机器人动力学与控制专题序

机器人动力学的研究是所有类型机器人发展过程中不可逾越的环节,也是形成机器人终极产品性能评价指标重要的科学依据,以往机器人的发展已经表明,多体系统动力学是机器人研发中不可或缺的基础力学理论。随着新型传动与驱动机构以及智能与软物质材料的出现,可以预计柔性化、软性化、可变化、微型化和控制智能化将成为未来机器人发展的重要方向,使机器人的各种作动更接近生物体的仿生体,因此,以仿生为主要特征的刚柔耦合、柔软体和变形机器人对任务和环境的适应性强,其快速发展在一定程度上将促进机器人研究的步伐,同时,这种趋势和需求也将会使得机器人动力学和控制研究面临重大挑战。本刊组织了“机器人动力学与控制研究专题”,主要介绍以下两个方面的研究进展。     

考虑摩擦特性的柔性关节空间机器人自适应CMAC神经网络鲁棒控制

讨论了关节摩擦力矩影响下,具有柔性铰关节的漂浮基空间机器人系统的动力学控制问题.设计了基于高斯基函数的小脑神经网络(CMAC)鲁棒控制器和摩擦力矩补偿器.用奇异摄动理论对系统的动力学模型进行快慢变子系统分解,针对快变子系统,设计力矩微分反馈控制器来抑制机械臂关节柔性引起的振动;对于慢变子系统,设计了基于自适应CMAC神...     

基于气动力辨识的ASE模型降阶研究

CFD/CSD耦合计算能够准确预测跨音速段飞行器弹性振动的非定常气动力, 但其带来的巨大 计算量及高阶维数不利于气动弹性系统的分析与综合. 针对于此,采用系统辨识及 均衡截断技术对高阶气动伺服弹性模型进行降阶处理,并利用所得到的低阶模型进行系统综 合：(1) 基于Volterra级数气动力辨识技术,得到非定常气动力的时域降阶模型(ROM), 耦合结构动力学模型及控制机构动力学模型获得气动伺服弹性(ASE)状态空间方 程;(2) 利用均衡截段法对时域ASE模型进行进一步降阶,得到能够较真实反映所关心频域内系统响应 的低阶ASE模型;(3) 针对建模误差和降阶误差存在造成的系统不确定性问题,结合降阶模型 采用混合灵敏度$H_{\infty}$控制方法设计颤振主动抑制鲁棒控制律,保证其作用 于真实系统的有效性;对控制器进行 均衡阶段降阶并保持其鲁棒性,得到低阶鲁棒的颤振抑制控制器. 最后利用典型的BACT模型 进行气动伺服弹性的降阶及主动颤振抑制控制,仿真结果表明,基于ROM建立的低阶气动弹 性模型能够较真实地反应系统的颤振特性;而基于截断后的降阶模型所设计的低阶鲁棒控制 器能够有效应用于存在不确定性摄动的实际系统,并将系统颤振速度提高36%.     

基于虚拟力概念的柔性臂空间机器人模糊退步自适应控制算法设计

讨论了漂浮基柔性臂空间机器人系统的动力学模拟、运动轨迹跟踪控制算法设计及柔性振动主动抑制。采用多体动力学建模方法并结合假设模态法,建立了漂浮基柔性臂空间机器人的系统动力学模型。基于该模型,针对系统惯性参数未知情况,提出了刚性运动基于模糊基函数网络自适应调节的退步控制算法,以完成柔性臂空间机器人载体姿态及机械臂各关节铰的协调运动。然后,为了主动抑制系统柔性振动,运用虚拟力的概念,构造了同时反映柔性模态和刚性运动轨迹的混合期望轨迹,通过改造原有的控制算法,提出了基于虚拟力概念的模糊退步自适应控制算法;这样不但保证了之前刚性运动控制方案对模型不确定的鲁棒性,而且能主动抑制柔性振动,从而提高了轨迹跟踪性能。理论分析及数值仿真算例均表明了控制方法的可行性。     

柔性空间机器人快速终端滑模容错抑振控制

针对基座与臂杆存在柔性且执行机构发生故障的自由漂浮空间机器人系统,设计了快速终端滑模容错抑振控制器。结合线性弹簧假设、欧拉-伯努利梁理论和假设模态法提取了系统的柔性特征,利用拉格朗日方程推导出柔性基、柔性臂空间机器人系统的动力学模型;基于双幂次非奇异快速终端滑模为系统设计了有限时间容错控制器,采用Lyapunov函数法证明了闭环系统的稳定性;在此基础上,引入混合轨迹对容错控制器进行修正,进而构造出基于虚拟控制力的有限时间容错抑振控制器,实现对空间机器人载体姿态与关节轨迹的快速跟踪控制及基座与臂杆柔性振动的有效抑制。仿真结果表明,相较于无容错机制的计算力矩抑振控制算法,所设计算法的轨迹跟踪误差收敛速度提升了68.75%,弹性基座的振幅减小了78%,限定在1.1×10^-4 m之内。     

漂浮基柔性空间机器人的鲁棒控制及振动抑制

讨论了漂浮基柔性空间机器人系统的动力学建模、运动控制算法设计以及关节、臂双重柔性振动的分级主动抑制问题. 利用系统动量、动量矩守恒关系和拉格朗日-假设模态法对系统进行动力学分析,建立系统动力学方程. 基于奇异摄动法,将系统分解为表示系统刚性运动部分的慢变子系统, 表示由柔性臂引起的系统柔性运动部分的快变子系统1和表示由柔性关节引起的系统柔性运动部分的快变子系统2. 针对慢变子系统提出一种鲁棒控制方法来补偿系统参数的不确定性和柔性关节引起的转动误差,实现系统期望运动轨迹的渐近跟踪;针对快变子系统1采用线性二次型最优控制器来抑制由柔性臂引起的系统柔性振动;针对快变子系统2设计了基于机械臂和电机转子的转角速度差值的反馈控制器来抑制由柔性关节引起的系统柔性振动. 因此,系统的总控制律为以上3个子系统控制律的综合. 最后通过仿真实验证明了所提出的混合控制方法的有效性.      

基于状态观测的双臂空间机器人分散容错控制

针对关节执行器发生部分失效故障的双臂空间机器人系统的控制问题,设计了一种基于状态观测器的自适应分散神经网络容错控制器。结合拉格朗日第二类方法建立了空间机器人系统的动力学方程。根据分散理论将空间机器人执行器故障的容错问题转化为参数不确定的非线性交联系统的自适应控制问题。利用状态观测器得到了系统的角速度信号,通过自适应分散神经网络对系统的不确定项与交联项进行估计。基于Lyapunov函数法给出了观测器与控制器的稳定性判据。数值仿真表明,无论执行器是否发生故障,该控制器均可以在2 s内实现高精度的轨迹跟踪控制,且观测器均能精准地估计关节的实际角速度信号,从而验证了理论分析的正确性与算法的可行性。     

机器人动力学与控制主题论文序

机器人动力学的研究是所有类型机器人发展过程中不可逾越的环节,也是形成机器人终极产品性能评价指标重要的科学依据,以往机器人的发展已经表明,多体系统动力学是机器人研发中不可或缺的基础力学理论. 随着新型传动与驱动机构以及智能与软物质材料的出现,可以预计柔性化、软性化、可变化、微型化和控制智能化将成为未来机器人发展的重要方向,使机器人的各种作动更接近生物体的仿生体,因此,以仿生为主要特征的刚柔耦合、柔软体和变形机器人对任务和环境的适应性强,其快速发展在一定程度上将促进机器人研究的步伐,同时,这种趋势和需求也将会使得机器人动力学和控制研究面临重大挑战. 本刊组织了“机器人动力学与控制研究专题”,主要介绍以下两个方面的研究进展.      

四轴稳定跟踪转台伺服控制系统的研究与实现

以四轴稳定跟踪伺服转台系统研制的实例出发，从系统总体结构，元、部件选型计算及控制系统的设计与实现等方面进行了详细介绍。针对系统难点，采用基于高速DSP控制器、以采样数字控制和信号滤波技术为基础的全闭环伺服控制方案。实验测试结果均达到了预先制定的设计指标和精度要求，表明了系统设计方案的实用性和有效性。     

基于惯性飞轮的独轮自平衡机器人侧向动力学分析

独轮机器人是一类重要的科学研究型机器人，基于旋转的惯性飞轮的独轮机器人可以实现独轮机器人的侧向平衡。本文单独推导了其侧向动力学方程，分析得出惯性飞轮对独轮机器人侧平衡的动力学影响，通过设计PD控制器和LQR控制器实现了对独轮机器人的侧向平衡控制，并进行了对比。仿真和物理实验均证实了：独轮机器人的滚转角变化量与飞轮的角加速度成正比；旋转飞轮产生的平衡力矩与飞轮的转动加速度方向相反；独轮机器人的滚转角变化量与飞轮的转动惯量正相关。     

Image based visual servoing for robot positioning tasks

Visual servoing has become a popular paradigm for the control of complex robotic systems: this sensor based approach exploits the image informations provided by one ore more cameras in a feedback control loop to drive the system to the desired configuration. Here authors will refers to a monocular system where the camera is mounted on the end effector of a 6-DOF manipulator. Among different Visual Servoing approaches Image Based Visual Servoing (IBVS) has been the most investigated in the literature because of its nice properties of robustness with respect to both robot modeling and camera calibration errors: in IBVS the control loop is in fact directly closed in the image; moreover IBVS doesn’t require the knowledge of the target/scene model (model-free approach). Despite its advantages IBVS may be affected by singularity and local minima problems of the control law: these drawbacks arise especially when the initial and the goal camera images respectively corresponding to the actual and desired system configurations are very different (i.e for large system displacements). To overcome these problems an image path planning can be exploited to ensure system convergence. In this paper author presents an off-line image path planning that can be used to execute system positioning task also in presence of large camera displacements: planning trajectories has been developed such as to make the robot end effector move on a 3D helix, connecting the initial and the desired arm configuration, by generating feasible robot twist-screws and keeping the target in the image field of view. During control execution also 3D target informations are retrieved through an adaptive estimation law. Both simulations and experimental results show the feasibility of the proposed approach.     

Detumbling strategy and coordination control of kinematically redundant space robot after capturing a tumbling target

This paper focuses on the motion planning to detumble and control of a space robot to capture a non-cooperative target satellite. The objective is to construct a detumbling strategy for the target and a coordination control scheme for the space robotic system in post-capture phase. First, the dynamics of the kinematically redundant space robot after grasping the target is presented, which lays the foundation for the coordination controller design. Subsequently, optimal detumbling strategy for the post-capture phase is proposed based on the quartic B\(\acute{\text{ e }}\)zier curves and adaptive particle swarm optimization algorithm subject to the specific constraints. Both detumbling time and control torques were taken into account for the generation of the optimal detumbling strategy. Furthermore, a coordination control scheme is designed to track the designed reference path while regulating the attitude of the chaser to a desired value. The space robot successfully dumps the initial velocity of the tumbling satellite and controls the base attitude synchronously. Simulation results are presented for detumbling a target with rotational motion using a seven degree-of-freedom redundant space manipulator, which demonstrates the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method.     

A quasi-velocity-based nonlinear controller for rigid manipulators

The problem of position control in the operational space of a robot manipulator is addressed in the paper. The proposed controller is based on equations of motion expressed in terms of normalized generalized velocity components (NGVC) which result from decomposition of the manipulator inertia matrix. The sufficient conditions for global exponential stability of the system under the controller are given. It is shown that using the controller an further insight into the system dynamics is possible. The proposed control algorithm is tested via simulation on a spatial manipulator with three degrees of freedom.     

Stability case study of the ACROBOTER underactuated service robot

The dynamics of classical robotic systems are usually described by ordinary differential equations via selecting a minimum set of independent generalized coordinates. However, different parameterizations and the use of a nonminimum set of (dependent) generalized coordinates can be advantageous in such cases when the modeled device contains closed kinematic loops and/or it has a complex structure. On one hand, the use of dependent coordinates, like natural coordinates, leads to a different mathematical representation where the equations of motion are given in the form of differential algebraic equations. On the other hand, the control design of underactuated robots usually relies on partial feedback linearization based techniques which are exclusively developed for systems modeled by independent coordinates. In this paper, we propose a different control algorithm formulated by using dependent coordinates. The applied computed torque controller is realized via introducing actuator constraints that complement the kinematic constraints which are used to describe the dynamics of the investigated service robotic system in relatively simple and compact form. The proposed controller is applied to the computed torque control of the planar model of the ACROBOTER service robot. The stability analysis of the digitally controlled underactuated service robot is provided as a real parameter case study for selecting the optimal control gains.     

柔性关节-柔性臂空间机器人的神经网络自适应反演控制及双重柔性振动抑制

空间机器人系统的柔性主要体现在空间机器人的臂杆和连接各臂杆之间的铰关节。由于空间机器人系统结构的复杂性,以往研究人员对同时具有柔性关节和柔性臂的系统关注不够。为此探讨了参数未知柔性关节-柔性臂空间机器人系统的动力学模拟、轨迹跟踪控制算法设计和关节、臂杆双重柔性振动的主动抑制问题。首先,采用多体动力学建模方法并结合漂浮基空间机器人固有的线动量和角动量守恒动力学特性,推导了系统的动力学方程。以此为基础,考虑到空间机器人实际应用中各关节铰具有较强柔性的情况,引入一种关节柔性补偿控制器解决了传统奇异摄动法应用受关节柔性限制问题,导出了适用于控制系统算法设计的数学模型。然后,利用该模型,基于反演思想在慢时标子系统中设计神经网络自适应控制算法来补偿系统参数未知和柔性关节引起的转动误差,实现系统运动轨迹跟踪性能;针对快时标子系统,设计了鲁棒最优控制算法抑制因柔性关节及柔性臂引起的系统双重弹性振动,保证系统的稳定性。最后,通过仿真对比实验验证了所设计控制算法的有效性。     

Adaptive robust maneuvering control for nonlinear systems via dynamic surface technique

In this paper, the adaptive robust controller based on dynamic surface technique is investigated for the maneuvering problem of uncertain nonlinear systems with external disturbances. As preliminary, the definition of semi-globally uniformly practically asymptotically stable and its Lyapunov criterion are presented. The static part of controller with smooth robust compensator and adaptive law is designed to achieve the geometric task of maneuverability, and the dynamic control is proposed to reach the speed task by filtered-gradient update law. Moreover, utilizing first-order filter, the problem of “dimensional explosion” is avoided in controller design. Simulation is conducted for three-mecanum-wheeled mobile robot actuated by DC motors to illustrate the effectiveness of the control strategy.

     

Force/position control of parallel robots using exteroceptive pose measurements

The aim of this paper is to study force and position control of kinematic parallel machines. Relying on a recent work showing that computed torque control in Cartesian space is suitable for parallel structures, we propose a parallel force position control scheme of a parallel robot based on the visual servoing of the end effector pose. Simulation results show the efficiency of the proposed approach.     

Robust control of flexible-joint robots using voltage control strategy

So far, control of robot manipulators has frequently been developed based on the torque-control strategy. However, two drawbacks may occur. First, torque-control laws are inherently involved in complexity of the manipulator dynamics characterized by nonlinearity, largeness of model, coupling, uncertainty and joint flexibility. Second, actuator dynamics may be excluded from the controller design. The novelty of this paper is the use of voltage control strategy to develop robust tracking control of electrically driven flexible-joint robot manipulators. In addition, a novel method of uncertainty estimation is introduced to obtain the control law. The proposed control approach has important advantages over the torque-control approaches due to being free of manipulator dynamics. It is computationally simple, decoupled, well-behaved and has a fast response. The control design includes two interior loops; the inner loop controls the motor position and the outer loop controls the joint position. Stability analysis is presented and performance of the control system is evaluated. Effectiveness of the proposed control approach is demonstrated by simulations using a three-joint articulated flexible-joint robot driven by permanent magnet dc motors.