用于真空弧等离子体放电阴极温度场测量的多光谱高温计

阴极表面温度是真空弧等离子体放电过程中一个重要参数,对真空弧等离子体的形成、电极腐蚀预测、热传导以及离子源的寿命都有重要影响。真空弧离子源的阴极具有目标小,放电过程快等特点,其温度的测量,对于时间分辨率和空间分辨率要求都很高,阴极表面温度的测量技术的欠缺,使得仅靠理论解析获得的结果难以得到验证。并且等离子体放电过程中测量仪器极易受到弧光的影响,如何避免放电过程中等离子体的辐射也是采用辐射法测量阴极表面温度要考虑的问题。这无疑给其温度场的测试研究带来困难。针对脉冲真空弧等离子体开展阴极表面温度测试实验有着重要意义,在分析了真空弧等离子体放电特性以及背景辐射特性和等离子体放电阴极测温的实际需求,本文基于高速CCD相机研制了一种新型的多光谱高温计。该高温计采用单色高速CCD相机,主要避免RGB彩色相机不能完全滤除背景辐射的弧光。为使用单色CCD相机实现多光谱辐射测温,设计了高温计的光学系统,该系统采用4孔径分光系统。将4种不同波长的滤光片嵌入到1个滤光片中。该研究设计的高温计可用于2 000~6 000 K的等离子体温度测量。并在中国工程物理研究院电子工程研究所进行现场测试,测试过程中将研制的高温计,通过外部触发形式对等离子体放电过程进行跟踪拍摄,高温计完全拍摄到等离子体放电过程。利用真空弧等离子体金属电极阴极放电的实测数据对高温计进行了验证。实验结果表明,设计的新型多光谱高温计能够用于测量真空弧等离子体放电时阴极温度场信息,测量的温度值低于放电电极的沸点温度,与等离子体放电过程中出现气化现象相符,说明高温计测的是等离子体放电阴极的温度。     

Vacuum Arc Anode Phenomena

This paper briefly reviews anode phenomena in vacuum arcs, specially experimental work. It discusses, in succession, arc modes at the anode, anode temperature measurements, anode ions, transitions of the arc into various modes (principally the anode spot mode), and theoretical explanations of anode phenomena. The two most common anode modes in a vacuum arc are a low current mode where the anode is basically passive, acting only as a collector of particles emitted from the cathode, and a high current mode with a fully developed anode spot. Characteristically this anode spot has a temperature near the atmospheric boiling point of the anode material and is a copious source of vapor and energetic ions. However, other anode modes can exist. A low current vacuum arc with electrodes of readily sputterable material may emit a flux of sputtered atoms from the anode. Usually this sputtered flux will have little effect upon the vacuum arc, but in certain circumstances it could be significant. A vacuum arc doesn't always transfer directly from a low current mode to the anode spot mode. In appropriate experimental conditions, formation of an anode spot may be preceded by the formation of an anode footpoint. This footpoint is luminous, but much cooler than a true anode spot. Finally, (again in appropriate circumstances) several small anode spots may form instead of one large anode spot. With sufficient increase in arc current or arcing time these will usually combine to form a single large active spot.     

Vacuum Arc Anode Phenomena

This paper presents a brief review of anode phenomena in vacuum arcs. It discusses in succession the transition of the arc into the anode spot mode; the temperature of the anode before, during, and after formation of an anode spot; and anode ions. Characteristically the anode spot has a temperature of the order of the atmospheric boiling point of the anode material and is a copious source of vapor and energetic ions. The dominant mechanism controlling the transition of the vacuum arc into the anode spot mode appears to depend upon the electrode geometry, the electrode material, and the current waveform of the particular vacuum arc being considered. Either magnetic constriction in the gap plasma or gross anode melting can trigger the transition, indeed a combination of the two is a common cause of anode spot formation.     

Generation of Multiply Charged Ions in the Plasma of a Vacuum Arc Discharge

This paper presents the results of a study on the generation of multiply charged ions in the plasma of a vacuum arc discharge. The average charge of ions in the plasma is increased by using a strong magnetic field, a current burst, or an accelerated electron beam. The results of measurements of the ion charge distribution for each case are reported.     

Arc Motion in Vacuum Circuit Breakers

Arc motion due to self-magnetic fields is investigated theoretically and experimentally. Using an array of four Hall probes 90° apart around a vacuum breaker, we unambiguously determine arc rotation. It is primarily the radio component of magnetic induction that causes this motion. For a particular vacuum breaker design we find that arc rotation is a sensitive function of gap spacing and arc current. (Abstract provided by Editor.)     

Application of the High-Speed Photography Technique to Study Pulsed Vacuum Arc Plasma in a Short Gap

Physics of Atomic Nuclei - We studied the process of switching a short vacuum gap, initiated by an auxiliary discharge along the surface of the dielectric by registration images using an...     

Erosion Craters and Arc Cathode Spots in Vacuum

The development of erosion craters on clean, smooth cathodes in UHV has been investigated with a time resolution of nanoseconds (current range 10–200 A). Furthermore, crater size erosion rate and velocity of spot displacement have been measured in dependence on current and surface conditions. The relevance of the results for different cathode spot models is discussed in detail. From the measurements the following conclusions are drawn. The craters are caused by the action of the discharge pressure on the molten metal within a spot. The spots move in a random manner in elementary steps of a crater radius with time constants of the order of 10^?8 s. The main reason for the movement is the formation of micropoints at crater boundaries. Droplets and contaminations induce jumps of more than a crater radius. The impact of droplets causes considerable deformations of the cathode surface. Nanosecond pulse breakdowns and quasi-stationary arcs result in values of crater size, spot velocity and erosion rate that are comparable within an order of magnitude. These results support a non-stationary spot model that describes the cathode spot as a sequence of surface explosions.     

Inductively Coupled,Plasma Source Mass Spectrometry - A New Element/Isotope Specific Mass Spectrometry Detector for Chromatography

A new mass spectrometry detector for chromatography is described. It is element/isotope specific. The interfacing of GC with the detector is very simple, consisting of a short (0. 5m) stainless steel tube. Oxygen gas (about 20% of total sample gas flow) must be injected, into the GC effluent entering the torch, to prevent carbon buildup on the torch. Three pentylated tin compounds (Me₃SnPe, Me₂SnPe₂ and MeSnPe₃) were separated and determined using the system. Although detection limits (ng's) achieved in this preliminary work were worse by over 2 orders of magnitude compared to state-of-the-art electrothermal atomic absorption detection, the approach holds much promise for the future in environmental/clinical metal organic species investigations.     

A Model of the Multicathode-Spot Vacuum Arc

A model is proposed for the multicathode-spot (MCS) vacuum arc. A zero-order model is filrst constructed, whereby the interelectrode plasma is produced by the multitude of cathode spots, and flows to the anode upon which it condenses. The electron density is calculated by assuming that the plasma is uniform within a cylinder bounded by the electrodes and using expenmental data for the ionic velocities and ion current fraction obtained in single cathode spot arcs. The electron density thus obtained is proportionate to the current density, and is equal to 5 × 1020 m-3 in the case of a 107-A/m2 Cu arc. The model predictions are a factor of 3-4 lower than measured values. First-order perturbations to the zero-order model are considered taking into account inelastic electron-ion collisions, plasma-macroparticle interactions, the interaction of the self-magnetic field with the plasma and electric current flows, and the interaction with the anode. Inelastic collisions tend to increase the ionicity of the plasma as a function of distance from the cathode, in agreement with spectroscopic observations. Macroparticles are heated by ion impact until they have significant evaporation rates. The vapor thus produced is ultimately ionized, and most probably accounts for the discrepancy between the zero-order prediction of electron densities and the measured values. Constrictions near the anode in both the plasma and electric current flows have been calculated. An overabundant electron current supply forces the anode to assume a negative potential with respect to the adjacent plasma.     

Anode Melting in a Multicathode-Spot Vacuum Arc

Melting of the anode surface in a multicathode-spot vacuum arc is expected when the incident energy flux is not balanced. The anodic energy influx is proportional to the arc-current collected by the anode and melting of the anode should be observed when peak arc-current exceeds a critical value. In this work, the critical peak arc-current Ipt was measured, and its dependence on anode and cathode materials was determined. The arc was sustained between two parallel cylindrical electrodes, 14 mm in diameter and spaced 4 mm apart. The almost critically damped current pulse lasted for 30 ms with a 6-ms rise time to peak value. Peak currents were in the range of 500-2300 A. In most of the experiments the anode material differed from that of the cathode. In the runs where the cathode-anode materials were Cu-Al or Mo-Cu, respectively, the time dependence of a spectral line intensity radiated by the anode atoms located in the plasma near the anode surface was recorded. We found that Ipt depended on both the anode and cathode materials. Thus for an Al anode and Al and Cu cathodes, Ipt equaled to 1100 and 900 A, respectively. In arcs with a peak current larger or equal to Ipt, a sudden jump of the spectral line intensity was observed. In all experiments, even when strong melting of the anode was observed, the arc-voltage stayed quiescent and in the range 15-35 V, suggesting that no anode spot was formed.     

The Diffuse Vacuum Arc: A Definition

It is shown that the name diffuse arc based on high-speed photography is ambiguous. An optical-probe method is described, which enables one to quantify the arcing state. This leads to a new measurable quantity: diffusity.     

Numerical Simulation of a Planar Vacuum Arc

A two-dimensional numerical simulation of a planar vacuum arc has been used to determinie the effect of the self-consistent magnetic fields on the arc plasma density, temperature, and heat flow. The results are consistent with experimentally observed discharges in which a linear pinch occurs.     

Experimental Investigation of Low-Current Vacuum Arc Instabilities

The instabilities of 50-Hz low-current vacuum arcs and chopping phenomena were investigated in a test circuit where current was limited either by a resistor or an inductance. Employing a special test method which was developed for statistical evaluation, current zeros were measured oscillographically with a time sweep of 50 to 100 ns/div for durations of ? 60 div. The effects observed are quantitatively better to assess than with other techniques. It was found that each chopping process is initiated by a partial arc extinction (which as a rule occurs within less than 10 ns). One of the dominant factors of the whole process is the speed of recovery of the contact material. Copper contacts showed a much faster recovery and thus higher chopping currents than contacts of copper-tungsten. Furthermore, that current value at which the first instability occurs was measured as weli as the corresponding chopping current. Both values were evaluated statistically. In agreement with previous findings the occurrence of the first instability turned out to be independent of the capacitance parallel to the switching gap. However, the chopping current showed a significant dependence on the capacitance, as is well known from earlier investigations.     

阴极真空弧离子源的研制

为发展金属离子束材料表面改性技术的工业应用，北师大低能核物理所研制成阴极真空弧离子源和离子注入装置．简要介绍该设备的结构、原理和性能． The cathode vacuum arc ion source and ion implantation facility have been developed in our institute for industrial application of surface modification of materials. In this paper the principle structure and performance of these facilities were described.     

Current and Voltage Distribution in the Diffuse Vacuum Arc

On the basis of extensive measurements, a model is developed of the diffuse plasma of the high-current vacuum arc. The model shows that the current constriction and the voltage distribution in the diffuse vacuum arc prior to anode-spot formation are caused by the pressure source to which the charged and the neutral particles contribute.     

From Field Emission to Vacuum Arc Ignition: A New Tool for Simulating Copper Vacuum Arcs

Understanding plasma initiation in vacuum arc discharges can help to bridge the gap between nano‐scale triggering phenomena and the macroscopic surface damage caused by vacuum arcs. We present a new twodimensional particle‐in‐cell tool to simulate plasma initiation in direct‐current (DC) copper vacuum arc discharges starting from a single, strong field emitter at the cathode. Our simulations describe in detail how a sub‐micron field emission site can evolve to a macroscopic vacuum arc discharge, and provide a possible explanation for why and how cathode spots can spread on the cathode surface. Furthermore, the model provides us with a prediction for the current and voltage characteristics, as well as for properties of the plasma like densities, fluxes and electric potentials in a simple DC discharge case, which are in agreement with the known experimental values. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

真空电弧离子源Ti(H)等离子体原子发射光谱分析的初步研究

作为一种常用的等离子体诊断方法,原子发射光谱法具有非侵入、在线诊断、时空分辨等优点,在等离子体诊断领域得到了广泛的应用。作为一种单次脉冲离子源,真空弧离子源具有结构紧凑、工作压强低、束流大和可以随时开始工作等其他类型的离子源所无法比拟的优点,在离子源研究和应用领域受到了极大的关注。为了研究真空弧离子源的放电过程,对其放电生成等离子体的特性进行详细描述,并为进一步的离子源研究和改进奠定基础,采用原子发射光谱法对其放电生成等离子体的参数进行诊断。本文结合原子发射光谱的斯塔克(Stark)展宽和Saha-Boltzmann方程,发展了两种针对光谱仪采集到的发射光谱数据的处理方法,可对等离子体的电子温度、电子密度、离子温度以及热运动状态进行诊断。对阴极为Ti(H)材料时真空弧离子源放电生成的等离子体,分别采用这两种方法对其进行了诊断,对诊断结果的有效性进行了判断。此外,还对光谱采集过程中,实验室背景辐射对诊断结果的影响进行了讨论。     

Vacuum Arc Behavior in a Transverse Magnetic Field

Experimental measurements in a vacuum interrupter have shown that the application of a transverse magnetic field results in substantial increases in arc voltage. Photographic studies of the arc column indicate that strong magnetic fields reduce the effective anode area and may lead to severe arc constriction.