D images by using the proposed calibrated sensor positions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on axially distributed sensing with unknown sensor positions.