Homochiral porous metal-organic frameworks: Why and how?

This paper highlights the most significant recent advances in the synthesis, characterization, and applications of single-crystalline homochiral porous metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). The motivations for the synthesis of homochiral porous solids and the strategies on how they can be designed are provided. The latest examples of chiral separation and Lewis acid heterogeneous asymmetric catalysis using homochiral porous MOFs are presented.     

手性金属有机骨架材料的合成及其在对映异构体选择性分离中的应用

手性现象在自然界中广泛存在,手性分离在药物研发、农用化学、药理学、环境科学和生物学等诸多领域具有重要意义。手性金属有机骨架化合物材料(MOFs)是一类具有特殊拓扑结构和可设计的孔道结构的新型多孔材料,加之其比表面积高、孔隙率大、热稳定性良好和溶剂耐受性好等特性,使得MOFs在分析化学领域的应用与研究日益深入。本文简要综述了手性MOFs的合成方法,着重讨论了手性MOFs在对映异构体选择性分离方面的应用及相关机理,最后对该类材料的发展前景做了展望。     

Functional porphyrinic metal-organic frameworks: crystal engineering and applications

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a kind of material which are able to integrate functional groups on their framework backbones. The tunable functionalities let MOFs be applied in various fields of luminescence, gas storage, sensing, magnetics, catalysis and biomedical imaging. Because of their interesting properties of structural robustness, catalysis, charge and energy transformations, using porphyrins and metalloporphyrins as synthons for the fabrication of functional MOFs has attracted considerable interest. Many efficient strategies have been established for the construction of functional porphyrinic MOFs, and some of them present interesting properties for potential applications. This perspective is aimed to summarize recent progress on porphyrinic MOFs, including new synthesis strategies and applications.     

Mixed‐Metal MOFs: Unique Opportunities in Metal–Organic Framework (MOF) Functionality and Design

Mixed‐metal metal–organic frameworks (MM‐MOFs) can be considered to be those MOFs having two different metals anywhere in the structure. Herein we summarize the various strategies for the preparation of MM‐MOFs and some of their applications in adsorption, gas separation, and catalysis. It is shown that compared to homometallic MOFs, MM‐MOFs bring about the opportunity to take advantage of the complexity and the synergism derived from the presence of different metal ions in the structure of MOFs. This is reflected in a superior performance and even stability of MM‐MOFs respect to related single‐metal MOFs. Emphasis is made on the use of MM‐MOFs as catalysts for tandem reactions.     

3种金属有机骨架材料用于开管毛细管电色谱手性固定相分离外消旋体

金属有机骨架（MOFs）材料因具有丰富的拓扑结构、高比表面积、良好的稳定性、持久的孔结构以及可修饰的孔道表面等特点,在对映选择性催化和手性分离方面备受关注。该文通过水热法合成了3种具有手性的MOFs晶体,分别为Co₂（D-cam）₂（TMDPy）（简称为MOF 1）、[Cd（D-cam）（tmdpy）]·2H₂O（简称为MOF 2）和[Co_0.5Zn_0.5（L-Tyr）]_n（L-tyrCo/Zn）（简称为MOF 3）,并把它们用作固定相分别制成MOFs手性柱进行开管毛细管电色谱（OT-CEC）研究。在磷酸二氢钠-乙腈的流动相体系下,考察了3根MOFs手性柱对手性化合物的拆分性能。实验结果表明,这3种MOFs手性毛细管柱对部分外消旋体具有较好的拆分效果。目前将手性MOFs作为毛细管电色谱手性分离的研究正处在起步阶段并且具有良好的应用前景。     

Chiral covalent organic frameworks for asymmetric catalysis and chiral separation

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs), covalently assembled from the condensation reactions of organic building blocks, are a fascinating class of functional porous materials with two- or three-dimensional crystalline organic structures. Generally, it is preferable to use symmetric and rigid building blocks to construct highly crystalline COFs with desired topology. On the other hand, the incorporation of chiral functional moieties in the building blocks would open up new applications such as asymmetric catalysis and chiral separation. This mini review highlights the principle strategies in the design and synthesis of chiral COFs. The interesting and potential applications of these chiral COFs for asymmetric catalysis and chiral separation are also summarized. This mini review aims to provide an up-to-date advancement of chiral COFs for asymmetric catalysis and chiral separation.     

Beyond Pristine Metal–Organic Frameworks: Preparation of Hollow MOFs and Their Composites for Catalysis,Sensing, and Adsorption Removal Applications

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have been broadly applied to numerous domains with a substantial surface area, tunable pore size, and multiple unsaturated metal sites. Recently, hollow MOFs have greatly attracted the scientific community due to their internal cavities and gradient pore structures. Hollow MOFs have a higher tunability, faster mass-transfer rates, and more accessible active sites when compared to traditional, solid MOFs. Hollow MOFs are also considered to be candidates for some functional material carriers. For example, composite materials such as hollow MOFs and metal nanoparticles, metal oxides, and enzymes have been prepared. These composite materials integrate the characteristics of hollow MOFs with functional materials and are broadly used in many aspects. This review describes the preparation strategies of hollow MOFs and their composites as well as their applications in organic catalysis, electrochemical sensing, and adsorption separation. Finally, we hope that this review provides meaningful knowledge about hollow-MOF composites and their derivatives and offers many valuable references to develop hollow-MOF-based applied materials.     

Stimulus‐Responsive Metal–Organic Frameworks

Materials that can recognize the changes in their local environment and respond by altering their inherent physical and/or chemical properties are strong candidates for future “smart” technology materials. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted a great deal of attention in recent years owing to their designable architecture, host–guest chemistry, and softness as porous materials. Despite this fact, studies on the tuning of the properties of MOFs by external stimuli are still rare. This review highlights the recent developments in the field of stimulus‐responsive MOFs or so‐called smart MOFs. In particular, the various stimuli used and the utility of stimulus‐responsive smart MOFs for various applications such as gas storage and separation, sensing, clean energy, catalysis, molecular motors, and biomedical applications are highlighted by using representative examples. Future directions in the developments of stimulus‐responsive smart MOFs and their applications are proposed from a personal perspective.     

Porous metal-organic frameworks as platforms for functional applications

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), also known as coordination polymers, have emerged as a new class of crystalline porous materials, which are constructed from metal ions or metal ion clusters and bridging organic linkers. MOFs have tunable pores and functionalities, and usually exhibit very high surface areas. The potential applications of porous MOFs cover a broad range of fields and most of their applications are related to pore sizes, shapes and structures/environments. In this feature article, we provide an overview of the recent developments of porous MOFs as platforms in the functional applications of sorption and separation, heterogeneous catalysis, as supports/host matrices for metal nanoparticles, and as templates/nanoreactors for new material preparation.     

功能金属-有机骨架材料的应用

金属有机骨架（Metal-Organic Framework,MOFs）材料由于其特殊的结构引起了科学家的广泛关注,它作为多孔材料与无机或有机的多孔材料相比具有特殊的优势,是目前新功能材料研究领域的一个热点。本文总结了金属有机骨架多孔材料在分离纯化、催化、微反应器、负离子交换、复合功能材料等方面的应用进展,并对这种新型多功能材料在设计、合成与应用方面的广阔前景作了展望。     

手性多孔材料在色谱分离分析中的应用

手性多孔有机骨架材料(Chiral porous organic frameworks,CPOFs)具有孔性质优异、比表面积高、稳定性好以及易功能化等诸多优点,已经在手性催化、识别和分离等领域中得到应用。手性多孔有机骨架材料主要有手性金属-有机骨架材料(Chiral metal-organic frameworks,CMOFs)和手性共价有机骨架材料(Chiral covalent organic frameworks,CCOFs)及其他材料,这类材料具有特殊的手性识别、吸附作用,在色谱分离分析领域中已成为研究热点之一。该文综述了手性多孔材料的合成及其在色谱分离和选择性吸附中的应用,展望了未来CPOFs材料可能的应用与发展方向。     

基于金属有机骨架材料固定相的气相色谱分离应用

金属有机骨架材料(MOFs)是一类由有机配体和金属离子(或金属簇)自组装形成的新型多功能材料。MOFs具有孔隙度高、比表面积大、孔径可调、化学和热稳定性高等特点,被广泛应用于吸附、分离、催化等多个领域。近年来,MOFs作为新型气相色谱固定相用于分离异构体受到了广泛关注。与传统无机多孔材料相比,MOFs在结构和功能上展现出高度的可调性,通过合理地选择配体和金属中心,可以设计合成具有不同孔道大小和孔道环境的MOFs,从而分别从热力学和动力学角度优化色谱分离效果,有效提高分离选择性。该文结合MOFs的结构,讨论了MOFs气相色谱固定相分离不同类型分析物的分离机理。分离机理主要包括MOFs孔道的分子筛效应或形状选择性,MOFs不饱和的金属位点与分析物中不同的官能团之间产生的相互作用,分析物与MOFs孔道之间产生的不同范德华力、π-π相互作用和氢键相互作用。此外,MOFs的手性分离可能主要依赖于外消旋体与手性MOFs中手性活性位点之间的相互作用。该文也对不同分析目标物进行了归类,综述了多种MOFs气相色谱固定相对烷烃、二甲苯异构体和乙基甲苯、外消旋体、含氧有机物、环境有机污染物的气相色谱分离效果。最后,该文还对MOFs在该领域的应用进行了总结与展望,旨在为MOFs气相色谱高效分离的研究提供参考。     

金属有机骨架化合物催化合成不对称有机碳酸酯

金属有机骨架化合物(MOFs)是通过过渡金属和有机配体的自组装形成的一类新型材料, 具有高表面积、多孔性、孔尺寸可调等优点, 在催化、分离和气体储存等方面得到广泛应用. 用三种不同方法制备了金属有机骨架化合物, 并用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)和红外(IR)光谱等方法进行了表征. 结果表明, 用不同方法制备的MOFs表现出不同的结构和形貌, 用直接混合法制备的MOFs是有效的催化碳酸二乙酯与醇酯交换制备有机碳酸酯的多相催化剂. 系统地考察了反应时间、反应温度、催化剂用量和底物摩尔比对反应的影响, 结果表明, 碳酸二乙酯与芳香醇、脂环醇、脂肪醇和杂环醇均能以100%选择性高产率地合成有机碳酸酯, 固体催化剂经简单离心分离可重复使用至少2次.     

以MOFs为前驱体的多孔金属氧化物催化剂研究进展

多孔金属氧化物具有高比表面积、大孔径、特殊的形貌和结构特性,广泛应用于催化、锂离子电池、太阳能电池、气敏传感器等领域。金属有机骨架材料(MOFs)是一类具有周期性网络结构的新型多孔晶体材料,在气体存储、气体分离、催化等领域具有重要的应用价值。近年来,以MOFs为前驱体制备多孔碳和多孔金属氧化物成为MOFs应用领域一个新的研究热点。本文主要综述了以MOFs为前驱体制备的多孔金属氧化物和多孔金属氧化物/碳复合物在CO氧化、催化产氢、异丁烷脱氢、环已烯氧化、醇直接氧化为酯、醛氧化酰胺化反应、光催化降解有机物和氧还原反应等方面的应用。     

金属-有机骨架材料及其在催化反应中的应用

金属-有机骨架(metal-organic frameworks, MOFs)材料是由金属离子和有机配体通过自组装而成的具有多孔结构的特殊晶体材料。由于其种类的多样性、孔道的可调性和结构的易功能化,已在气体的吸附和分离、催化、磁学、生物医学等领域表现出了诱人的应用前景。本文介绍了MOFs材料的类型和常用的合成方法,综述了近年来MOFs材料在催化领域的应用,特别是以MOFs材料中骨架金属作为活性中心、骨架有机配体作为活性中心和负载催化活性组分的催化反应,并对MOFs材料的催化应用趋势做了展望,以期对MOFs材料的催化性能有比较全面的认识。     

Mesoporous metal-organic framework materials

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as a new type of porous materials for diverse applications. Most open MOFs reported to date are microporous (pore sizes <2 nm), and only a small fraction of MOFs with ordered mesoscale domains (2-50 nm) is reported. This tutorial review covers recent advances in the field of mesoporous MOFs (mesoMOFs), including their design and synthesis, porosity activation and surface modification, and potential applications in storage and separation, catalysis, drug delivery and imaging. Their specificities are dependent on the pore shape, size, and chemical environments of the cages or channels. The relationship between the structures and functions is discussed. The future outlook for the field is discussed in the context of current challenges in applications of mesoporous materials.     

金属有机框架色谱固定相的研究进展

金属有机框架(MOFs)是由金属离子或金属簇与有机配体通过配位作用自组装形成的一类新型多孔材料. MOFs具有独特的拓扑结构、丰富的孔隙结构、可调的孔道尺寸、巨大的比表面积以及灵活的表面修饰等特征,是色谱分离领域颇受关注的一类新型固定相. 综述了近几年MOFs材料作为固定相在气相色谱、液相色谱及手性拆分等领域应用的研究进展,展现MOFs材料在色谱分离领域的优异性能和应用潜力,并对MOFs材料在色谱固定相领域今后的发展进行了展望.     

高效氧催化反应中的金属有机骨架材料（英文）

氧电催化反应包括氧气还原反应(ORR)和氧气析出反应(OER).作为核心电极反应,这两个反应对诸多能源存储与转换技术(比如燃料电池、金属空气电池以及全水分解制氢等)的能量效率起决定性作用.然而,ORR和OER涉及多个反应步骤、多个电子转移过程以及多相界面传质过程.这些复杂的过程较大程度上限制了ORR和OER的反应速率.从理论和实践两个方面来看,ORR和OER都需要高效电催化剂的参与来促进其反应速率,从而能够最终提高上述能源存储与转换技术的能量转换或利用效率.目前,以Pt,Pd,Ir,Ru为代表的贵金属基电催化剂具有十分突出的电催化性能.但是,过高的成本和过低的储量始终制约着贵金属基电催化剂在催化ORR和OER反应方面,乃至在能源存储与转换技术领域的规模化应用.因而,开发高效非贵金属基氧电催化剂成为近年来能源存储与转换领域的研究重点之一.在众多已经报道的非贵金属基氧电催化剂中,金属有机骨架材料(MOFs)备受瞩目.MOFs是一类由有机配体和金属节点通过配位键自组装而成的晶态多孔材料.它们具备超高比表面积、超高孔隙率以及规则性纳米孔道.相比较其他传统的多孔材料(比如活性炭、分子筛、介孔炭、介孔氧化硅等),MOFs最主要的优势在于它们的结构和功能可以依据需求通过选择合适的有机配体和金属节点进行便利地设计,或通过后处理进行必要的改性和调节.基于独特的多孔特性以及结构与功能的可设计、可调节性,MOFs在气体分离与存储、异相催化、化学传感、药物输送、环境保护以及能源存储与转化等领域都具有潜在的应用价值.因而,近年来,MOFs备受基础研究领域和工业界的青睐.针对MOFs开展的基础研究和应用开发逐渐成为诸多领域的研究焦点.也正由于MOFs具有的上述优异特性,尤其是结构与功能的可设计、可调节性,使得设计制备基于单纯MOFs以及MOFs衍生材料成为开发高效非贵金属基氧电催化剂的新途径.本综述首先论述了基于单纯MOFs的氧电催化剂(包括纯MOFs、活性物种修饰的MOFs以及与导电材料构成的复合MOFs)的合成以及它们在ORR或OER催化反应中应用的研究进展.在第二部分论述中,本综述主要针对MOFs衍生的各类氧电催化剂(包括无机微米-纳米结构/多孔碳复合材料、纯多孔碳材料、纯无机微米-纳米结构材料以及单原子型电催化材料)的研究进展进行了简要介绍和讨论.最后,本综述对MOFs基氧电催化剂目前存在的挑战进行了简要分析;同时,也对这类氧电催化剂的通用设计准则以及未来发展方向进行了展望.尽管存在诸多挑战,MOFs始终被认为是极好的"平台"材料.充分利用它们将有利于开发高效且实用的非贵金属基氧电催化剂.     

金属有机框架膜的制备及应用

金属有机框架化合物是一类新颖的纳米孔结晶材料,其由金属离子或簇以强的配位键形式连接多种多样的有机配体构成．金属有机框架化合物的均一孔径、高比表面积和吸附亲和力等独特的结构特点使其在组装成具有优异性能的膜方面具有很强的吸引力．金属有机框架膜在基础理论和实际应用方面显示了巨大的潜力．本文主要介绍近年来关于金属有机框架膜的制备及其在分离、化学传感、催化和电化学中的应用等研究,同时指出了目前需要克服的问题．     

Functional mixed metal-organic frameworks with metalloligands

Immobilization of functional sites within metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) is very important for their ability to recognize small molecules and thus for their functional properties. The metalloligand approach has enabled us to rationally immobilize a variety of different functional sites such as open metal sites, catalytic active metal sites, photoactive metal sites, chiral pore environments, and pores of tunable sizes and curvatures into mixed metal-organic frameworks (M'MOFs). In this Minireview, we highlight some important functional M'MOFs with metalloligands for gas storage and separation, enantioselective separation, heterogeneous asymmetric catalysis, sensing, and as photoactive and nanoscale drug delivery and biomedical imaging materials.