大涡旋的分类和模式理论的封闭*

本文依据前文[1]大小涡旋分开考虑的湍流模式,对局部产生的湍流大涡旋引进了新的几率分布,由此引入了一种新的平均过程和平均值.通过这种平均,我们就可以把局部产生的湍流大涡旋和外来的湍流大涡旋进行严格的区分.然后,再引进适当的辅助条件和根据外来干扰的实际情况确定了外来大涡旋的耗散尺度l_N,使得湍流脉动二阶矩的方程组封闭,同时对前文[1]中的一些扩散系数进行了适当的修改.最后,得到了一个封闭的、能够数值求解的方程组.     

不可压缩均匀各向同性湍流的统计理论

本文根据均匀各向同性湍流的涡旋结构理论,从Navier-Stokes方程出发,引进了准相似性条件,认为均匀各向同性湍流场在衰变过程中具有相似性,相似性尺度由表征湍流强弱的湍流脉动速度均方差q以及与特征涡旋尺度具有密切关系的湍流广义Taylor微尺度λ所决定,在对均匀各向同性湍流场计算中,假定湍流脉动在空间呈周期性,周期性尺度正比于λ。 本文对脉动速度等物理量用Fourier级数展开,将在物理空间上的计算转化到谱空间上,利用快速Fourier变换,采用前差格式和Leap-frog格式,对不同Reynolds数的均匀各向同性湍流场从衰变后期到前期进行了计算,得出了与实验较符合的结果。     

均匀各向同性湍流的涡旋结构的统计理论

湍流运动是自然界和工程技术,如气象、水利、航空、喷气技术、化工、受控热核反应和大气污染等领域中普遍出现的流体运动。几十年来,湍流实验技术有很大进展,但理论研究却遇到很大困难。过去,我们曾提出:必须直接从粘性流体运动方程解得的小轴对称涡旋作为随机地组成均匀各向同性湍流运动的湍流元的统计观点,并分别用相似性条件得出衰变后期的运动解和初期运动的一些结果。但这两种涡旋结构的相似性统一不起来。在文化大革命和批林批孔运动的鼓舞下,根据毛主席“独立自主、自力更生”的教导,我们对过去的统计观点又作了进一步的研究。多年来在实践中反复观察和分析,我们发现作为湍流元的涡旋的结构并不服从简单的相似性规律,它在涡旋衰变过程中产生一种伸缩现象。为此,我们首先提出一个涡旋尺度-涡旋雷诺数关系;其次引进准相似性解的概念,它包括一般相似性作为特例。在小涡旋雷诺数流动情况下,我们计算得到的,包括从衰变初期到后期的整个范围内的湍能衰变规律、湍流微尺度和二元速度关联,都和实验符合得很好。我们还计算了能谱交换函数。     

广义二阶流体分数阶反常扩散速度场、应力场及涡旋层的理论分析

研究了在广义二阶流体中,由于平板在自身所在平面运动而引起的时间分数阶反常扩散速度场,以及由此所产生的应力场及涡旋层的反常扩散问题.许多经典的和前人所得到的结果,都可作为本文结果的特例而出现.例如,Wyss有关分数阶扩散方程的解;经典的Rayleigh时空相似性解;Bagley等人有关应力场和速度场之间的关系式;以及Podlubny所做的有关分数阶平板运动方程的解等.此外,还获得了许多有意义的理论结果.例如,时间分数阶扩散指数β大于广义二阶流体指数α是涡旋层生成的必要条件.涡量分布函数的建立依赖于流场该点速度剖面的时间历程, 而这种历程是可以用分数阶微积分来刻画的等.     

流体动力学的客观性要求

从流体动力学的客观性要求导出了新的流动理论.流动运动的不均匀性产生粘性力,不同观察者的选取会影响这种不均匀分布特征.将粘性力看作一种与观察者的选取无关的客观存在时,粘性力和动量方程在局域旋转变换下的形式不变性要求引入一种新的动力学场——涡旋场,通过构造流体系统的拉朗日密度并利用能量变分方法得到了所有场量的动力学方程.     

线性密度分层流体中垂向湍流扩散的势能模型

本文研究在线性密度分层流体系统中垂向密度界面的无平均剪切湍流扩散规律,从分析湍流动能方程出发,提出一种湍流扩散的势能模型,得到湍流扩散距离随时间的变化以及无量纲扩散速率与当地Richardson数的关系.同时进行了实验检验,其结果与理论预测符合良好.     

不可压缩流体的湍流理论

本文从湍流Reynolds平均运动方程和逐阶速度关联的动力学方程出发,引进了准相似性条件和对关联方程中耗散项的假定,利用逐级近似方法发展了湍流理论.作为一级近似的应用例子,我们曾在忽略三阶关联项下,求解了湍流槽流,平面尾流和射流的平均运动方程和二阶关联方程,得到了理论和实验符合的结果. 本文在一级近似的基础上,进一步引进了三阶和四阶关联的方程作为二级近似,并求解了平面湍流尾流.得出的三阶关联的理论计算和现有的实验的比较是令人满意的.理论也给出了四阶关联。它可以用实验来验证.也可以用它求更高阶的关联.     

脉动压力脉动速度变形平均项的表达式

脉动压力脉动速度变形平均项,最初是Rotta[21]改写压力梯度做功项得来的.但是,这项处理起来都很困难,从Rotta开始,以后Launder等人都对这项做过一些假定.本文根据脉动速度所满足的方程解出脉动压力,然后进而求出脉动压力乘上脉动速度变形的平均值,得到了脉动压力脉动速度变形平均项的完整表达式.这个表达式说明了Rotta和Launder等人的有限表达式是有一定道理的.本文所得的完整表达式分为两种情形加以讨论.一种是几种涡旋不分开的情形,另一种是三种涡旋分开考虑的情形.由此,本文为雷诺应力模式和三涡旋模式等湍流模式提供了完整的脉动压力脉动速度变形平均项的表达式.     

湍流的KdV-Burgers方程模型

本文在求得KdV-Burgers方程鞍-焦异宿轨道行波解析解的基础上,证实了高歌提出的把KdV-Burgers方程作为湍流规范方程的想法是有深刻意义的。文中分析了湍流涡旋的串级散裂过程,指出:由于湍流的间隙性,这种串级散裂过程是按等比数列进行的;其次,由行波解的扰动速度场求得了湍流能谱,在双对数坐标系中,其斜率在-1.76—-1.97之间,并用Frisch的间隙湍流模型,求得它的分数维在2.09—2.72之间,从而进一步论证了湍流的间隙性。最后,以大气动力学力例,简要地分析了湍流的耗散和色散效应的物理机制。     

二维剪切流的粘性-无粘湍流干扰理论

对二维不可压缩近壁剪切湍流,本文提出一个粘性-无粘湍流干扰理论.主要内容有:从分子粘性考虑出发确定干扰湍流的流动结构及其物理尺度,导出空间为小尺度的局部流动结构随顺流距离的演变规律,导出支配干扰湍流流动的简化Reyno-lds(SR)方程和扩散抛物化K-ε方程.该SR方程是作者早先提出的简化Navier-Stokes(SNS)方程的湍流形式,它的重要性质是“简化运算”和时间Reynolds平均运算的顺序可以交换.关于最大湍流剪应力、本理论计算值与实验测量值很好相符.经典湍流边界层理论、Clauser平衡湍流边界层以及湍流分离Triple-deck理论均是本文理论的特例.证实了顺流方向长度尺度随干扰增强而显著减小的实验结论.     

The simulation of offshore turbulent dispersion using seeded eddies

A way of representing turbulence in a two-dimensional situation is introduced appropriate to depth-independent offshore fluid mechanics. The turbulence is simulated by a collection of eddies, each of which has an analytically simple form but whose size, strength and position is governed by stochastically assigned variables. The problem addressed here is how contaminant is dispersed in such an eddy field. A number of experiments are performed whereby the eddies are seeded with marked particles that move with the fluid. The variance of these particles is monitored as time varies, and the results are compared with an assumed power law distribution. Although not a perfect fit, the results are in general accord with a power law with index between 1.5 and 2.5, which is in agreement with the observed power law of 2.34 due to Okubo, and a marked improvement on random walk models which give a variance directly proportional to time. Some further applications of this technique are discussed, namely the simulation of turbulent boundary layers and the simulation of the cascade of energy up turbulent length scales.     

Itsy Bitsy Topological Field Theory

We construct an elementary, combinatorial kind of topological quantum field theory (TQFT), based on curves, surfaces, and orientations. The construction derives from contact invariants in sutured Floer homology and is essentially an elaboration of a TQFT defined by Honda–Kazez–Mati?. This topological field theory stores information in binary format on a surface and has “digital” creation and annihilation operators, giving a toy-model embodiment of “it from bit”.     

Heisenberg representation of second-quantized fields in stationary external fields and nonlinear dielectric media

The Heisenberg formalism for the creation and annihilation operators of quantized fields in stationary external fields is developed. Fields with spin 0, 1/2, 1 are considered in external electromagnetic and scalar fields and in a field of stationary dielectric properties of a nonlinear medium. An elliptic operator that depends on the time as a parameter and whose eigenfunctions can be used to expand the field variables in the Heisenberg representation is constructed. The connection between the creation and annihilation Heisenberg operators and the operators found by diagonalizing the Hamiltonian by Bogolyubov transformations is established. Heisenberg equations of motion are obtained for external fields of arbitrary form. The phenomenological Hamiltonian that is widely used to describe parametric generation of light is derived in the framework of the quantum field theory, and the limits of applicability of the Hamiltonian are established.Technological Institute, St. Petersburg. Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Matematicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 97, No. 3, pp. 431–451, December, 1993.     

常数速度梯度时均匀湍流的二元速度关联函数

在湍流脉动速度比较小的条件下,本文得到了富氏变换过后脉动速度方程的解.它所代表的涡旋,在平均速度梯度为小量时,化为具有常数平均速度梯度的、组成后期均匀各向同性湍流场的涡旋和组成后期各向异性湍流场的涡旋.利用不同时刻的这种涡旋解,组成定常的有常数平均速度梯度的湍流场,这个湍流场可以近似地表达槽流和管流近中心区域的湍流场.我们求得了这种湍流场的二元速度关联函数,包括纵向的关联系数f(γ/λ)和横向的关联系数g(γ/λ).并且和均匀各向同性湍流实验中的前期和后期的f(γ/λ)和g(γ/λ)进行了比较.并且弄清楚了速度梯度对关联系数f(γ/λ)所产生的影响,最后还得到了雷诺应力和涡旋粘性系数的表达式.     

Integrable Potentials by Darboux Transformations in Rings and Quantum and Classical Problems

We study a problem in associative rings of left and right factorization of a polynomial differential operator regarded as an evolution operator. In a direct sum of rings, the polynomial arising in the problem of dividing an operator by an operator for two commuting operators leads to a time-dependent left/right Darboux transformation based on an intertwining relation and either Miura maps or generalized Burgers equations. The intertwining relations lead to a differential equation including differentiations in a weak sense. In view of applications to operator problems in quantum and classical mechanics, we derive the direct quasideterminant or dressing chain formulas. We consider the transformation of creation and annihilation operators for specified matrix rings and study an example of the Dicke model.     

Integral Kernel Operators on Fock Space – Generalizations and Applications to Quantum Dynamics

A general theory of operators on Boson Fock space is discussed in terms of the white noise distribution theory on Gaussian space (white noise calculus). An integral kernel operator is generalized from two aspects: (i) The use of an operator-valued distribution as an integral kernel leads us to the Fubini type theorem which allows an iterated integration in an integral kernel operator. As an application a white noise approach to quantum stochastic integrals is discussed and a quantum Hitsuda–Skorokhod integral is introduced. (ii) The use of pointwise derivatives of annihilation and creation operators assures the partial integration in an integral kernel operator. In particular, the particle flux density becomes a distribution with values in continuous operators on white noise functions and yields a representation of a Lie algebra of vector fields by means of such operators.     

Quantizing the KdV Equation

We consider the quantization procedure for the Gardner–Zakharov–Faddeev and Magri brackets using the fermionic representation for the KdV field. In both cases, the corresponding Hamiltonians are sums of two well-defined operators. Each operator is bilinear and diagonal with respect to either fermion or boson (current) creation/annihilation operators. As a result, the quantization procedure needs no space cutoff and can be performed on the entire axis. In this approach, solitonic states appear in the Hilbert space, and soliton parameters become quantized. We also demonstrate that the dispersionless KdV equation is uniquely and explicitly solvable in the quantum case.     

On Convergence of One-Step Schemes for Weak Solutions of Quantum Stochastic Differential Equations

Several one-step schemes for computing weak solutions of Lipschitzian quantum stochastic differential equations (QSDE) driven by certain operator-valued stochastic processes associated with creation, annihilation and gauge operators of quantum field theory are introduced and studied. This is accomplished within the framework of the Hudson–Parthasarathy formulation of quantum stochastic calculus and subject to the matrix elements of solution being sufficiently differentiable. Results concerning convergence of these schemes in the topology of the locally convex space of solution are presented. It is shown that the Euler–Maruyama scheme,with respect to weak convergence criteria for Itô stochastic differential equation is a special case of Euler schemes in this framework. Numerical examples are given.     

New features of soliton dynamics in 2+1 dimensions

Exponentially localized soliton solutions have been found recently for all the equations of the hierarchy related to the Zakharov-Shabat hyperbolic spectral problem in the plane. In particular theN ²-soliton solution of the Davey-Stewartson I equation is considered. It is shown that the boundaries fix the kinematics of solitons, while the dynamics of their mutual interaction is determined by the chosen initial condition. The interacting solitons can have, asymptotically, zero mass and can simulate quantum effects as inelastic scattering, fusion and fission, creation and annihilation.Work supported in part by M.U.R.S.T.