Effect of hydrostatic pressure on closed-loop phase behavior of block copolymers

The effect of hydrostatic pressure (P) on closed-loop phase behavior of deuterated polystyrene-block-poly(n-pentyl methacrylate) copolymers [dPS-PnPMA] was investigated by using small-angle neutron scattering and birefringence. For P<20.7 bar, dPS-PnPMA exhibited a lower disorder-to-order transition temperature (T(LDOT)) at 175 degrees C, and then an upper order-to-disorder transition temperature (T(UODT)) at 255 degrees C. With increasing pressure both T(LDOT) and T(UODT) were markedly changed, where dT(LDOT)/dP was 725 degrees C/kbar and dT(UODT)/dP was -725 degrees C/kbar. These are consistent with predictions by the Clausius-Clapeyron equation using measured values of the volume and enthalpy changes of both transitions. The large pressure coefficients imply that the closed-loop phase behavior observed for PS-PnPMA is an entropic-driven phase transition.     

Moderate hydrostatic pressure–temperature combinations for inactivation of Bacillus subtilis spores

We report the effect of using moderate hydrostatic pressure, 40–140?MPa, at moderate temperature (38–58°C) to inactivate Bacillus subtilis spores in McIlvaine's citric phosphate buffer at pH 6. We have investigated several parameters: pressure applied, holding time, pressure cycling, and temperature. The kinetics of spore inactivation is reported. The results show that spore inactivation is exponentially proportional to the time the sample is exposed to pressure. Spore germination and inactivation occur at the hydrostatic pressures/temperature combinations we explored. Cycling the pressure while keeping the total time at high pressure constant does not significantly increase spore inactivation. We show that temperature increases spore inactivation at two different rates; a slow rate below 33°C, and at a more rapid rate at higher temperatures. Increasing pressure leads to an increase in spore inactivation below 95?MPa; however, further increases in pressure give a similar rate kill. The time dependence of the effect of pressure is consistent with the first-order model (R²?>?0.9). The thermal resistance values (Z_T) of B. subtilis spores are 30°C, 37°C, and 40°C at 60, 80, 100?MPa. The increase in Z_T value at higher pressures indicates lower temperature sensitivity. The pressure resistance values (Z_P) are 125, 125 and 143?MPa at 38°C, 48°C, and 58°C. These Z_P values are lower than those reported for B. subtilis spores in the literature, which indicates higher sensitivity at pressures less than about 140?MPa. We show that at temperatures <60°C, B. subtilis spores are inactivated at pressures below 100?MPa. This finding could have implications for the design of the sterilization equipment.     

Influence of different factors on the output power transferred into medium by ultrasound

The influence of several factors (amplitude of ultrasonic waves, external static pressure, temperature and viscosity of medium) acting, either individually or in combination, on the amount of power transferred to a liquid medium during ultrasonication (power output) was measured by calorimetry. At constant amplitude (150 microns) and pressure (200 kPa), the power output decreased as the temperature was raised. The effect of temperature could be compensated by increasing pressure. The magnitude of the increase in power output due to raising the pressure depended on the pressure range and the treatment temperature. At all temperatures and pressures studied, the power output increased exponentially when the amplitude was increased linearly. The magnitude of this power output did not depend on the temperature or pressure of treatment. At 40 degrees C the magnitude of the increase in power output due to increasing the pressure was not influenced by the amplitude of sonic waves. The power output increased as the viscosity of the medium was increased. The magnitude of this effect did not depend on the amplitude but on the static pressure.     

A Spin Label Study of the Effects of Hydrostatic Pressure and Temperature on Cellular Lipids

Rabbit alveolar macrophages were labeled with fatty acid-derived spin labels and the effects of both hydrostatic pressure and temperature upon the fluidity of cell lipids were observed. The alveolar macrophage membrane is significantly more fluid than the erythrocyte membrane, with a value of 2T of 52.1 ± 0.7 gauss as compared to a literature value of 56.2 ± 0.8 gauss for erythrocyte ghosts. Arrhenius plots of the effects of temperature upon membrane lipids exhibit a constant slope as the temperature is reduced until a temperature of 2–3°C is obtained, at which point an abrupt change of slope is encountered indicating a lipid phase transition. When the temperature is held constant and hydrostatic pressure is applied in increasing increments, membrane lipids again exhibit a gradual, consistent decrease in fluidity. Moderate pressures in the range of atmospheric to 4000 psi were employed; and for the cells studied, an increase in pressure of 1000 psi appears roughly equivalent to a temperature reduction of 1°C. When hydrostatic pressure is applied in combination with reduced temperature, the temperature at which the lipid phase transition takes place is shifted from 2–3°C to approximately 10°C.     

Effect of the intermediate action of hydrostatic pressure on the high-temperature creep and durability of copper

The intermediate action of hydrostatic pressure on the high-temperature creep of copper is studied at various creep stages. Tests performed at a constant tensile stress of 12.5 MPa at 773 K show that the application of a pressure at the creep third stage decreases the steady-state creep rate and extends the time to failure. At the steady-state stage of creep, the effect of the pressure may be ignored. At pressures of up to 1 GPa, this effect is found to be only related to healing of grain-boundary porosity. At higher pressures, the steady-state creep rate is governed by porosity healing and structural changes.     

Measurement of the acoustic nonlinearity parameter B/A in human tissues by a thermodynamic method

A thermodynamic method for measuring the acoustic nonlinearity parameter B/A in tissues is presented. It is based on the measurement of change in phase velocity as a function of time as the hydrostatic pressure of the sample is quickly reduced from a known value. This technique circumvents the effect of the attenuation in the medium and does not require a prior knowledge of the thermodynamic parameters of the tissues. The method is used to estimate nonlinearity parameters for normal and malignant tissues in the temperature range 20 degrees to 37 degrees C. The values and the temperature dependence of these parameters are found to vary with the nature of the tissues.     

海底表层沉积物声速的环境因素影响特性

应用声速通用模型开展理论分析,结合温度-压力可控实验测量分析,研究地声反演、海底原位声学测量和采样样品声学测量3种主要的海底表层沉积物声学特性测量方法中,存在的环境因素影响机制和特性.理论计算与实验测量研究具有一致性,揭示温度和静水压力对海底表层沉积物的压缩波声速的影响机制主要是通过影响孔隙海水的密度、黏度、体积弹性模...     

温压结合的超高压技术对虾原肌球蛋白抗原性与结构的影响

近年来食源性虾过敏的事件时有发生。为深入研究超高压技术改变虾类致敏性的机理,从凡纳滨对虾中分离纯化出最主要过敏原原肌球蛋白,利用基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF-MS)对原肌球蛋白进行了鉴定,并运用间接酶联免疫吸附法(间接ELISA)和圆二色光谱法(CD)以及荧光光谱法分析了温压结合的超高压技术中温度因素对原肌球蛋白抗原性与结构的影响。结果表明,原肌球蛋白在300 MPa 15 min处理条件下,经35与45 ℃处理,其抗原性增强,而经55,65与75 ℃处理,其抗原性降低。原肌球蛋白二级结构随温度上升,出现α-螺旋与β-折叠、β-转角以及无规则卷曲结构之间的转换;三级结构发生了由伸展状态到折叠状态,再有部分伸展而后折叠的动态变化。由此推断,温压结合的超高压技术中通过调节温度条件,可引起虾原肌球蛋白构象发生变化,进而影响其抗原性的改变。研究结果对于开发低敏性虾制品的新方法、新工艺具有理论指导意义。     

A dynamic Young's modulus measurement system for highly compliant polymers

A new system to determine experimentally the complex Young's modulus of highly compliant elastomers at elevated hydrostatic pressures and as a function of temperature is presented. A sample cut in the shape of a bar is adhered to a piezoelectric ceramic shaker and mounted vertically inside a pressure vessel equipped with glass windows. Two independent measurement methods are then used: a resonant technique, to obtain low-frequency data, and a wave propagation technique, to obtain higher-frequency data. Both techniques are implemented utilizing laser Doppler vibrometers. One vibrometer detects sample resonances through a window located at the bottom of the pressure vessel, and a set of two separate vibrometers monitors the speed of longitudinal waves propagating in the sample, through windows located on the sides of the vessel. The apparatus is contained inside an environmental chamber for temperature control. Using this approach, Young's modulus data can be obtained at frequencies typically ranging from 100 Hz to 5 kHz, under hydrostatic pressures ranging from 0 to 2.07 MPa (300 psi), and at temperatures between -2 degrees C and 50 degrees C. Experimental results obtained on two commercial materials, Rubatex R451N and Goodrich Thorodin AQ21, are presented. The effects of lateral inertia, resulting in dispersive wave propagation, are discussed and their impacts on Young's modulus measurements are examined.     

Influence of electric field,hydrostatic pressure and temperature on the electronic states in a Pöschl-Teller quantum well

Influence of the electric field and hydrostatic pressure on the electronic states in a Pöschl-Teller quantum well is studied. In the framework of variational method the dependences of the ground state energy on the electric field and hydrostatic pressure are calculated for different values of the potential parameters and the temperature. It is shown that the increase in the electric field leads to the increase in the ground state energy, while the increase in the well width leads to the strengthening of the electric field effect. The ground state energy decreases with increasing pressure and increases with increasing temperature.     

名义成分为La1.0Ca2.0Mn2O7锰氧化物的压阻效应

 利用低温高压电阻原位测量装置（自箝铍青铜活塞-圆筒式压砧），在0~1.05 GPa静水压力范围内，对以层状钙钛矿结构为主相、名义成分为La_1.0Ca_2.0Mn₂O₇的锰氧化物样品进行了压阻效应研究。实验观测到异常的压阻效应。在低温5~150 K范围内，压力为0.55 GPa时，样品呈现出高达40%的压阻效应，而且，金属-绝缘体相变温度在低压范围内随压力的增加而增加，但随着压力的进一步增加而减小。     

Ultrasonically enhanced corrosion of 304L stainless steel II: the effect of frequency, acoustic power and horn to specimen distance

The effects of frequency in the range 20 to 60 kHz, acoustic power and horn to specimen distance on the corrosion of 304L stainless steel in an ultrasonic field were investigated. At 40 and 60 kHz, the corrosion rate increased to a maximum and thereafter decreased with increasing transmitted power. At 20 kHz, the corrosion rate increased continuously with increasing power over the range investigated. At 18 W transmitted power, the corrosion rate increased continuously with frequency. However, at 40 W transmitted power a pronounced maximum in the corrosion rate occurred at 40 kHz. A significant effect of horn to specimen distance was found, the corrosion rate increasing with decreasing distance. High corrosion rates in excess of 800 mm yr(-1) were observed when the specimen was situated 0.1 mm from the radiating face of the ultrasonic probe. In addition, the area affected by sonication was found to increase with increasing distance.     

Pressure-induced phase transitions of hydrophobically solvated block-copolymer solutions

The structures of poly(2-(2-ethoxy)ethoxyethyl vinyl ether)-block-poly(2-methoxyethyl vinyl ether) in D2O have been investigated with small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) as a function of temperature T and pressure P. At ambient pressure, the solution underwent a two-step transition at 40 and 65 degrees C, both of which were convex-upward functions of P having a maximum around P0 approximately 150 MPa. The first transition was assigned to a microphase separation to form a bcc structure, and the second was to a macrophase separation. Pressurizing at 28 degrees C resulted in a macrophase separation with divergence at 350 MPa. At 45 degrees C, a reentrant microphase separation was observed by increasing P. Differences in the states of hydrophobic solvation in the low (PP0) are discussed based on the SANS structure factors.     

Ultrasound assisted supercritical fluid extraction of oil and coixenolide from adlay seed

Oil and coixenolide are important components of adlay seed (Coix lachrymal-jobi L. var. Adlay) with many beneficial functions to human health. In this work, a novel extraction technique--ultrasound assisted supercritical fluid extraction (USFE)--was studied. Effects of operating conditions on the extraction, including extraction temperature (T), pressure (P), time (t), CO(2) flow rate (F) and ultrasonic power (I) were investigated. There are optimum temperatures which gives the maximum extraction yields (EYs) for the supercritical fluid extractions with and without ultrasound. The effect of pressure on EYs for is similar to that of pressure on CO(2) density. Based on the yield of extraction, the favorable conditions for supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) were: T at 45 degrees C, P at 25 MPa, t at 4.0 h and F at 3.5L/h. While ultrasound was applied as in USFE, the following parameters were preferred: T at 40 degrees C, P at 20 MPa, t at 3.5h and F at 3.0 L/h, respectively. The results show that supercritical fluid extraction with the assistance of ultrasound could reduce the temperature, pressure, CO(2) flow rate, as well as time used in the process. Compared with SFE, USFE could give a 14% increase in the yield for extracting oil and coixenolide from adlay seed with less severe operating conditions.     

Decrease in optical density as a results of germination of Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris spores under high hydrostatic pressure

Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris is a spore-forming bacterium, causing spoilage of juices. The spores of these bacteria have the ability to survive in the typical conditions used for thermal pasteurization. Therefore, the use of other techniques such as high hydrostatic pressure is considered for their inactivation. The effect of hydrostatic pressure of 200–500 MPa, at temperatures 4–50 °C for 15 min, on the dynamics of germination of A. acidoterrestris spores in apple juice and pH 4 buffer was studied. To estimate the share of germinated spores, the method of determining the optical density at a wavelength of 660 nm (OD₆₆₀) was used. Parameters of hydrostatic pressure treatment used in this work affected the dynamics of germination of A. acidoterrestris spores in apple juice, and the temperature had the greatest effect. The results indicate that nutrients present in apple juice can promote the germination of A. acidoterrestris spores.     

The variability of times to detect growth from individual Clostridium botulinum type E endospores is differentially affected by high pressure treatments

High pressure thermal (HPT) processing is a candidate technology for the production of safe and stable food. However, little is known about the effect of HPT or high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) treatments at ambient temperature on the variability of times to detect growth from individual spores. We investigated this effect by treating Clostridium botulinum type E spores with HHP (200–600?MPa, 20°C) and HPT (600?MPa, 80°C and 800?MPa, 60°C). Our results indicate that the mean detection times increase and the frequency distribution shifts toward longer times when HHP treatment intensity is increased. HPT treatments result in a highly scattered distribution. In contrast, pressure levels ≤300?MPa decrease detection times and heterogeneity of their distribution, which could lead to an increase in the potential risk originating from C. botulinum type E spores. Data provided here could help to refine risk assessment regarding this important food intoxicator.     

The ultrasonic equation of state in the vicinity of the martensitic transformation in Au-47.5 at.% Cd

The isotropic elastic constants of Au-47.5 at.% Cd, and their hydrostatic pressure derivatives, within the temperature interval (10–95°C) of the thermoelastic martensitic transformation, were determined. From the experimental data, using ultrasonic techniques at hydrostatic pressures (up to 5 kbar), the temperature dependence of the isothermal equation of state of the cubic β-phase was calculated. It was found that the low-temperature orthorhombic β′-phase is elastically softer than the cubic β-phase, consequently affecting the β&larr2;gb′ transformation kinetics upon application of hydrostatic pressure. The high values of the Grüneisen parameter, calculated from the pressure derivatives of the sound velocities, in the orthorhombic β′-phase are indicative of a high anharmonicity of interatomic potential in the vicinity of the β′?β phase transformation.     

加压对110 K Bi-Pb-Sr-Ca-Cu-O单相样品超导电性的影响

 在静压0~1 GPa（10 kbar）范围内，80~300 K温区，用测量电阻的方法，研究了Bi-Pb-Sr-Ca-Cu-O（起始转变温度T_c^on=110 K，终止转变温度T_c^fi=106 K）的起导电性。观察到超导临界温度T_c随压力以dT_c/dp=2K/GPa的速率增高，而在不同压力下的斜率d logR/dp却保持不变。     

NMR study of the quasi one dimensional conductor K2Pt(CN)4Br0.3 3H2O under pressure

Investigation of spin lattice relaxation time T₁ and NMR line shift of Pt¹⁹⁵ in KCP under hydrostatic pressure are reported in the temperature range between 78 and 300 K up to 20 kbar. At temperature above 120 K, pressure decreases the relaxation rate appreciably.