不同金属改性对Pt/β-分子筛催化柴油车尾气中HC、CO及SO_2氧化性能的影响

采用共浸渍法制备了Ce、Cr、Mo和Cu改性的Pt/β-分子筛催化剂,运用氮吸附、XRD、H_2-TPR、NH_3-TPD和XPS等手段对该催化剂进行了表征,研究了不同金属改性对催化剂的织构性质、骨架结构、表面酸性以及在模拟柴油车尾气中抑制SO_2氧化性能和催化HC、CO氧化活性的影响。结果表明,金属改性对催化剂织构性能和骨架结构影响较小。Cr、Mo和Cu的添加可以调变催化剂酸强度,进而抑制SO_2的氧化;Cu改性的催化剂具有最好的抑制SO_2氧化的能力,在350和450℃条件下,与未改性Pt/β-分子筛催化剂相比,Cu改性催化剂上SO_2转化率分别下降了70.4%和70.2%。然而,改性金属与Pt物种之间产生的相互作用,会使Pt物种更难还原,导致Pt对HC和CO氧化的催化活性降低。     

柴油机尾气碳黑氧化催化剂钛酸钾的制备与表征

以TiO₂和K₂CO₃为原料,采用固相法合成K/Ti比不同的钛酸钾催化剂。利用XRD和SEM对催化剂结构进行表征,并通过程序升温反应（TPR）对催化剂活性进行评估。结果表明,K₂Ti₂O₅在850℃达到较好的结晶度,分别以CH₃COOK、KNO₃及K₂CO₃作为K前驱体时,制备出的K₂Ti₂O₅结晶程度基本一致;K/Ti比较高的K₂Ti₂O₅可明显降低碳黑颗粒氧化温度,最低起燃温度为280℃,且K₂Ti₂O₅比担载贵金属Pt催化剂的碳黑氧化催化活性更高。     

F-T柴油对电控高压共轨柴油机性能及排放影响的研究

在满足国Ⅲ排放的现代高压共轨柴油机上,研究了掺烧不同比例F-T柴油混合燃料对发动机性能和排放的影响。结果表明,随着掺烧比例的加大,发动机的动力性略有下降,在外特性上,与燃烧国Ⅲ柴油相比,燃用F-T柴油时,扭矩最大下降2.2%,而燃油消耗率最高下降7.1%,有效热效率提高了4.5%。在十三工况的排放上,碳氢化合物（HC）、氮氧化物（NO_{x）、一氧化碳（CO）和颗粒（PM）的比排放量较国Ⅲ柴油均有明星下降,其中尤以燃用F-T柴油下降的幅度最大,PM降低了25.5%、NOx降低了11.7%、HC降低了39.3%、CO降低了33.9%。F-T柴油是柴油机的优良替代燃料。}     

H2CO和NO2反应机理的密度泛函理论计算研究

用密度泛函理论方法在UB3LYP/ 6-311++G(d,p)并包含零点能水平上计算得到了H2CO和NO2反应的势能面.在势能面上找到了由H2CO和NO2反应生成HCO和trans-HONO的两条反应通道.直接H迁移反应通道的势垒只有90.54 kJ*mol-1,是主要的反应通道,其TST速率是7.9 cm3*mol-1*s-1,与文献值相符;另一条通道是H2CO异构化为trans-HCOH,然后C位H迁移,最后生成的HOC分子异构化为HCO,这条通道反应势垒高达348.03 kJ*mol-1,是一条次要反应通道.     

负载型铜基催化剂组分间相互作用及其催化性能

负载型铜基催化剂因其良好的催化性能和相对低廉的价格在诸多重要工业催化反应中得到广泛的应用.探讨负载型铜基催化剂中组分间的相互作用,有助于了解相关催化作用的本质,为现有催化剂的改进和新催化剂的设计提供科学依据.本文综述了近年来我们就CuO在不同载体上的分散、铜物种和载体的改性及其物理化学性质以及催化CO完全氧化、CO+NO和NH₃+NO+O₂反应性能等方面的研究进展.结果表明,CuO在多种氧化物载体表面的分散和所得负载型铜基催化剂的一些物理化学性质可参考“嵌入模型”得到解释,本文主要讨论了以CeO₂,Ce_xZr_1-xO₂和Mo₃-CeO₂为载体的一些铜基催化剂的组成-结构-性质间的关系.     

Optical probes for detection and quantification of neutrophils’ oxidative burst. A review

Neutrophils, also known as polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN), are the most common type of white blood cells, comprising about 50-70% of all white blood cells. In the event of inflammatory processes, neutrophils display increased mobility, tissue influx ability, prolonged life span, and an increased phagocytic capacity, constituting the initial participants in the cellular defense of the organism. One of the most important defense systems of neutrophils corresponds to their ability to mediate a strong oxidative burst through the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). While oxidative burst is important for the elimination of invading microorganisms, the overproduction of ROS and RNS or the impairment of endogenous antioxidant defenses may result to detrimental effects to the host. The nature and the extent of ROS and RNS production by neutrophils in response to different stimuli is, consequently, a matter of extensive research, with scientific reports showing an enormous variability on the detection methodologies employed. This review attempts to provide a critical assessment of the most common approaches to identify and quantify reactive species formed during the neutrophils’ oxidative burst. The detection mechanisms and performance, as well as advantages and limitations of the different methodologies, are scrutinized, focusing on the use of fluorimetric, chemiluminometric and colorimetric probes.     

Toward decentralized analysis of mercury (II) in real samples. A critical review on nanotechnology-based methodologies

In recent years, it has increased the number of works focused on the development of novel nanoparticle-based sensors for mercury detection, mainly motivated by the need of low cost portable devices capable of giving fast and reliable analytical response, thus contributing to the analytical decentralization. Methodologies employing colorimetric, fluorometric, magnetic, and electrochemical output signals allowed reaching detection limits within the pM and nM ranges. Most of these developments proved their suitability in detecting and quantifying mercury (II) ions in synthetic solutions or spiked water samples. However, the state of art in these technologies is still behind the standard methods of mercury quantification, such as cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma techniques, in terms of reliability and sensitivity. This is mainly because the response of nanoparticle-based sensors is highly affected by the sample matrix. The developed analytical nanosystems may fail in real samples because of the negative incidence of the ionic strength and the presence of exchangeable ligands. The aim of this review is to critically consider the recently published innovations in this area, and highlight the needs to include more realistic assays in future research in order to make these advances suitable for on-site analysis.     

Flow injection analysis as a tool for enhancing oceanographic nutrient measurements—A review

Macronutrient elements (C, N and P) and micronutrient elements (Fe, Co, Cu, Zn and Mn) are widely measured in their various physico-chemical forms in open ocean, shelf sea, coastal and estuarine waters. These measurements help to elucidate the biogeochemical cycling of these elements in marine waters and highlight the ecological and socio-economic importance of the oceans. Due to the dynamic nature of marine waters in terms of chemical, biological and physical processes, it is advantageous to make these measurements in situ and in this regard flow injection analysis (FIA) provides a suitable shipboard platform. This review, therefore, discusses the role of FIA in the determination of macro- and micro-nutrient elements, with an emphasis on manifold design and detection strategies for the reliable shipboard determination of specific nutrient species. The application of various FIA manifolds to oceanographic nutrient determinations is discussed, with an emphasis on sensitivity, selectivity, high throughput analysis and suitability for underway analysis and depth profiles. Strategies for enhancing sensitivity and minimizing matrix effects, e.g. refractive index (schlieren) effects and the important role of uncertainty budgets in underpinning method validation and data quality are discussed in some detail.     

Environmental application of elemental speciation analysis based on liquid or gas chromatography hyphenated to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry—A review

In recent years the number of environmental applications of elemental speciation analysis using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) as detector has increased significantly. The analytical characteristics, such as extremely low detection limits (LOD) for almost all elements, the wide linear range, the possibility for multi-elemental analysis and the possibility to apply isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) make ICP-MS an attractive tool for elemental speciation analysis. Two methodological approaches, i.e. the combination of ICP-MS with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC), dominate the field. Besides the investigation of metals and metalloids and their species (e.g. Sn, Hg, As), representing “classic” elements in environmental science, more recently other elements (e.g. P, S, Br, I) amenable to ICP-MS determination were addressed. In addition, the introduction of isotope dilution analysis and the development of isotopically labeled species-specific standards have contributed to the success of ICP-MS in the field. The aim of this review is to summarize these developments and to highlight recent trends in the environmental application of ICP-MS coupled to GC and HPLC.