隧道围岩强度不均地段塌方成因及其处理方法

采用微面模型理论和损伤力学方法,建立了节理岩体的弹塑性损伤耦合微面模型. 在节理岩体的微 面上,将岩体视为由节理面与岩石组成的二元介质,以节理连通率作为岩体沿该方向的面积 损伤变量,考虑微面法向拉应力和压应力下的不同塑性变形和损伤耦合作用机制,基于塑性 理论建立了节理岩体的微面塑性损伤增量本构关系. 采用微面物理量与宏观物理量的几何约 束模型,根据微面方向积分导出了节理岩体的宏观弹塑性增量本构关系. 编制了节理岩体微 面模型的MARC有限元子程序,对节理岩体的单轴拉伸、压缩试验和泥浆压力作用下的井壁稳 定问题进行了数值模拟研究. 数值计算结果表明,该模型能很好地揭示载荷作用下节理岩体 的各向异性非弹性变形和次生节理演化过程.     

考虑损伤的节理本构模型

本文在弹塑性损伤的理论框架内，讨论了节理等地质间断面的本构模型。这个模型能够反映节理面的损伤弱化，扩容和弹性刚度劣化等复杂特性。这个模型的另一优点是，塑性变形增量与屈服面是非正交的，但本构矩阵具有对称性。这种对称性在岩石力学的理论研究和数值分析中是至关紧要的。     

裂隙岩体损伤局部化破坏分岔模型及其应用

采用概率统计方法分析节理裂隙岩体的几何特征，定义了反映裂隙岩体几何特征的组构张量．基于不可逆热力学理论，通过裂纹扩展的细观分析，得出了损伤的发展机理和演化方程，把损伤演化和裂隙的几何特征的变化联系起来，建立了弹塑性损伤本构关系．为分析含有节理裂隙岩体在发生局部化破坏时的特征，通过对发生局部化时的裂隙岩体的分析。构造了适用于节理裂隙岩体局部化分析的不连续分岔模型．利用非线性规划数值解法，可以得出局部化破坏的方向特征．在有限元方法中，根据该模型给出了节理裂隙岩体相关的算例，分析表明该模型用于分析裂隙岩体的局部化破坏是有效的．     

有限应变下蠕变—弹塑性—损伤耦合本构模型的数值模拟

本文提出了一个模拟有限元应变下各向同性蠕变－弹塑性－损伤耦合本构行为的数值模型。模型基于不可逆过程的热动力学和内状态变量理论、以及应力就变本构关系的超弹性形式描述和变形梯度的弹性及非弹性部分的乘式分解。     

基于TCK模型的非贯通节理岩体动态损伤本构模型

提出在岩体动态损伤本构模型中应同时考虑宏、细观缺陷;基于能量原理和断裂力学理论推导得出了同时考虑节理几何及力学特征的宏观损伤变量(张量)的计算公式;基于综合考虑宏、细观缺陷的复合损伤变量(张量)及完整岩石动态损伤Taylor-Chen-Kuszmaul(TCK)模型,建立了相应的单轴压缩下节理岩体动态损伤本构模型;利用该模型讨论了节理内摩擦角及节理长度对岩体动态力学特性的影响规律。研究表明,试件动态峰值强度随着节理内摩擦角的增大而增大,随着节理长度的增加而减小。     

综合考虑宏细观缺陷的岩体动态损伤本构模型

针对节理岩体同时含有节理、裂隙等宏观缺陷及微裂隙、微孔洞等细观缺陷的客观事实, 提出了在节理岩体动态损伤本构模型中应同时考虑宏细观缺陷的观点。为此, 首先对基于细观动态断裂机理的经典岩石动态损伤本构模型—TCK(Taylor-Chen-Kuszmaul)模型进行了阐述, 其次基于Lemaitre等效应变假设推导了综合考虑宏细观缺陷的复合损伤变量(张量), 进而在此基础上建立了相应的节理岩体动态损伤本构模型, 并利用该模型讨论了载荷应变率及节理条数对岩体动态力学特性的影响规律。结果表明, 在不同载荷应变率下试件在变形初始阶段是重合的, 而后随着应变的增加, 试件峰值强度、峰值应变及总应变均随载荷应变率的增加而增加; 随着节理条数的增加, 试件峰值强度逐渐降低, 但降低趋势逐渐变缓并趋于某一定值。上述研究结论与目前的理论及实验研究结果的基本规律是一致的, 说明了本模型的合理性。     

压缩载荷作用下岩石的细观损伤和塑性研究

建立岩石微裂纹扩展的细观力学模型,研究了岩石的细观损伤和塑性性质.压缩载荷下微裂纹尖端翼裂纹稳定扩展表征岩石的细观损伤,采用应变能密度准则求解复合型断裂的翼裂纹扩展长度,微裂隙统计的二参数Weibull函数模型反映绝对体积应变对微裂纹分布数目影响,进而用翼裂纹扩展所表征的应力释放体积和微裂纹数目来表示含有微裂隙的岩石损伤演化变量;宏观塑性屈服函数采用Voyiadjis等的等效塑性应变的硬化函数,反映了塑性内变量对硬化函数的影响;建立岩石模型的本构关系及其数值算法,并用回映隐式积分算法编制了模型的本构程序.分析弹塑性损伤模型的围压对岩石损伤的影响,并从围压和短微裂隙长度等因素分析模型的岩石的损伤和宏观塑性特性.     

高温条件下混凝土墙体的非线性分析研究

本文建立了一个弹塑性-损伤耦合本构模型用于数值模拟高温下混凝土的真实破坏过程。导出了一个利用Newton-Raphson迭代的一般的直接应力返回映射算法。同时求解应力向量和塑性、损伤的内状态变量。并推导了用于化学-热-湿-力学耦合分析的全局守恒方程Newton-Raphson迭代过程的一致性切线模量矩阵。建议了一个用于弹塑性-损伤耦合分析的两级求解过程。给出的数值例题结果显示了所提出的数法和公式的正确性,表明了所发展的弹塑性-损伤耦合本构模型在模拟高温下混凝土墙体中复杂破坏过程的能力。     

考虑微裂纹相互作用的的岩石微观力学弹塑性损伤模型研究

本文建立基于微裂纹扩展的岩石弹塑性损伤微观力学模型。用自洽方法考虑裂隙间相互影响,压缩载荷下微裂纹尖端翼裂纹稳定扩展表征岩石的微观损伤,基于应变能密度准则用Newton迭代法求复合型断裂的翼裂纹扩展长度,并采用微裂隙统计的二参数Weibull函数模型反映绝对体积应变对微裂纹分布数目影响,进而用翼裂纹扩展所表征的应力释放体积和微裂纹数目来表示含有微裂隙的岩石损伤演化变量;宏观塑性屈服函数采用Voyiadjis等的等效塑性应变的硬化函数,反映塑性内变量对硬化函数的影响;建立岩石的弹塑性损伤本构关系及其数值算法,并用回映隐式积分算法编制了弹塑性损伤模型的程序。从围压和微裂隙长度等因素分析弹塑性损伤模型的岩石的损伤和宏观塑性特性。     

岩体中饱和渗流应力耦合模型研究进展

在大坝渗流与控制、各种水工隧洞和交通隧道以及地下各种洞室开挖、采矿工程与油藏开采中的水力劈裂、 岩坡和坝基的稳定性研究等领域中经常会遇到岩体的饱和渗流应力耦合问题.本文对这些领域中的渗流应力耦合问题分为6种力学模型: 等效连续介质模型、 裂隙网络模型、 双重介质模型、 断裂力学模型、 连续损伤力学模型和统计模型.前3种主要从经典的黏弹塑性本构着手考虑, 着重对渗流场的处理, 后3种则是从考虑岩体在耦合作用下发生损伤破裂行为方面切入, 着重于岩体结构内部发生质的改变带来的更加复杂的耦合效应.对这些模型进行了详细的介绍, 指出了这些模型的优缺点与适用范围, 给出了一些有代表性的研究成果, 并对该研究领域中未来的研究方向进行了展望.     

基于微面有效应力矢量的各向异性屈服准则

基于微面模型，定义损伤变量为微面上有效承载面积的减少. 将Kachanov的一维有效 应力概念推广到三维，提出微面有效应力矢量的概念. 根据微面的有效应力矢量，将无损材 料的宏观应力张量及不变量与微面应力矢量的积分关系拓展到有损材料，得到了有损材料的 宏观有效应力张量及其不变量与宏观名义应力张量、微面面积损伤组构张量之间的关系. 将 无损材料的以应力张量不变量表示的Drucker-Prager准则推广到有损材料，建立了含缺陷 材料的各向异性屈服准则. 对有损材料，宏观有效应力张量与Murakami的有效应力张量具 有相同的形式，各向异性强度准则与Liu等提出的扩展Hill准则有相同的形式，当不考虑 静水应力对屈服的影响时，它与Hill准则具有相同的形式.     

Upper and lower bounds for constitutive relation of crack-weakened rock masses under dynamic compressive loads

A micro-mechanics-based model is proposed to investigate the rate-dependent constitutive relation for crack-weakened rock masses subjected to dynamic compressive loads. The present micro-mechanical model reveals that the nucleation, growth and coalescence of sliding cracks dominate the failure and macroscopic properties of crack-weakened rock masses subjected to dynamic compressive loads. The interactions among multiple parallel sliding cracks in crack-weakened rock masses subjected to dynamic compressive loads are examined asymptotically in an explicit and quantitative manner in order to reveal fully their so-called shielding and magnification effects on the stress–strain relation. Based on the micro-mechanical framework and the asymptotic analysis, analytical upper and lower bounds are proposed for the rate-relation for rock masses containing multiple rows of echelon cracks subjected to dynamic compressive loads. The factors that affect the rate-dependent properties of crack-weakened rock masses have been analyzed. The strain energy density factor approach, which is related to crack growth velocity and dynamic fracture toughness of rock material, is employed in the analysis. The rate-dependent constitutive relation of crack-weakened rock masses is derived from micro-mechanical framework and the asymptotic analysis. The closed-form explicit expression for the rate-dependent constitutive relation of rock masses containing echelon cracks subjected to dynamic compressive loads is obtained. Finally, the present model is used to analyze the complete stress–strain relation and strength for jointed rock masses at shiplock slope of the Three Gorges Dam.     

Damage-induced nonassociated inelastic flow in rock salt

The multimechanism deformation coupled fracture model recently developed by Chanet al. [1992], for describing time-dependent, pressure-sensitive inelastic flow and damage evolution in crystalline solids was evaluated against triaxial creep experiments on rock salt. Guided by experimental observations, the kinetic equation and the flow law for damage-induced inelastic flow in the model were modified to account for the development of damage and inelastic dillation in the transient creep regime. The revised model was then utilized to obtain the creep response and damage evolution in rock salt as a function of confining pressure and stress difference. Comparison between model calculation and experiment revealed that damage-induced inelastic flow is nonassociated, dilational, and contributes significantly to the macroscopic strain rate observed in rock salt deformed at low confining pressures. The inelastic strain rate and volumetric strain due to damage decrease with increasing confining pressures, and all are suppressed at sufficiently high confining pressures.     

A fracture damage model for Jointed rock masses and its application to the stability analysis of dam abutments

Based on continuum damage mechanics, for jointed rock masses, a fracture damage model is presented in this paper. First, the damage tensors are defined through the elastic-flexibility of intact rock and the equivalent elastic-damage flexibility for rock mass. Then, by the self-consistent principle of solid mechanics, the equivalent elastic-damage flexibility tensors involving the interaction between multicracks are deduced. The damage evolution law is proposed involving the mechanism of crack propagation process: frictional sliding, crack kinking, growing of branched tension cracks, interlinking of the microcracks near branched crack tips leading to the breakthrough of macro-cracks and finally the failure of rock mass. Thus the evolution of damage variables reasonably unified with the process of crack propagation is given. Finally, a plastic-brittle damage constitutive relation including brittle coupled strain rate, developed and applied to the stability analysis of complicated rock foundation of a dam in China, is described in this paper.     

Localization of deformation and stress–strain relation for mesoscopic heterogeneous brittle rock materials under unloading

Stress redistribution induced by excavation of underground engineering and slope engineering results in the unloading zone in parts of surrounding rock masses. The mechanical behaviors of crack-weakened rock masses under unloading are different from those of crack-weakened rock masses under loading. A micromechanics-based model has been proposed for brittle rock material undergoing irreversible changes of their microscopic structures due to microcrack growth when axial stress is held constant while lateral confinement is reduced. The basic idea of the present model is to classify the constitution relation of rock material into four stages including some of the stages of linear elasticity, pre-peak nonlinear hardening, rapid stress drop, and strain softening, and to investigate their corresponding micromechanical damage mechanisms individually. Special attention is paid to the transition from structure rearrangements on microscale to the macroscopic inelastic strain, to the transition from distribution damage to localization of damage and the transition from homogeneous deformation to localization of deformation. The closed-form explicit expression for the complete stress–strain relation of rock materials containing cracks under unloading is obtained. The results show that the complete stress–strain relation and the strength of rock materials under unloading depend on the crack spacing, the fracture toughness of rock materials, orientation of the cracks, the crack half-length and the crack density parameter.     

STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF JOINTED ROCK MASSES BASED ON THE HOMOGENIZATION METHOD

This paper aims to determine the strength properties of jointed rock masses by means of the homogenization method.To reflect the microstructure of jointed rock masses,a representative element volume (R...     

Generic strength model for dry jointed rock masses

A new nonlinear thermo-mechanical model for heavily jointed rock masses is presented. The model describes poroelasticity, shear-enhanced compaction and brittle–ductile transition in dry porous rocks. The key input parameters of the model, such as elastic moduli, tensile and compressive strength are expressed as functions of the reference porosity of the rock. These functions are based on empirical data for limestones and sandstones and assume that the medium is isotropic. The effect of joints is modeled by scaling down the key model parameters. The scaling rules are found with the help of explicit numerical modeling of randomly jointed media.     

A model framework for anisotropic damage coupled to crystal (visco)plasticity

We develop a model framework for anisotropic damage coupled to crystal (visco)plasticity, which is based on the concept of a fictitious (undamaged) configuration. The theoretical setting is that of finite strains, which is natural when studying crystal inelasticity even in the case of actual small strains. It turns out that the evolution law for damage, which reflects degradation in the slip planes and which is the key new relation, bears strong resemblance with the inelastic flow rule. Some numerical results showing qualitatively the anisotropic development of damage concludes the paper.     

Analysis of the localization of damage and the complete stress-strain relation for mesoscopic heterogeneous brittle rock subjected to compressive loads

A micromechanics-based model is established. The model takes the interaction among sliding cracks into account, and it is able to quantify the effect of various parameters on the localization condition of damage and deformation for brittle rock subjected to compressive loads. The closed-form explicit expression for the complete stress-strain relation of rock containing microcracks subjected to compressive loads was obtained. It is showed that the complete stress-strain relation includes linear elasticity, nonlinear hardening, rapid stress drop and strain softening. The behavior of rapid stress drop and strain softening is due to localization of deformation and damage. Theoretical predictions have shown to be consistent with the exoerimental results.